HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

3\ c5Sr^j>fv<iU>i.'^ A^C)\.

NOV 8 1901

#ccasron:il papers

OF THF.

II

THE SPIDERS OE THE UNITED STATES.

NICHOLAS 3IARCELLUS HENTZ, M.D.

BOSTON:

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

1875.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

II

BOSTON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

■"1875.

J

THE SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES.

A COLLECTION OF

THE ARACIINOLOGICAL WRITKGS

OF

NICHOLAS MARCELLUS HENTZ, M.D.

EDITED BY

EDWARD BURGESS,

WITH NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS BY JAMES H. EMERTON.

BOSTON:
BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY,

1875.

PUBLISHING COMMITTEE.

Edw. Burgess,
S. L. Abbot, M.D.,

s. h. scudder,
Alpheus Hyatt,

J. A. Allen.

NOV 8 1901

PREFACE,

Among the pioneers in the study of American Entomology
Nicholas Marcellus Hentz must take a prominent position.
That he was an entomologist of general attainments, his cor-
respondence with Harris — already familiar to the readers of
the first volume in this series of " Occasional Papers" — bears
abundant witness, but with the study of American Arachnology
his name and his writings are almost exclusively associated.

In selecting the Spiders for his special study, he found not
only an interesting, but an almost entirely unexplored field.
Before his time, with the exception of a few accidental descrip-
tions scattered through the works of writers, for the most part
European, nothing relating to North American Spiders had
been published. This was perhaps, on the wdiole, fortunate,
for as he lived for the greatest part of the time in places where
great libraries were inaccessible, the danger of repeating the
work of others was avoided. But whether his choice was acci-
dental or predetermined, he began, soon after settling in Amer-
ica, a diligent study of these insects, and devoted all the time

(V)

VI PREFACE.

which could he spared from the husy profession of teaching, to
the observation of their habits, and to the collection, description
and representation of the various species.

After publishing a few short papers in Silliman's Journal,
and in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy of Arts and
Sciences, he brought together his extensive series of notes and
paintings and offered them to the Boston Society of Natural
History for publication in its Journal.

The Society readily undertook the publication of such a val-
uable contribution to American Natural History, but the cost
of illustrating such a number of forms rendered it necessary to
extend its publication over a long series of years. Thus, as I
understand from his son, Hentz never revised or even saw but
the first one or two parts of his work. In the course of publica-
tion a number of drawings, illustrating details of structure for
the most part, as well as a few notes, were set aside, probably
to lessen, as far as possible, the expense. This material was,
however, later collected by the former Secretary of the Society,
Mr. S. H. Scudder, and published, in the form of a supplement
to Hentz's monograph, in its ' Proceedings.'

As many parts of this work have been long out of print,
the Council of the Society has determined to republish in a
connected form all of Hentz's arachnological writings, and thus
to prepare the foundation necessary for future work in a field in
which as little progress since, as before, Hentz's time has been
made. To render the work as valuable as possible, Mr. J. H.
Emerton, who has paid much attention to the study of our
native spiders, has added a very considerable number of notes,
descriptions and synonymical I'emarks, which will prove of great
assistance to the student. Two new plates from his skillful

PREFACE. VU

pencil farthei' illustrate the subject. These notes have been
printed in smaller type and, with Mr. Emerton's initials, in-
closed in brackets. The Society is also indebted to Mr. Wm.
E. Holden, of Marietta, Ohio, for some additional notes to
which his name is appended.

The proportion of species identified by Mr. Emerton is, per-
haps, small, a fact not to be wondered at wlen we consider how
many Southern forms were described by Hentz, for the recog-
nition of which, extensive collecting in the South is necessary.
Among the species identified, a number have proved identical
with European forms, and Hentz's names must yield to those
longer established.

To aid the student in referring to the original place of publi-
cation, the pagination of the latter has been inserted in black-
faced type in the text of the present woi-k. For the same reason
the original numbers remain on the plates, although these are
now referred to by new numbers for the sake of convenience.
As the stones from whicli the lithographic plates were taken
were destroyed, and as unfortunately several of the copper
plates are also missing, it has been necessary to reproduce
nearly half of the plates in this edition by some method of
photography, a work which has been entrusted to Mr. E. Bier-
stadt, of New York. Although the Alberttype plates by no
means equal the originals either in beauty or in clearness, it is
hoped that most of the figures will be recognizable without
difficulty. ^

After Hentz's death his collection of spiders came into the
hands of the Society, but has long since been almost entirely
destroyed. The remains now consist of portions of sixty
specimens gummed on cards, and of these, only twenty-seven

Vm PREFACE.

can be identified by their labels. In the absence therefore of
the type specimens the beautiful collection of Hentz's paintings
and drawings, carefully preserved in the Society's library, is
the surest basis remaining for the identification of his species.
So far as it has been possible to compare those drawings with
specimens they are correct in colors and markings, but seem to
have been drawn without measurements, and the legs in nearly
all cases are too short. The figures of the eyes are generally
good, but those of the maxillge and mandibles are of little use.

Having thus explained the origin, purpose and plan of this
volume, it remains only to present a sketch of Prof. Hentz's
life, which, brief as it is, will be, I hope, interesting to
Entomologists.

The materials enabling me to do this have been kindly fur-
nished by his eldest son. Dr. Charles Arnould Hentz, of Flor-
ence, Alabama.

Nicholas Marcellus Hentz was born in Versailles, July
25, 1797. His father, an advocate by profession, was actively
engaged as a politician at the time of Hentz's birth, and had
been, shortly before this event, obliged to flee from his home in
Paris, and to conceal himself in Versailles under the assumed
name of Arnould. To the agonizing fears and alarms which
his mother was obliged to undergo during this period, Hentz
was wont to attribute the peculiarities of his nervous system,
which were, as will be seen, very re«iarkable.

At the early age of between twelve and fourteen years he
began the study of minature painting, for which he showed
great talent and became highly proficient. He soon, however,
became interested in medicine and entered the Hospital Val-de-

PREFACE. IX

Grace as a student. His son still possesses, in an old parch-
ment-covered memorandum book, the following record in
Hentz's then boyish hand-writing, " le vendredi 22 octobre
1813, j'di 4t6 au Val-de-Grace, M. Hentz. " There he re-
mained, busied with his studies and duties as hospital assist-
ant, until the fall of Napoleon, when his father was proscribed
and obliged to flee to America, whither Nicholas and one of his
brothers accompanied their parents.

The party sailed from Havre-de-Grace, in the bark " Eu-
gene," Jan. 22, 1816, and arrived in New York City on March
19. Here and in Elizabeth Town they spent a few weeks in
collecting their personal effects and making arrangements to
move into the interior, an undertaking which was then quite
formidable. They arrived in Wilkesburg, Pennsylvania, in the
latter part of April, where it is probable that Hentz's parents
finally settled.

Hentz himself for several succeeding years lived in Boston
and Philadelphia, where he taught French and miniature paint-
ing. He also passed a short time on Sullivan's Island, near
Charleston, S. C, as tutor in the family of a wealthy planter, a
Mr. Marshall. All this time, whenever leisure hours allowed
it, he was engaged in entomological studies, directing his spec-
ial attention, as has already been said, to the spiders. While in
Philadelphia he became intimate with the naturalist, Le Sueur.
Le Sueur was accustomed to etch his own drawings, and having
the use of his press, etc., Hentz made etchings of some of his
spiders, as well as of an alligator, which he had dissected to
study the nature of its circulation.

In the winter of 1820-21, he attended a course of medical
lectures in Harvard University, but finally abandoned the study

PREFACE.

of medicine, and engaged liimself as teacher in a school for
boys at Round Hill, Northampton, Mass., where Bancroft, the
historian, was also employed. Here he was married to Miss
Caroline Lee Whiting, the daughter of Gen. John Whiting, of
Lancaster, on Sept. 30, 1824, and Mrs. Caroline Lee Hejitz
became afterwards well known as a poet and novelist.

Soon after their marriage, Hentz and his wife removed to
Chapel Hill, N. C, where he had been offered the chair of
modern languages in the State University. Li 1830 he moved
to Covino-ton, Ky., to take charge of a female seminary, and a
year or two after, to Cincinnati, where he was similarly en-
gao-ed. "A graceful allusion," writes Dr. Hentz, "is made to
them during this time, in Mansfield's ' Life of Daniel Drake,'
1855, p. 22(3."

In 1834 they again removed to Florence, Ala., and there for
eio-ht years conducted a flourishing school, the " Locust Hill
Female Academy." In 1842 they went to Tuskaloosa, and in
1846 to Tuskegee, both towns in Alabama, and the following
vear to Columbus, Georgia, all the time engaged in similar
teaching.

In the latter place in 1849, Hentz's health began to fliil, his
whole nervous system giving away. He grew gradually more
and more infirm, and became a regular user of morphine, which
he took daily for several years before his death. He moved,
finally, to the residence of his son Charles in Mariana, Fla.,
where he died November 4, 1856.

' In person. Prof. Hentz was a small, spare man, about five
feet and a half in height, and weighing only one hundred and
ten or one hundred and fifteen pounds. Although of a genial,
affectionate, and generous nature, his peculiarly nervous organ-

PREFACE. • XI

ization made liim often morbidly sensitive and suspicious, and a
prey to groundless fears, wliicli not a little marred his enjoyment
of life. He was educated in the Roman Catholic religion, but
in 1835 joined the Presbyterian Church. During his whole life
he had a most remarkable habit of suddenly resorting to mental,
ejaculatory prayer. Without regard to circumstances, in any
place, or among any people, he would sometimes, without ap-
parent external reason, take off his hat, or perhaps drop on his
knees, press his hands to his forehead, and raising his eyes
heavenward, remain in more or less protracted prayer. He
had also several regular places for this singular cvistom, as before
his study-door, which he never entered without stopping a mo-
ment in silent prayer, and beneath a picture he had made of
the "All-seeing Eye" ; indeed, the constant pressure of his fore-
head against the wall in these places left an indelible mark.

He was extremely fond of exercise, and his Saturday half-
holidays were invariably spent in long walks with his sons in the
woods, carefully collecting insects and observing their habits.
For amusement he delighted in fishing and gunning.

He was a great friend of Dr. Thaddeus Wm. Harris (one of
his sons. Dr. T. W. Hentz of Columbus, Ga., was named after
him), and after separated from him by his own removal to the
South, a constant correspondence, mostly entomological, was
kept up between the two friends, a portion of which, as already
remarked, was published in the first volume of this series.

LIST OF THE WRITINGS OF PROF. HENTZ.

1821. A notice concerning the Spider whose web is used in Medicine
(Tegenaria medicinalis) . Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., II, p. 53-55.

1825. Some observations on the anatomy and physiology of the Alliga-
tor of North America. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, II, pp. 216-228.

1825. Description of some new species of North American Insects.
Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p. 373-375.

182D. The same paper in Ferusac's Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles,
xviii, p. 475-476.

1830. Description of eleven new species of North American Insects.
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, III, p. 253-258.

1830. Remarks on the use of the Maxillae in Coleopterous insects, with
an account of two species of the family Telephoridas (^ChauUognalhus mar-
ginatus and C. bimaculus) , and of three of the family Mordellidaa (Rhipi-
phorus dlmidialus, R. limhatus and R. tristis) which ought to be the type of
two distinct genera. Ibid. pp. 458-463.

1832. On North American Spiders. Silliman's Journal of Science and
Arts, xxi, pp. 99-152.

1833. Enumeration of Spiders of the United States. Hitchcock's Re-
port on the Geology, etc., of Massachusetts, p. 564. [Contains only the
list of genera published in the preceding paper.]

1835. List of Spiders of the United States. Ibid. Second edition.
[This edition enumerates one hundred and twenty-five species, mostly by
name, and arranged under the genera given in the first edition. The spe-
cies are those described in the Journal Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., and the paper,
giving no additional information, is not reprinted here.]

1841. Description of an American Spider (Spennophora meridionalis)
constituting a new subgenus of the tribe Inasquitelae, Latreille. Ibid. XLI,
pp. 115-117.

(xii)

PREFACE. XIU

1841. Species of Mygale of the United States.^ Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., I, pp. 41-42.

1842. Description and Figui'es of the Araneides of the United States.
Journal Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 54-57. PL 7. Continuation, pp.
223-231. PI. 8.

1844. Continuation, /&tV7., pp. 386-396. PI. 17-19.

1845. Continuation, ibid., V,2 pp. 189-202. PI. 16, 17.

1846. Continuation, ibid, pp. 352-369. PI. 21, 22.

1847. Continuation, ibid., pp. 444-478. PI. 23, 24, 30, 31.

1850. Continuation, ibid., VI, pp. 18-35. PI. 3, 4. Conclusion, pp.
271-295. PI. 9, 10.

1867. Supplement to the Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides of
the United States. Edited by S. H. Scudder. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XI, pp. 103-111, with two plates. 3

1 This paper contains merely the descriptive portion of the first part of the series of arti-
cles in the Journ. B. S. N. H. (IV, 57). The species described are; p. 41, Mygale trun-
cata; p. 42, solstitialis, carolinensis, gracilis, and unicolor.

* The plates were unfortunately wrongly numbered in this volume of the Journal, the
numbers 16, 21, 22, 23 and 24, being used twice.

s The text of tUs Supplement has been, for the sake of conciseness, distributed through
the present volume, always in brackets and with the word Supplement appended. To
enable the student to refer to the original place of publication it may be observed that
p. 103 contains the notes from Katadysas to Micromata carolinensis ; p. 104, M. marmorata
to Affils familiar is ; p. 105, Attus fasciolatus to A. vittatus; p. 106, Epiblemum to Clubiona
pallens; p. 107, C. piscatoria to Tegenaria; p. 108, Agelena to Epeira labyrinthea; p. 109,,
E. maura to E. vulgaris; p. 109, Phyllyra to Theridion pullulum ; p. 110, Theridion rosci-
dum to T. verecundum. The species are arranged alphabetically under their proper genera.

[From tlie Am. Jour. Science and Arts, xxi, 99.]

Art. XIII. On North American Spiders. By N'. M.
Hentz, Principal of the Female Academy at Covington,
Kentucky, and late Professor of Modern Languages in the
University of North Carolina.

letter to the editor.

Amherst College, August 22, 1831.
Professor Silliman :

Sir — Some time since I addressed a request to Nicholas
M. Hentz, Esq., then Professor of Modern Languages in the
University of North Carolina, and now Principal of the Fe-
male Seminary in Covington, Kentucky ; that he would furnish
me with a list of the Arane'ides [lOO] found in Massachu-
setts ; as I wished, in the execution of a commission from the
government, to obtain as complete a zoological catalogue for
the State as was practicable. He not only complied with my
request, but sent so full a view of North American Spiders,
with so many valuable notes, that I immediately requested
and obtained permission to send the whole for insertion in your
Journal. If your views of the value of the paper correspond
with my own, I shall hope you will give it a place in the next
number. With much respect,

Edward Hitchcock.

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S. N. H. — 11. 1

Araneides, (Latreille). Aranea, (Linnaeus).

8 eyes ; 4 mammulae, 2 very short ; tooth
of the mandibiilse (ch^liceres) articu-
lated downward, ....

6 or 8 eyes ; G mammulaa ; tooth of the
mandibulas articulated laterally,

No. of
species.

Oletera

Filistata ?
Dysdera
Sese stria?

Araneides making a web, seden-
tary, . .

^ Araneides forming no silken habitation,^

wandering ; legs, 4th pair longest ; eyes I TT ^ ,,
8, in two rows, never both bent down- [ ^^
ward ; 6 mammulge, 2 very long, . J

' ^"'"^ '^ ^Clubiona

Tegenaria
Agelena
Theridium
<' Pholcus
ps " Linyphia

Tetragnatha

Epeira

Mimetus

'^Thomisus
Sphasus
Dolomedes
Lycosa
Attus

E])iblemum
Species not included in Attus

.5 .S a;

■ u

^ o ?=

Araneides making no web for a<
constant residence,

6
2
2
5
1
5
2
26
1
8
3
6
11
29
2

3
125

Oletera, (Walckenaer). At^/pus, (Latreille).

Eyes 8, PI. 2, fig. 1 b ; 4th pair of legs longest. Two
species. A male was found at Round Hill, which is totally
black, A female of another [lOl] species was found in North
Carolina. It is of a glossy brown, except the abdomen, which
is piceous. The palpi are so elongated as to have all the
appearance of legs.

FiLiSTATA? (Latr.).

Eyes 8, nearly equal in size. PI. 2, fig. 6 h; legs 1. 4. 2. 3.
lingua surrounded by the maxilla?, which are bent and pointed
at their apex. The mandibulae (cheliceres) are united together,
so as to have no reciprocal motion, except by means of their
teeth, which are very short. This is a remarkable character,
which induces me to believe this may not belong to Filistata,
and in that case must be the type of a new genus. These
spiders form white silk tubes, in walls and crevices of rocks ;
the orifices of those tubes are spread and closely fixed on the
edges of the stones which make their abodes. I kept several
alive under glass, and witnessed the reproduction of their legs.
The part torn off does not grow gradually ; but when the
spider casts its skin, that part comes out with all its joints from
the skin, only somewhat shorter than it was before. It is
important to observe that, owing to this fact, the character
derived from the respective lengths of the legs is often de-
ceptive, as spiders in their conflicts often lose their legs, and
frequently offer the characters of two different genera on that
account. It is therefore necessary to compare many specimens
and the two sides of the spider ; but that excellent character
ought not to be given up. One species.

Dysdera, (Latr. Walck.).

Eyes 6, PI. 2, fig. 2 h ; legs 1. 2. 4. 3. lingua truncated. One
species. A male and a female were sent to me by Dr. T. W.
Harris, one of the most accurate and indefatigable entomolo-
gists in this country, who found them in a cavity under ground.

Segestria? (Latr.).

Eyes 6 ; legs 1. 2. 4. 3. lingua longer than broad ; maxilla
elongated, narrower above. One species, which is found under
the bark of trees in silk tubes. I marked this with a point of

interrogation, because Latreille in his last work ^ excludes this
from his [l02] Tetrapneumones. But the affinity to Dys-
dera is such that I think they ought not to be separated.
And the next genus which I have established seems to me to
be the link that unites the preceding to the Dipneumones and
goes better after Segestria than before, in a natural arrange-
ment.

Herpyllus, (Mihi).

Eyes 8, PL 11, figs. 2, 15 ; two rows, one or both curved up-
ward ; legs 4. 1. 2. 3. rather stout and short; lingua large,
short, nearly triangular or slightly truncated ; maxillaj straight,
wider near the apex, not sensibly serrated, tooth moderately
long ; cephalothorax ellipsoid, gradually narrowed before, abdo-
men nearly of the same form. Making no web or tube for
their dwellings, but wandering for prey, and running with
great velocity. Eight species. I have never found their
cocoon. The great affinity between this genus and Tegenaria
and some Clubionas requires that It should be placed here.
This may belong to the Diplotoxops of Mr. Rafinesque ; but
as he makes the first pair of legs longest, and as his generic
description is vague and incorrect in many respects, for in-
stance, in its having a character derived from the palpi which
he may not know is a mere sexual distinction, I could not and
ought not adopt his name. Several species are common in
the United States, particularly a small black one, found under
stones in highways ; and a blackish one with a white band on
the cephalothorax, a band on the abdomen, beginning at base
and reaching the middle, and a spot near the apex white.
This one attains a great size, and is found in houses, under
stones, planks, the bark of decaying trees, etc. I call it
H. ecclesiasticus^ and the former H. ater.

' Families Naturclles du Regne Animal. Taris, 1825. 1 Vol. 8vo,

Clubiona, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, in two rows curved variously ; legs 1. 4. 2. 3. or
4. 2. 1. 3. or 4. I. 2. 3. lingua truncated. Ai'ane'ides forminor
silk tubes in leaves which they twist, or under the bark of
trees. Six species. Most species fly about in the air, by
means of a long thread, at the end of which they suspend
themselves, and which is borne by the wind, sometimes raising
them to a great height.

Tegenaria, (Walck.). At'atiea, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, PI. 14, fig. 31 ; legs 4. 1. 2. 3. Making in houses,
cellars and other dark places, the common webs, which are
spread horizontally, [103] and have a tube, usually concealed
in a hole or crevice, for the reception of the spider. This is
the common house spider, the web of which is narcotic, and
has been administered internally in some cases of fever with
success. It is also eifectual in stopping the blood of cuts and
slight wounds. Two species only are known to me.

Agi>lena, (Walck.). Aranea, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, PL 12, fig. 1 ; legs 4. 1. 2. 3. Making in the fields
webs which are spread horizontally, and at the upper part of
which is a tube for the retreat of the spider. Two species.
Differs from the preceding only in the arrangement of the eyes,
and in its preferring the open air to dark retreats.

Theridium, (Walck.).

Eyes 8, PI. 16, figs. 1, 2, 4 ; legs 1. 4. 2. 3. lingua short;
maxillae elongated, inclined over the lingua. Making a web
formed of threads crossed irregularly in every direction. Five
species. One of them, Theridium verecundum (my catalogue),
is entirely glossy black, except two crimson spots under the ab-

domen, the last of wliicli is sometimes continued on the back in
the form of a band. It is common in the Southern States, and
is well known, as the people there believe its bite is very pois-
onous. That spiders are all supplied with a poisonous fluid
conveyed in their fangs, there can be no doubt ; but I cannot
assert that this is more dangerous than another, for persons
who do not study Natural History are apt to confound objects of
a different nature. A respectable physician, however, pointed
out this species to me as the one, and told me that in every
instance he could arrest the violent symptoms arising from its
bite by inducing a reaction in the system, and frequently had
produced instant relief with a glass of brandy. Most species
of this genus are the common prey of the several species of
Sphex called dirt-daubers in the South, on account of their
making clay nests, in which they enclose with their progeny
from twenty to thirty spiders, which serve as food to the young
larvje.

Pholcus, (Walck.).

Eyes 8, PI. 17, fig. 7 ; legs very long and slender, 1. 2. 4. 3.
lingua short, triangular ; maxillas long, inclined over the lingua.
Making a loose web. One species. Inhabiting the ceilings of
houses. I seldom met with it at a distance from the Atlantic
coast. [104]

LiNYPHiA, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, PL 18, figs. 23, 24; legs 1. 27T. 3. lingua short, tri-
angular ; maxi]la3 short, wider above. Making a horizontal web
on bushes, with another one surrounding it above and below,
constructed of threads crossed in every direction, as that of
Theridium. The spider holds itself downward, under the
horizontal web. Five species, all small.

Tetragnatha, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, in two rows nearly parallel ; legs very long and
slender, 1. 2. 4. 3. lingua short, rounded; maxilla} and man-

dlbuloe very long. Making a spiral web with concentric
threads. Two species, inhabiting the vicinity of water. The
form of one of the species is rendered horrible, by the size of
its mandibular, Avhich are longer than the cephalothorax, and
armed with numerons prongs, and with fangs which are nearly
as long, so that the jaws nearly equal in length the rest of the
body. The males are better and more stoutly armed than the
females.

Epeira, (Walck.).

Eyes 8, PI. 13, fig. 88 ; legs 1. 2. 4. 3. lingua short, rounded ;
maxillre short, rounded. Making a spiral web with concentric
threads. Twenty-six species. These spiders are known to
every body. They are seen towards night busily engaged in
making their admirably contrived webs, in the middle of which
they wait for their prey during the night, but usually take
shelter during the day under some leaf or crevice, furnished
with a tent made of loose threads. The endless variety of
forms and habits of the species of this genus, have given rise
to natural subdivisions, which are useful, as the number of
species is very great. Many have thorns, tubercles and vari-
ous projections, which give them a fantastic appearance. The
form of their cocoons also varies much. Some attach them to
their Aveb in a string.

MiMETUS, (Mihi).

Eyes 8, PI. 18, fig. 33 ; legs long, slender, 1. 2. 4. 3. lingua
short, triangular ; maxillse long, slender, pointed at tip, inclined
over the lingua ; mandibulfe very long and slender. Making a
double web, like that of Theridium and that of Epeira con-
nected. The spiral regular web is attached behind by innumer-
able threads to the irregular one, in the upper part of which
a tent is constructed with dried leaves, [105] under which the
spider takes shelter in the day time. One species, 31. syllepsi-

8

cus (m}^ catalogue), of a pale green color varied with black on
the cephalothorax and abdomen, tips of the four anterior thighs
with a black ring, feet very hairy ; inhabiting damp woods.
The legs and the eyes correspond with Epei'ra, but the trophi,
except the mandibulos, are those of Theridium ; and the web
and habits participate of both. The long and slender mandib-
ulae are peculiar to this. The cocoons resemble a plano-convex
lens, are of a pale brown color, and are attached in the middle,
one above another, in the tent which the spider inhabits. It is
evident that in a perfectly natural arrangement, Theridium
should be placed near Epeira, and this genus between the two.
There is a true Epeira, ^. lahyrinthea (my catalogue), which
is found in the same locality and which makes a web of the
same kind ; and I at first suspected that this was a Theridium
which had taken possession of the web of that Epeira, but,
besides the character from the legs which does not belong to
Theridium, the difference in the cocoons settled my doubts.
The cocoons of the Epeira above mentioned are nearly conical,
of an obscure color above, whitish blue beneath ; they are hung
in a strino; above the tent. The resemblance of habits in these
two species, shows, however, the close affinity between the two
genera and this.

Thomisus, (Walck.).

Eyes 8, generally in two rows bent downward, PL 18, fig. 83
or 79 ; legs variable, but the second generally the longest ; lin-
gua contracted at base, wider toAvards the middle ; maxillai in-
clined over the lingua. Making no web, but wandering after
their prey on flowers, rails, trees, etc. Eight species. This
genus, embracing very different species, is not natural. It
should include only the Heteropoda? of Walck., which have the
two anterior pair of legs sensibly longer than the others. The
other species ought to constitute other subdivisions.

Sphasus, (Walck.). Oxyopes^ (Latr.).

Eyes 8, unequal in size, PI. 18, fig. 14 a ; legs 1. "I. 4. 3.
lingua long, rounded at its apex ; maxillae long, narrower at tip.
Making no web, except when the female makes her cocoon.
Three species. Nothing is known as yet in Europe about the
habits of the spiders of this genus, and therefore I will state my
observations. There is much [l06] similarity between them
and the subdivision Sylvaria (Walck.) of Dolomedes, in point
of manners and habitus. The three species of Sphasus, known
to me, wander in quest of prey about the trunks of small trees
or upright sticks, move with great rapidity, and when at rest
spread their feet like many species of Thomisus. On the first
of September a large female was brought to me in a glass
vessel. I call it Sphasus viridans. It is of a pale grass color,
with the disk of the abdomen yellowish, except an oblong longi-
tudinal line in the middle, which has a double row of three or
four oval oblique yellow spots, separated by a longitudinal black-
ish line ; feet pale with yellow joints. Length 0.81 of an inch.
It was impregnated and with eggs. After a few days it made
a web of very strong threads, like that of Theridium, in the
middle of which was placed its cocoon, which is perfectly coni-
cal, made with great exactness, and is supplied around with
little mammula? from which depart the threads which bind it to
the web. The mother watched it constantly, and never left it
as long as she lived. The young were hatched on the 14th of
October, and continued together for many weeks during the
winter, but gradually died ; they were of a deep orange color
and full 0.9 of an inch in length. The mother had previously
been destroyed by an accident, which I I'egretted very much,
for I have some reasons to think that the young are carried on
the back of the mother, as in Lycosa, and wished to have ascer-
tained that fact.

10

DoLOMEDEs, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, unequal in size, PI. 18, fig. 73 or 55 ; legs 4. 2. 1. 3.
wandering near streams or ponds, often hiding under the sur-
face of the water, or rambling on trees. Six species. Dr. T.
W. Harris sent me a species, the female of which constructs a
web not unlike that of Tegenaria ; but that retreat is limited to
one sex, and probably used only to protect the cocoon until
the young are hatched and able to go abroad.

Lycosa, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, unequal in size, PL 2, Fig. 8 h ; legs 4. 1. 2. 3. wan-
dering about in quest of prey found under stones, in holes, etc.,
bearing their cocoons attaclied to their anus, and carrying their
young on their back. Eleven species known to me. Dr.
Charles Pickering, of Salem, Mass., presented me with a col-
lection of Araneides, in which were six [l07] or perhaps
seven new species from New England, but which are too much
dried up to be well delineated or described. That single fact
shows how far this is from being a complete list of North
American Spiders. The famous Tarantula of the south of
Europe, the bite of which for many years was supposed to
produce a disease that music alone could cure, belongs to this
genus; and I found on Round Hill, Mass., a species (Lyeosa
fatifera, my catalogue) which is probably very closely related
to the European species, and which dwells in holes nearly a
foot deep. These holes seem to be dug by the spider, and to
be increased gradually, as its size may require ; the opening
has a ring of filaments woven by the spider to prevent the
filling up of the cavity by rain. It is in this genus also that
we may witness astonishing instances of maternal tenderness
and courage ; and that, too, in the most cruel race of animals,
a race in which ferocity renders even the approach of the sexes
a perilous act, and condemns every individual to perpetual soli-
tude, and apprehensions of its own kind. When a mother is

11

found with the cocoon containing its progeny, if this be forcibly
torn from her, she turns round and grasps it with her mandib-
ulae. All her limbs, one by one, may then be torn from her
body without forcing her to abandon her hold. But if, without
mangling the mother, the cocoon be skillfully removed from
her, and suddenly thrown out of sight, she instantaneously
loses all her activity, seems paralyzed, and coils her tremulous
limbs as if mortally wounded ; if the bag be returned, her
ferocity and strength are restored the moment she has any per-
ception of its presence, and she rushes to her treasure to de-
fend it to the last.

Attus, (Walck.). Salticiis, (Latr.).

Eyes 8, unequal in size, PI. 18, fig. 65 ; legs usually short
and proper for leaping, of different sizes ; maxilte erect,
rounded. Wandering in quest of prey, and leaping. Mak-
ing no web, but tubes of silk for shelter in crevices, under
bark, etc.

Twenty-nine specie§. The numerous species of this genus
display skill and varied strategems to seize their pre}', which
must be interesting to an observer of nature. I have pre-
served the name of Attus because the name Atta, previously
given by Fabricius to a subdivision of Formica, could not be
mistaken for this, any more than the Romans would casus for
casa, and a thousand such words. [lOS]

Epiblemum, (Mihi).

Eyes 8, somewhat unequal in size, PI. 18, fig. 59; legs
1. 4. 3. 2. or 1. 4. 2. 3. ; lingna short, triangular; maxillae
somewhat pointed above, and a little inclined over the lingua ;
mandibuloe nearly horizontal, slender, as long as the cephalo-
thorax, tooth as long. Two species. These might be left with
Attus, to which they are closely related, but as that genus is
large, it needs divisions, and the mandibulas of these offer a

12

peculiar and striking character, I have concluded to make the
first of the tAvo following species the type of a new genus.
Epihlemmn faustum obscure, cephalothorax edged with white,
with two spots on the disk also white ; abdomen edged at base,
and with four short bands, white. U. palmarum, deep ferru-
ginous, with two bands on the cephalothorax and the abdomen,
white ; second, third and fourth pair of legs whitish.

Besides these, I have three species of Attus, all very small,
which have the habitus of Formica f so much like ants in many
respects, that for a long time I neglected to collect them on
that account. Their body is elongated, slender, nodose ; and
their legs also are slender, either 4. 3. 1. 2. or 4. 1. 2. 3. The
cephalothorax in one, and the abdomen in all, are contracted in
the middle, so as to give them the appearance of being divided
in three or four joints. The other characters coincide generally
with Attus. They are found on plants. Should it be thought
convenient, those and any other new species with those charac-
ters, might be collected under the generic name of Synemosyna.
***********

It will be observed, that, in the above arrangement I have
departed from that of Latreille in no essential point, but justice
requires us to notice, that after the labors of the greatest living
entomologist, the method of Walckenaer may still be consid-
ered as somewhat more natural than that of Latreille. I have
given a sufficient account of the American genera, known to
me, to allow any person whose taste may lead him to study this
branch, to pursue the subject to a certain extent, and to assist
in bringing my Monographia to a less imperfect state than that
in which it now is. It is evident to me that if I had corres-
pondents in the various States of this Union Avho would be
willing to send me specimens, I could double my collection in a
few years. Some persons have been kind enough to send me
several interesting species, particularly Dr. Harris of Milton,
and Dr. C. [l09] Pickering of Philadelphia, to whom I am much
indebted ; but, when stuck through with a pin, and dried as

13

other insects, these become so shriveled as to make it sometimes
impossible to recognize them, and always so to describe new
species. Spiders should be preserved in diluted alcohol, or
brandy, in which they preserve their form, though their colors
are usually impaired in it.

The number of one hundred and twenty-five species will
appear very large, but I could have swelled the list to one hun-
dred and fifty. Spiders differ from true insects, or at least
wwged insects, in their growing. They come out from their
eggs very minute, and continue to increase in size, probably for
several years in many species ; whereas, with few exceptions,
insects come out of their 'pupa state, at once, with the size
which is peculiar to them. The Arane'ides, in their different
ages, present differences of color and marking. The seasons
also produce a change in the colors of some spiders ; and I am
nearly convinced that the first frosts produce a total change in
the dress of several described Epe'irre which may be referred to
one name. These are the considerations which have induced
me to be very cautious in adopting new species, and comparing
many specimens in different seasons, when possible, before I
described them.

[From the Am. Joiirn. Science and Arts, xli, 116.]

Art. XII. Description of an American Spider, Consti-
tuting A new Subgenus of the Tribe In^quitel^
OF Latreille. By Prof. N. M. Hentz, Florence, Ala.

The genus Aranea of Linnseus, hke most of the genera es-
tablished by that great man, is now in fact an extensive family
of the animal kingdom. Walckenaer and Latreille subdivided
it, and at once classified the numerous species known to them
in an admirable order. We may add the species since discov-

14

ered, and such subgenera as were not known to those authors,
witliout materially altering their superstructure. But when
the work is accomi)lished, and all nature is described by man,
the number of species included in the common word spider will
be truly amazing. Walckenaer enumerated two hundred and
sixty species thirty-four years ago, and Latreille could easily
have doubled the catalogue, if the number of species had been
mentioned in the last edition of the Rcgne Animal. The
writer of this paper, in the course of twenty years, has, at
stolen hours, collected and described one hundred and forty-
seven species ; but he is convinced that fifty more could be
added ; as he has not explored the vast peninsula of Florida,
nor any portion of Louisiana. Two hundred species, therefore,
would be a low estimate of the number of spiders inhabiting
the United States, not including the territories yet unoccupied
by civilized men. It is obvious that the number of species
throuschout the world will amount to more than two iliousand,
when the natural history of all countries is complete. It is
equally obvious that the rapidly increasing number of new spe-
cies requires subdivisions, when it is practicable to make them.
The subgenus now proposed is indispensable, as the species
cannot be classed under any existing generic name. It will be
placed in a natural order immediately after Pholcus.

Subgenus Spermophora.

Eyes, six, in two clusters, one on each side of the cephalo-
thorax, PL 17, fig. 9.

Legs, \\\^ first pair longest, then ihe fourth and set^onc?, nearly
equal, the third pair shortest. Length moderate, slender.

Lip, wide, triangular.

Maxillce, tapering towards the point, inclined over the lip.

Mandihidce, short, conical, with very small fangs.

The characters derived from the tropin are nearly those of
Pholcus, but the absence of the two eyes in front of the

15

cephalothorax, would alone remove this spider from that sub-
division. Moreover, the legs, which in Pholcus are excess-
ively long, are here of a moderate length. This spider, which
is wholly of a pale hue, makes its veiy loose web in dark
places, under rubbish. The female carries in its mandibles its
eggs glued together without any silk, until they are hatched.
Inhabits Alabama.

This species, the one hundred and thirty-seventh of my MS.
catalogue, is there named Spermophora meridionalis. Of the
one hundred and forty-seven species comprised in this cata-
logue, there are not ten mentioned in European works besides
those described by Bosc, whose manuscript was never printed.
Florence, khxr, September 2, 1839.

[From the Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 54.]

Art. VI. Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides
OF the United States. By Nicholas Marcellus Hentz.

(Communicated July, 1841.)

The Publishing Committee think it proper to inform the
readers of this Journal, that the following article is the first of
a series on the Araneides of the United States, which has been
offered for publication, by the author, to the Boston Society of
Natural History. These descriptions and figures will be fol-
lowed hereafter by others, and the whole will form an illus-
trated monograph of all the Spiders observed by Professor
Hentz in various parts of this country, and will supply a want
[55] which has been long felt in this department of our Natu-
ral History.

16

Class. ARACHNIDES.

Order. Pulmonaria.

Family. Araneides.

Section. TetrcqTneumones.

Genus. Mygale. Walckenaer.

Characters. Eyes eight, jylaced near together on the anterior
edge of the cephalothorax, in tioo roivs, variously curved ; fang
of the cheliceres articulated doivnward ; palpi inserted on the
extremity of the maxillce ; feet 4. 1. 2. 3 or 4. 1. 3. 2.

Observation. The distinction between Mygale and Oletera
is artificial, as a slight elongation of the maxillie of Mygale
would place the palpi at the side ; witness Mygale f unicolor.

1. Mygale truncata.

PI. I, fig. 1. a. Eyes. b. Trophi. c. Side view of the Spider, d. Hole
in which it resides.

Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with a curved impres-
sion behind the middle, cheliceres (mandibulae) terminated by
several points above the fang, hairy ; abdomen cylindrical,
suddenly truncated at the end, and callous at that place, with
concentric grooves and six circular impressions ; thighs more or
less rufous at base ; a white membrane between the joints.
Feet 4. 1. 37¥.

Observations. This spider dwells, like other species of this
subgenus, in cylindrical cavities in the earth. Though many
specimens were found, I never saw the lid described by authors
as closing the aperture of its dwelling. The very singular
formation of its abdomen, which is as hard as leather behind,
and which forms a perfect circle, induces me to believe that it
closes with that part, its dwelling, instead of with a lid, when
in danger.

Habitat. Alabama.

17

2. Mygale solstitialis. [56]

PL 1, fig. 2. a. Eyes. b. Troplii. c. Abdomen viewed underneath.

Dese7'i2?tio7i. Deep black ; ceplialothorax -svitli two indenta-
tions, clieliceres moderately large; abdomen with several im-
pressions above, and' four yellow spots underneath ; membrane
between the joints white ; third pair of legs with the third
joint short and crooked ; feet haiiy, 4. 1. 2. 3. A large
species.

Ohservatio7is. One specimen only (a male) was found in
July, wandering on the ground. The character, derived from
the third pair of legs, does not seem to be a mere sexual dis-
tinction, as Mygale, caroUne?isis, the next species, has the same
peculiarity, and the description was taken from a female.

Habitat. Alabama. t

3. Mygale carolinensis.
PL 1, fig. 3. a. Eyes.

Descrij^tion. Brownish, very glossy ; cephalothorax with
two slight impressions near the base ; abdomen blackish, not
glossy ; third joint of the third pair of legs very short and
crooked ; feet 4. 1. 8. 2.

Observations. This species w^as communicated to the author
by the late Mr. Levi Andrews, of Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
a promising young naturalist, snatched by consumption from his
numerous friends, and to the memory of whom this tribute is
due. The character derived from the third pair of legs is not
a sexual one, as this was a female, and the description of
3Iygale solstitialis was taken from a male, which has the same
character.

Habitat. North Carolina.

4. Mygale gracilis.

PL 1, fig. 4. a. Eyes. b. Right palpus, with the maxilla.

Description. Rufous ; cephalothorax somewhat six-sided,
long and narrow ; abdomen plumbeous, two nipples very long ;

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S. X. H. — H. 2

18

feet long, hairy, penultimate joint of the anterior pair with a
notch ; feet 4. 1. 2. 3. [57]

Observations. This spicier, hitherto always found in mid-
>winter, under stones or on the ground, is probably not the male
of Mygale carolinensis ; but the peculiarity of its first pair of
legs, is, no doubt, a sexual character. The same joint of the
feet of the male of my Dysdera bicolor, is not only bent, but
has powerful prongs and bristles, which nature has given him
as a defence, or as the means of grasping the female.

Habitat. Alabama.

5. Mygale? unicolor.

PI. 1, fig. 5. a and b.

Description. Deep rufous ; cephalothorax depressed in the
middle, with two impressions, cheliceres very large ; abdomen
smooth ; third pair of legs with short, very thick joints ; feet 4.
1. 2. 3.

Observations. This species is very distinct from any other,
particularly by the manner in which its palpi are inserted.
Were the maxillse extended a little more at their extremity,
this spider should be placed in the sub-genus Oletera, which
follows. The specimen from which this description was taken
(a female), was turned up by the plough in a field, in the
month of May. The manner in which the spiders belonging to
Mygale and Oletera live, hidden under ground, and probably
issuing out only at night, prevents our becoming acquainted
with their habits. I doubt whether the males ever dwell in
tubular habitations. Much remains yet to be done to complete
the history of this genus and that of the next.

Habitat. Alabama.

19

[From the Bost. Journal Nat. Hist., iv, 223. Art. xvi.]

Genus. Atypus, Latr. Oletera^ Walck.

Characters. CheUceres large with a fang nearly equal to
their length, articulated downward ; maxillm tapering upward,
insertion of the palpi lateral ; Up concealed ; eyes eight, ^ubequal,
collected in front of the cephalothorax, two in the centre, and on
each side of these there is a cluster ; feet 4. 1. 2. 3.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, dwelling in silk tubes placed
in the ground. [224]

Observations. The habits of the animals of this subgenus
are but little known, owing to the obscure locations which they
select. They are probably nocturnal.

Atypus niger.
PI. 2, fig. 1. a and 5.

Description. Deep black ; cephalothorax flattened, horny,
with three depressions ; a white membrane at the base of the
cheliceres. A small species.

Observations. A solitary individual (a male) was found in
June, on newly turned soil, at Northampton, Mass., by the son
of the late Prof. W. D. Peck. I am not acquainted with
A, rufipes found by Mr. Milbert, near Philadelphia.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

[Marietta. 0., d Wm. Holden. j. H. E.]

Genus. Dysdera. Latr. Walck.

Characters. Cheliceres large, fangs articulated inward;
maxillcB straight, wide at base, narrowed above the insertion of
the palpi, inner edge cut obliquely towards the point ; lip half as
long as the maxillce, emarginate at tip ; eyes six, subequal, four
in a line curved towards the base, and one each side nearer the
anterior edge, but leaving an open space betiveen them ; feet, first
pair longest, the second and fourth nearly equal, the third
shortest.

20

Habits. Araneides sedentary, dwelling in silken tubes,
under stones or in crevices.

Observatmis. The large size of the cheliceres, and other
minor characters, show some affinity to Mygale. The only
species here described being made known to me by Dr. T. W.
Harris, of Massachusetts, I am not acquainted with many facts
necessary to give a good history of this subgenus.

Dysdera interrita.

PI. 2, fig. 1. a and b.

Description. Ferruginous ; cephalothorax and trophi piceous.

Observations. This species was communicated to me by my
excellent friend Dr. T. W. Harris, of Massachusetts, who [225]
sent me the male and the female, also, with a correct sketch of
both sexes. It inhabits that State, and was found in cavities
under ground, under rotten wood, etc., in the month of May.

[?, length 12.4 ram. ; cej^lialothorax 5.2 mm. ; legs 13, 12, 9.5, 12.8.
cf, " 14.5mm.; " 4.6 mm.; " 12.5,11.8,9,11.8.

Palpus of d", PI. 20, fig. 1. Claw of first foot, fig. la. Young -with ceph-
alothorax reddish-yellow like the legs. This is the only species of Dysdera
I have found in Massachusetts. Hentz's original drawings are lost.

Dyxdera ruhicunda Blackwall, Spiders of Gt. Britain and Ireland.
" " Menge, Preussische Spinnen.

West Roxbury, Mass. cf and young in June, 9 in October. F. G. Sanborn.

Maiden, Mass. H. L. Moody.

Brookline, Mass. A. Smith.

Mass. ?, Wm. Holden. ,j. H. E.]

Genus. Pylarus. Mihi.

Characters. Cheliceres small, fang very sliort., maxillce
slightly inclined over the lip, long and slightly rounded at tip;
lip tapering, half as long as the maxillce ; eyes six, equal, in
three p>airs, tivo in the middle and ttvo each side, placed diag-
onqlly on a common elevation, nearer the anterior edge; feet,
first, second and fourth jjairs subequal, third shortest, penult i-
7nate joint of the first pair armed tvith hooks in the male.

21

Hahits. Araneides sedentary, forming a silken tube in crev-
ices of walls, with a few threads spreading from the orifice
unto the edge of the crevice, the spider watching near the
entrance with its three anterior [pairs of] legs extended out.

Observations. This subgenus, which was first confounded by
me with Dysdera, differs from it by the small size of its cheli-
ceres, and the position of its eyes. By the habits of the
spiders which compose it it bears close affinity to Segestria, but
the position of its eyes is reversed. It is obvious that as this is
not Segestria, and cannot be referred to Dysdera, it must con-
stitute a new subgenus.

1. Pylaris bicolor.

PI. 2, fig. 3. ?. a and 6. Fig. 4. d". a. palpus.

Description. Cephalothorax piceous ; abdomen bluish-black ;
first and second pairs of legs blackish, hairy, third and fourth
piceous. Male piceous ; abdomen with the base and sides
paler ; feet with few hairs, penult joi]it of the first pair crooked
and with two strong spines, the antepenult with about four
strong bristles on each side.

Observations. This spider, which is very common in Ala-
bama, makes its tubular habitation in the crevices of walls,
commonly waiting near the orifice with its three first pairs of
legs directed forwards. Its silken tube spreads out on the out-
side, [226] and whenever an insect touches one of the threads
the spider issues out with the rapidity of a hawk and seizes its
victim, which it carries immediately within. In damp, rainy
nio;hts, the males and females are often found wandering from
their homes. The male, which is provided with very unusual
means of defence on its first pair of legs, is nevertheless ex-
cessively cautious in his approach to the residence of the
female. He advances with the utmost caution, remaining mo-
tionless near the entrance for hours. This takes place in
October. I once observed a male in that situation, and wash-
ing to secure him, suddenly transfixed his cephalothorax with

22

a pin, when the female furiously rushed out and boldly gi'asped
him, struggling to carry him off ; and she nearly succeeded in
robbing me of my prey, which she seemed to consider her own.
I have found this species hibernating in silken tubes, along
with various species of Attus, in December and January.
This proves that Dysdera pumila is not a variety of it.
Habitat. North Alabama.

[?, length, 9 mm.; cephalothorax, 4 mm.; legs, 8.6, 8.5, 6.2, 8.

Front foot with hau-s removed, PL 20, fig. 2.

Cephalothorax and legs yellow brown, darkest toward the head. Abdo-
men purplish brown, lighter at the sides. Young lighter, with cephalotho-
rax and legs yellow. The original drawings lost.

Salem, Mass., July 10, ?, in old mud cell of wasp under a stone, with
cocoon of thirty-four eggs. Another ? in closed silk tube, with cocoon
of eggs.

Providence, R. I., Oct. 29. Young and old in thick silk tubes under
bark.

Mayport, Fla. ; Ohio. Wm. Holden. j. h. e.]

2. Pylarus pumilus.

PI. 2, fig. 5.

Description. Livid yellow ; abdomen dusky on the disk and
towards the apex ; first and second pairs of legs with the two
last joints dusky ; hairy.

Observations. This species is usually found under the bark
of trees, enclosed in silk tubes.

Habitat, North Carolina, North Alabama.

[Probably young of P. bicolor. j. ii. E.]

Genus. Filistata. Latr.

Characters. Cheliceres small, incapable of reciprocal motion,
fang very small ; maxillce bent and surrounding the lip, terminat-
ing in a point ; lip more than half the length of the maxillce,
widest in the middle, ending in a point; eyes eight, subequal,
placed closely together on a common elevation, [227] two in the

23

centre^ usually hlacJc, three on each sid^, leaving a space above
and below opened towards the middle ones ; feety 1. 4. 2. 3.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, forming a tube of silk in the
crevices of old walls, with loose threads spread out round the
orifice, the spider usually watching at the entrance.

Observations. The characters derived from the cheliceres,
which are articulated together so as to allow of little or no
reciprocal motion, is peculiar to this subgenus. On the whole,
it seems to have a greater affinity to Clotho than to any of the
Tetrapneumones of Latreille ; and, by its habits, it is closely
related to my Pylarus and to Segestria. Independent of the
difficulty of ascertaining the pulmonary orifices, these points of
affinity between Dipneumones and Tetrapneumones show that
the distinction may prove an artificial one.

1. Filistata hibernalis.

PI. 2, fig. 6. ?. a. Trophr, with the palpi of the male. b. Eyes.

Description. Deep mouse-colored, covered with fine short
hair ; cephalothorax darker ; cheliceres small. Male, pale gray
or livid ; palpi excessively long, two middle eyes black, the
others shining white.

Observations. It makes a tubular habitation of silk in crev-
ices on old walls or rocks, throwing an irregular web which is
spread on the wall or stone around the aperture. It comes out
occasionally during the winter, but cold is apt to render it tor-
pid, and it then remains several days in the same situation,
moving shghtly in the middle of the day. In walking, it uses
its palpi like feet, and these organs- are very long, particularly
in the male. I saw one of this species change its skin in con-
finement. It had previously lost a leg by some accident, but
after moulting it had a new one which had all its joints, only a
little shorter than the natural size ; its cocoon is spherical.

Habitat. South Carolina on the sea-coast, North Alabama
on the banks of the Tennessee.

[cf, length, 13.8 mm.; cephalothorax, 6.2 mm.; legs, 23, 19, 15.6, 20.6.
Fernandina, Fla., Sept. 1, with cocoon of young. E. Palmer, j. H. E.]

24

2. Filistata capitata.

PI. 2, fig. 7. d.

Description. Dusky brown ; eyes much elevated, cephalo-
thurax with a deep longitudinal impression, beginning above
the eyes and not reaching the base; clieliceres not closely ar-
ticulated together : abdomen and feet Avith short hairs.

Observations. This species, communicated to me by Mr.
Thomas R. Dutton, was brought by him from Georgia, where
it inhabits crevices like Filistata hihernalis. No females were
brought. It is strange that its cheliceres are not joined to-
gether as in that species. The trophi in other respects corres-
pond entirely Avith it.

Habitat. Georgia.

[Mayport, Florida. J. Wm. Holden. j. H. E.]

Genus. Lycos a. Latr.

Characters. Cheliceres large., fangs tnoderate ; maxilloe short.,
parallel., cut ohliquely at the tip ; lip short, slightly emarginate at
the upper edge, which is slightly narroiver than the base ; eyes
eight, unequal, four small ptaced anteriorly in a straight or
slightly curved line, two large placed above the two exteriial ones
of the first line, two of middle size placed further out towards
the base and nearly forming a square with the intermediate ones ;
feet, 4. 1. 2. 3.

Habits. Araneides making no Aveb, wandering for prey,
hiding under stones and frequently making holes in the ground
in which they dwell, making at the orifice a ring of silk, form-
ing a consolidated entrance ; cocoon usually orbicular, often
carried about by the mother, the young borne on the back of
her abdomen.

Observations. The subgenus Lycosa is not A^ariable in its
characters like Dolomedes. The lower row of eyes is straight
in some species and more or less curved in others, but I could
not avail myself of this to make any satisfactory subdivision.

25

The upper mammulffi, it is true, are longer in Lycosa lenta,
but I found them to vary in length in others so imperceptibly
that I could not adopt any of the three families [229] of
Walckenaer, which appear to me quite artificial. These spi-
ders are the eagles and lions of the family. They are found
SAvarming on the ground, running Avith great agility, a property
belonging to those spiders in which the fourth pair of legs is
longest. Most are usually found wandering for prey, except
when engaged in maternal duties ; others dwell in holes sev-
eral inches deep, well rounded and supplied with a ring of silk
and little straws, consolidated so as to prevent the crumbling of
the earth. I have found one of th6se in the winter which Avas
supplied with a lid, and probably they all close the orifice for
hibernation. The mother carries its cocoon attached to the
posterior part of the abdomen. Small species ramble about
Avith these ; but the larger ones watch them in their habitation
or under stones. The moment the young ones are hatched
they climb on the abdomen of the mother and remain there for
a considerable time. They give a monstrous and horrible ap-
pearance to the mother, Avhich seems hairy, and tAvice as large
as usual. If the parent be touched, or forcibly arrested, the
young spiders instantly disperse and disappear. The mother
AAdien depriA^ed of its cocoon, seems to lose all her ferocity and
activity, but if it be placed near her, the moment she perceives
it these poAvers return, and she rushes to the cocoon, which she
grasps with renewed vigor. She defends her progeny to the
last, and her feet can be torn from her one by one, before she
can be compelled to abandon her treasure. Thus can maternal
tenderness be exhibited in beings Avhich are relentless to their
own species, and even to the sex Avhich gives life to its progeny.
It is extremely difficult to distinguish the different species of
Lycosa, owing to the infinite varieties in colors, marking and
size. Future writers Avill probably clear the confusion which I
boast not of having removed during tAventy years of studious
attention to this subiienus.

26

1. Lycosa fatifera.

PL 2, fig. 8. a, b.

Description. Bkiish black ; cephalothorax deeper in color at
the sides ; cheliceres covered with rufous hairs and with a red
elevation on their external side near the base ; one of the
largest species. [230]

Observations. This formidable species dwells in holes ten or
twelve inches in depth, in light soil, which it digs itself ; for the
cavity is always proportionate to the size of the spider. The
orifice of the hole has a ring, made chiefly of silk, which pre-
vents the soil from falling in when it rains. This Lycosa,
probably as large as the Tarantula of the South of Europe, is
common in Massachusetts ; but we have not heard of serious
accidents produced by its bite. Its poison, however, must be
of the same nature and as virulent. The reason perhaps vrhy
nothing is said of its venom, is, that so very few instances can
have occurred of its biting any body. All persons shun spiders,
and these shun mankind still more. Moreover, their cheliceres
cannot open at an angle which can enable them to grasp a large
object. Without denying its power to poison, which it cer-
tainly has, it is well to expose popular errors, such as that of
the Romans in regard to the bite of the shrew, which it is now
proved cannot open its mouth wide enough to bite at all. This
spider, when captured, shows some combativeness, and has
uncommon tenacity of life. It is a laborious task to dig down
its deep hole with the care necessary not to injure it. I have
at times introduced a long slender straw doAvnward, till I could
feel a resistance, and also the struggle of the tenant ; and I
could perceive that it bit the straw. In one or two instances*
by lifting the straw gradually, I brought up the enraged spider
still biting the inert instrument of its wrath. It probably lives
many years. A piceous variety is found in Alabama, with the
two first joints of the legs, pectus and abdomen yellowish un-
derneath, or lighter in color.

Habitat. Massachusetts, North Alabama.

27

2. Lycosa (Tarantula) Carolinensis ? Bosc. M. S.
PL 2, fig. 9.

Description. Mouse-colored ; cephalothorax witli an in-
dented blackish mark at base ; cheliceres covered with rufous
hairs in front, and with a red elevation ; abdomen with several
whitish dots and angular transverse lines on the disk, sides
nearly white ; beneath, usually quite black, except the legs,
[231] which are whitish, the joints tipped with black. Male
with nearly the same marks, very black beneath. Attains a
very large size.

Observations. This spider has the same habits as L. fatifera^
making deep excavations in the ground. It is frequently found
under stones, and possibly it is in such places, nearer the sur-
face, that the eggs are hatched. The female carries her young
on her back, presenting a hideous aspect, being then apparently
covered with animated warts. The little monsters have the
instinct, if the mother is much disturbed, to escape and scatter
in all directions. The male, not unfrequently of an enormous
size, is often found wandering in October and November, in
Alabama, and sometimes enters houses.

Habitat. North CaroMna, Georgia, North Alabama.

[cf, cephalothorax, 13.2 mm. ; legs, 31, 28, 27, 36.

?, « 10.4 mm.; « 33,30,26.6,35.2.

Palpus of 6, PI. 18, fig. 3.
Essex County, Mass., cf and 9.
Worcester, Mass., October, d. F. G. Sanborn.
Mt. Desert, Me. S. Henshaw.
Ohio, cf, ?. W. Holden. j. H. e.]

[From the Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 386. Art. xxxr.]

3. Lycosa lenta.
PI. 3, figs. 1-4.

Description. PIceous, hairy; cephalothorax with a waved
fascia of a dark color, and several pale marks. Abdomen with

28

two longitudinal rows of indistinct black spots above, beneath
with a large black spot, with a yellowish mark in the centre.
A pale variety occurred in North Carolina, without the yellow
mark. [387]

Observations. This common and powerfiil species is found
wandering in fields, attacking and subduing very large insects.
The female carries her young on her back, which gives her a
horrible appearance. If caught or wounded, the little ones
escape rajiidly in all directions ; but the mother is faithful to
her duties, and defends her progeny while life endures. It
hides under stones, logs, etc.

Habitat. Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, etc.

4. Lycosa ruricola.

PI. 3, figs. 5, 6.

Desenj)tion. Pale or livid testaceous ; cephalothorax Avith
black marks, two large ones at base ; cheliceres black with
yellow hair at base ; abdomen varied with black marks and pale
dots above, a large black spot underneath; feet with indistinct
livid rings.

Observations. A male and a female of this species were
found Avith a white spot in the middle of the black one on the
venter, but as the marking differed somewhat from the above,
they may constitute a different species. They are always
found wandering on the ground.

Habitat. Carolina, Alabama. October, November.

5. Lycosa saltatrix.

PI. 3, fig. 7.

Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with two darker longi-
tudinal bands ; abdomen plumbeous or mouse-colored, with four
dark points and a pale longitudinal line ; legs hairy, with many
dark bands. Male inclinino; to a rufous tinge.

Observations. This small spider, first found in South Caro-
lina, runs about on the ground, the female carrying her cocoon

29

attached to the hinder part of her abdomen. When deprived
of it she remains near ; and, if alloAved, she grasps it in her
chehceres and carries it off. The cocoon, of a slate color, is
orbicular, and contains about fifteen eggs. This is probably
[388J related to Aranea saccata of Europe. I have found in
Alabama a spider, which maj not differ specifically from this,
which was larger and of a mouse color, with very indistinct
markings, except its legs, which agreed with the drawing ac-
companying this. Its cocoon, which it carried in the usual
way, was also of a bluish pale slate color, but it was lenticular,
being composed of two concave plates of strong texture, united
loosely at the edge ; and it contained about sixty yellow eggs —
notwithstanding the apparent difference, I refer it to this spe-
cies. It is probable, however, that future naturalists will de-
fine two or more species, which I may have confounded or
referred to this description.
Habitat. The United States.

6. Lycosa erratica.

PL 3, fig. 8.

DeHcriptlon. Brown or piceous ; cephalothorax with one
longitudinal blackish line each side ; abdomen with a forked
longitudinal fascia and several spots black, a large black spot
underneath, sometimes a wdiite spot surrounded with black ;
male the same.

Observations. This species, which becomes very large, I
formerly supposed to be a variety of L. lenta ; but it was al-
ways found wandering and never in holes ; I therefore consider
it as perfectly distinct, having been often seen, generally run-
in o; in the grass.

Habitat. Massachusetts, Alabama.

[Marietta, O. ? . Wm. Holden. j. H, e.]

30

7. Lycosa litoralis.
PI. 3, fig. 9.

Description. Livid white ; cephalotliorax varied with livid
gray markings ; abdomen with a pale waved fascia ; feet and
palpi with some hairs, and with pale gray rings on all joints,
4. 1. 8. 2., the 1st visibly longer than the 3d, the 3d full as long
if not longer than the 2d. [389]

Observations. This distinct species is always found near
water under boards, leaves, stones, etc., moving chiefly by
jumps when escaping. Often observed in the same localities.

Habitat. North Carolina. April.

[Marietta, O. ?. Mayport, Fla. 6. Wm. Holden. J. H. E.]

8. Lycosa maritima.

PI. 3, fig. 10.

Description. Pale yellow, almost white ; cephalothorax with
faint indented lines ; abdomen with two longitudinal rows of
dots of a pale hue.

Observations. This spider was found on the beach of Bear
Island in the bay of St. Helena, South Carolina. Dr. Charles
Pickering sent me one from Salem, informing me that it is
common in Massachusetts. It runs with great speed on the
sand still wet with the ebbing water of the ocean.

Habitat. South Carolina, Massachusetts, and probably all
the Atlantic coast.

8. Lycosa aspersa.

PI. 3, figs. 11, 12.

Description. Greenish obscure ; cephalothorax dark, obscure,
varied with black marks and a few red lines about the eyes ;
cheliceres very large ; abdomen obscure, with small black spots
in three rows, varied with yellow and black in wrinkles under-
neath, feet with black rings.

Observations. Though it is excessively difficult to distinguish

31

between species and varieties in this subgenus, yet I must
consider this as distinct from L. riparia. It was found on a
barren hill at a great distance from water.
Habitat. Alabama. September.

10. Lycosa riparia.
PL 3, figs. 13-15.

Description. Brownish or greenish black ; cephalothorax
varied with blackish, with a narrowed yellowish line which
[390] reaches the trophi ; abdomen above with triangular black
spots more or less interrupted, and a row on each side of whit-
ish dots more distinct towards the apex, a tuft of black and of
white hairs at base in both sexes ; beneath testaceous or yellow,
speckled with dots, and a line and two spots near the base
sometimes wanting, black ; feet with black or greenish brown
rings. 4. 1. 2. 3. In the male the two rows of white dots on
the abdomen are arranged in the form of interrupted lines, and
the rings are obsolete on the feet, which are long, slender and
hairy.

Observations. This common spider is aquatic in its habits,
always found near or on water, and diving with ease under the
surface, when threatened or pursued.

Habitat. North CaroUna, Alabama. All seasons.

11. Lycosa puuctulata.

PI. 3, %s. 16, 17.

Description. Pale rufous ; cephalothorax whitish or yellow-
ish, with four longitudinal blackish lines ; abdomen whitish or
yellowish, with a longitudinal band, blackish, whitish under-
neath, with many black dots.

Observatio7is. This spider, captured at Germantown, was
communicated to me by Dr. Charles Pickering. It was found
also in Alabama, in November, agreeing in every respect with
the description. It was a male also. A female was found

32

September 28tli agreeing with the design. The species is
therefore well established.
Habitat. Pennsylvania.

[Rushville, O. cf. Win. Holden. J. ii. e.]

12. Lycosa scutulata.

PI. 4, figs. 1, 2.

Description. Testaceous ; cephalothorax with one longitud-
inal band and one line on each side, blackish ; abdomen with a
longitndinal broad band, blackish, with about four diagonal
spots, and a narrow edge, each side of it yellowish; [^^1]
same color underneath, with very minute black dots on the ab-
domen ; legs brownish with some blackish lines. Male with
the first pair of legs mostly black, and part of the fourth pair
also black underneath.

Observations. This common and very distinct species attains
a very large statiu'e. It is most commonly found wandering in
quest of prey, and like Lycosa saltatrix, carries its cocoon at-
tached to the abdomen behind. The cocoon is very large,
spherical and whitish, containing from one hundred and fifty
to two hundred eggs, which hatch before the cocoon is opened.
The yellow spots on the abdomen seem to be wanting in the
young.

Habitat. Alabama.

[Ohio. cT, ?. Wm. Holden. .j. h. e.]

13. Lycosa sagittata.
PI. 4, figs. 3, 4.

Description. Yellowish brown ; cephalothorax with a pale
longitudinal band ; abdomen dusky also, with a pale band with
angular edges, whitish underneath, with minute black dots and
two curved black bands which join together at base and at the
apex where they spread out; pulmonary region brownish ; feet
varied with blackish.

33

Observations. This species is distinct from any other. It
was found wandering, and -seems to be rare.
Habitat. North Alabama, April.

14. Lyeosa ocreata.

PI. 4, fig. 5.

Description. Obscure ; cephalothorax, with a broad, pale
longitudinal band, with a blackish edge ; abdomen blackish at
base, the black spreading each side, with a few black dots each
side towards the apex ; feet varied with brown or blackish ;
antepenult joint of the first pair large, black and hairy, the
intermediate one and the thigh black at tip ; feet, 4. 1. 'A. 3.
A male.

Observations. This species is not rare, in meadows, near
water.

Habitat. North Carolina. [392.]

[Marietta, O. <?. Wm. Ilolden. j. h. e.]

15. Lyeosa venustula.

PI. 4, figs. 6, 7.

Description. Cephalothorax yellowish, with two bands and
edge black ; abdomen piceous, paler in the middle towards the
base, with a row of abbreviated black lines approximating
towards the apex, pale gray underneath, with a row of minute
black dots each side approximating tow'ards the apex ; feet
rufous. A middle size species.

Observations. This spider is common on the ground, but
inasmuch as only males are found, it is likely it will ultimately
be referred to some other species ; which, 1 cannot tell.

Habitat. Alabama. April.

16. Lyeosa milvina.

PI. 4, fig. 8.

Description. Pale yellowish ; cephalothorax varied with
broAvnish ; abdomen brownish with a scalloped band, widening

OCCAS. PAPEKS B. S N. H. — H. 3

34

towards the base, and two lateral spots yellowish, pale yellowish
spotless underneath ; feet varied with brownish, hairy, particu-
larly the third and fourth pair. A small species.

Observations. This is a very distinctly marked species,
Avhich occurred only once.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

17. Lycosa saxatilis.

PI. 4, figs. 9, 10.

Description. Pale bluish ; cephalothorax varied with gray-
ish ; abdomen grayish or blackish, with pale bluish spots or
dots, pale gray underneath ; feet long and slender, hairy, with
many black rings. 4. 2. 1. 3. or 4. 'A. 3. 1. A small species.

Observations. This slender little Lycosa is a very distinct
species. It runs with surprising agility and swiftness. It was
found in the mountains of North Alabama.

Habitat. Alabama. August. [393.]

18. Lycosa funerea.

PI. 4, fig. 11.

Description. Cephalothorax blackish ; abdomen w^ith four
approximate spots and four bent lines yellowish ; feet varied
with rufous and blackish. A small species.

Observations. This species abounds on the ground. It has
the habitus of a ITerpyUus, and runs Avith great rapidity. The
male and the female were often found agreeing with the de-
scription.

Habitat. Alabama. May.

Genus. Ctenus. Walck.

Characters. Cheliceres larffe, fangs moderately/ large; max-
illce shorty parallel^ cut obliquely at tip ; lip about half the
length of the maxillce, pointed; eyes eight, unequal, in three

35

roivs, two eyes of middle size form the lowest row, intermediate
roiv co^njjosed of four eyes, the two middle ones largest, the two
external ones smallest ; last roiv formed of tivo large eyes, home
on tubercles and placed farther apart than tJiose of the middle
row ; feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, then the second, the
third being shot'test.

Habits. Araneides wandering for prey, making no web for
a dwelling.

Observations. This subgenus seems to be related to Lycosa
and Dolomedes.

1. Ctenus hybernalis.

PI. 5, figs. 1-4.

Description. Deep rufous ; ceplialothorax black above with
a longitudinal yellowish band ; abdomen black, with a serrated
longitudinal yellow band above, and with four diagonal lines of
minute yellow dots beneath.

Observations. This was found in a cavity in the ground in
the month of Januar3^

Habitat. South Alabama. [394.]

2. Ctenus punctulatus.

PI. 5, figs. 5, 6.

Description. Yellowish rufous ; cephalothorax with two
longitudinal blackish lines and two fainter scalloped ones on
each side ; abdomen with two subobsolete lines of minute white
dots, becoming more distinct towards the apex, where may be
seen a few irregularly placed white dots on the outside of the
lines, same color unspotted beneath ; feet, 4. 1. 'z. 8. or
4. 1. 37^

Observations. This spider was found at the foot of a tree in
a moist place near a mountain stream, running through a forest.

Habitat. Alabama. August, September.

36
Genus. DoLOMEDES. Latr.

Characters. Cheliceres moderately large; maxiUce short,
parallel, somewhat wider above the insertion of the j^alpi ; lip
short, suborhicular; eyes eight, unequal, in tivo roivs, the anterior
one slightly curved, the posterior one wider and much curved from
the base towards the anterior one ; exterior eyes borne on tubercles ;
feet, the fourth, second, and first pair are nearly equal, the third
being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
except during the rearing of the progeny, hiding under stones,
sometimes diving under water ; cocoon usually orbicular, car-
ried by the mother.

Observations. The subgenus Dolomedes is the link between
Ctenus and Lycosa, and its characters are somewhat variable.
In the first tribe (the Arboreae), which differ wholly from the
Sylvaria of Walckenaer, the arrangement of the eyes is almost
that of Lycosa ; and in the Ripuariaj the arrangement of the
eyes leads to Micrommata. The spiders of this genus differ in
their habits also ; those of the two first tribes dwell on trees,
or in cavities ; those of the third are found near water, and
run on its surface with great rapidity ; they can even dive, and
have recourse to this when in danger. [395] Several, perhaps
all species, construct on bushes a web somewhat like that of
Agelena, for the protection of the cocoon, and the rearing of
the voung. This is another resemblance to Micrommata.

&•

Order of the species Dolomedes.

Tribe I. Arbore^, middle eyes much larger than the rest.

Tribe II. Tenebros^, eyes subequal, loiver roiv as much
curved as the upper.

Tribe III. Ripuarle, eyes subequal, loiver roiv straight or
slightly curved.

37

(Arborece.)

1. Dolomedes tenax.

PI. 5, fig. 7."

Description. Grayish ; ceplialothorax edged with black,
varied with blackish on the disk ; abdomen also edged with
black near the base, varied longitudinally, with blackish on the
disk, about three whitish dots on each side near the apex, pale
beneath, with two obscure longitudinal lines ; feet, with black-
ish bands above, pale beneath. 4. 2. 1. 3. Never large.

Observations. This distinct species is always found on up-
right sticks, small trees, etc., turning round to avoid an attack
in the same manner as Oxyopes scalaris, which it resembles so
much that for a time I could not distinguish one from the other.
It spreads its feet like Thomisus. The form of its cephalotho-
rax is peculiar, the head being elevated and well-defined from
the thorax. It must not be taken for the young of I), tenebro-
sus, which resembles the old, and dwells in dark places,
whereas this is quite a diurnal species, fond of broad daylight.

Habitat. North Carolina.

2. Dolomedes hastulatus.

PI. 4, fig. 9.

Description. Pale or greenish gray ; cephalothorax varied
with blackish ; abdomen with a blackish band, with rounded
[396] edges near the base, and terminating with a hastate point
towards the apex ; feet varied with gray or blackish. 2. 4. 1. 3.

Observations. This was found in September in a w^eb, like
that of Agelena. This can be readily distinguished from
D. tenax, particularly by the form of its cephalothorax, in
which the head is not elevated as in that species. The second
pair of legs being sensibly the longest. This species could
almost be referred to Micrommata. It was found in March
upon the stump of a tree not far from a stream.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

38

(^Tenebrosce.)

3. Dolomedes tenebrosus.
PI. 5, figs. 10, 13.

Description. Livid brown ; abdomen and ceplialothorax
varied with blackish angular markings ; feet annulated with
blackish ; frequently measuring over four inches from the ex-
tremity of the first pair of legs to that of the fourth pair ; male
with legs 1. 2. 4. 3.

Observations. This spider, one of the largest of the whole
family, is very common in dark, retired places, hiding in cre-
vices during the day, and issuing at night from its retreat for
the purpose of seeking for prey. It does not seek the vicinity
of water near which it was never seen, but dwells generally in
elevated dry places. The female does not make a web, but
carries its cocoon, grasped with her cheliceres. The cocoon is
orbicular whitish, and of the size of a common cherry. I have
occasionally seen this Dolomedes in the daytime, but it seemed
always inactive, and easily captured. It can be readily dis-
tinguished from D. albineus, by its having no yellowdsh spot
under the abdomen, and by the white hairs on its legs.

Habitat. Carolina, Alabama, Massachusetts ?

[Ohio. ?, c?. Wm. Holden. j. h. e.]

4. Dolomedes scriptus.

PL 6, fig. 1.

Descriptio7i. Pale brownish ; cephalothorax varied with
black and white ; abdomen with a broad blackish band inter-
sected by waved white lines, and usually edged with Avhitish,
pale spotless underneath ; feet varied with obscure brown, ulti-
mate joint tipped with blackish.

Observations. This species was found in great numbers on
the margin of a stream under stones. The two triangular
black spots, visible on the cephalothorax of D. urinator and
D. lanceolatus, are obsolete on this. Many were examined,

39

and agreed with this, only the white edge of the band being
less distinct in some.

Hahitat. Alabama. March. '

5. Dolomedes albineus.

PL G, fig. 2.

Description. Mouse-colored ; abdomen varied with angular
markings above, beneath with a yellowish longitudinal band,
edged with black ; feet with alternate black and white rings,
the white rings formed by long white hairs ; the legs have also
a few black bristles ; male with legs 1. 2. 4. 3. As large as
D. tenebrosus nearly.

Observations. This species which, at first sight, might be
taken for D. teyiebrosus, does not dwell habitually in caves and
cellars, but is usually found on the trunks of trees, yet in dark,
shady places. Several females were found, and a male, also.
One of those females was captured by a child, who transfixed her
cephalothorax with a pin. Finding she was full [l90] of eggs,
I was desirous to see whether she could survive the wound. I
placed her in a glass jar, and, according to my expectations,
nature made an effort, that she might live for the protection of
her progeny. The wound, which in other cases, would have
proved immediately mortal, healed readily, and after remaining
inactive about three days, she made a cocoon of a light brown
color, and orbicular, in which her eggs were placed. She held
it constantly grasped in her cheliceres, and seemed intent on
watching it to the last, but the effort being made, her strength
failed; the wound opened again, and the fluids running out, she
very gradually lost all her muscular power, but faithful to her
duties, the last thing which she held w^as the ball containing
her future family. Can maternal tenderness be more strikingly
exhibited ?

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 73, eyes. The area of the eyes is black ; thighs
and breast all shining piceous underneath. Taken July 3.
Supplement.'\

40

(Rlpuaria.^

6. Dolomedes urinator.
' PI. 6, fig. 3.

Descrijytion. Livid brown, somewhat liairy; cephalothorax
with obscure marks uniting towards the centre, two approxi-
mate wedge-like black spots on the disc ; a black spot behind
the external posterior eyes ; abdomen varied with curved black-
ish lines, and with eight, ten, or twelve white dots surrounded
with black ; feet with brownish rings.

Observations. This large spider is found near water, on
which it runs with great swiftness. When closely pursued, it
dives under the surface, and conceals itself under some leaves
or rubbish till danger is past. It is to this species, probably,
though possibly to D. lanceolatus, that must be referred a sketch
sent me by Dr. T. W. Harris, Avith the description of the web
made by the female. I have not yet been fortunate enough to
find the web of either species. I have found a specimen of
this, on the 3d of March, in Alabama, basking in the sunshine
on the south side of a tree, on the margin of the Cypress creek.
I took it for Micrommata caroUnensis, notwithstanding its large
size, but its markings corresponded [191] entirely with this;
only its general color was bordering on testaceous or pale brown.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[New Lexington, O., ?. Wm. Hoklen. The sketch here mentioned is
published in Harris' Correspondence, p. 4, and a description of the nest on
p. 37. It was found in Milton, Mass., August, 1824. .t. h. e.]

7. Dolomedes lanceolatus.

PI. 7, fig. 12.

Description. Brownish ; cephalothorax W'ith two approxi-
mated triangular black spots, and a yellowish band round the
disc which does not extend to the margin, and is interrupted at
base ; abdomen with a yellowish band, which has on eacH side
two branches directed towards the disc ; feet varied with pale
rings.

Observations. This spider is always found near, or on w^ater,
running on it with surprising agility, preying often on large

41

aquatic insects. A female of Dolomedes was twice found on
high bushes by my friend, T. W. Harris, in Mihon, Massachu-
setts, " on a large, irregular, loose, horizontal web, at one ex-
tremity of which was situated her follicle, or egg-bag, covered
with young. The parent appeared watching them at some
distance." This spider can dive and stay a considerable time
under water, to avoid its enemies. It was found in March, in
Alabama, under stones near a stream of water.

Habitat. North and South Carolina, Massachusetts, Alabama.

[Specimens from Alabama are larger than those from New
England. Sujjj^le^nent.']

8. Dolomedes sexpunctatus.

PI. 6, figs. 5, 6.

Deso'iption. Greenish ; cephalothorax with a blackish mar-
gin, a white line each side, terminating at the anterior angle,
disc blackish-green, with a longitudinal paler hue in the centre;
abdomen greenish-black, with four white dots near the base,
and four very minute ones nearer the apex. Male same color ;
cephalothorax pale blackish-green, a pale yellowish line each
side ; pectus pale, with six black dots ; abdomen greenish-black
above.^ with four black rings near the base, sides and venter
[192] cinereous; trophi and first joints of feet pale testaceous
underneath ; thighs unspotted apple green, the other joints
gradually deeper towards the tip.

Observations. This species dwells on ponds, and dives with
great agility, hiding itself under floating leaves or rubbish when
pursued.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 55, eyes. Legs immaculate and hairy, arranged
4, 2, 1, 3. Taken February 28. Supplement.']

[?, length 11.6 mm.; cephalothorax 5.4 mm. ; legs 15, 15, 14.3, 16.7.
Abdomen whitish at the sides, and with two lines of white spots along

42

the back. The six spots under the thorax are indistinct, and in some
specimens united into two brown bands.

Dorchester, Mass. April 27, on water.

Swampscott, " May 8, "

Dedham, " November 9, large number of young on a fence

across a meadow.

Albany, N. Y. J. h. e.]

Genus MicROMMATA. Latr. (^Sparassus, Walck.)

Characters. Cheliceres moderately strong ; maxillce parallel,
rounded at the extremity ; lip short, rounded, wider near the
base ; eyes eight, subequal, in tivo rows, the up)per one longest,
curved from the base towards the lower row ; feet long, slender,
second pair longest, then the first and fourth, the third being the
shortest.

Habits. Araneides making no web for dwelling, but wan-
dering and casting some irregular threads to arrest their prey ;
making a tent among leaves for the protection of the cocoon
and the rearing of the young.

Remarks. I could not adopt the two families of Walckenaer,
because the eyes, when large, are unequal; this shows the
great affinity between Micrommata and Dolomedes. My first
tribe, the Arcuatas, approaches A^ery closely to that subgenus,
particularly Micrommata undata.

Tribe I. Arcuatje. Loiver roiv of eyes straight, middle
eyes of the upper row larger, or borne on tubercles.

Tribe II. " Biarcuat^. Upper and lower roivs of eyes bent
and opposed, the lower being bent towards the base, eyes equal or
subequal.

(^ArcuaicE.)

1. Micrommata undata.

PI. 6, fig. 7.

Description. Testaceous or yellowish ; cephalothorax with
[193] a broad, brownish band; abdomen with a scalloped,
dusky band ; feet slightly marked with dusky.

43

Observations. This spider is usually found on blossoms,
watching for prey, in the manner of Thomisus. It seems per-
fectly distinct from 31. caroUnensis, but specimens occur in
which the cephalothorax is much wider ; is it owing merely to
the state of the abdomen, which has become narrower when
the eggs are laid ? It makes no web, but, when attacked,
it leaves a thread behind. This is a common species, which
does not reach the size of J), carolinensis.

Habitat. Alabama. All seasons.

[PI. 18, fig. 98, trophi. This species differs from M. caroli-
nensis in its anterior eyes, which are in a straight line and by
its cephalothorax, which has one broad band ; the abdomen has
two hairy elevations anteriorly. Supplement.~\

2. Micrommata serrata.

PL 6, fig. 8.

Description. Pale yellowish gray ; cephalothorax with two
parallel, longitudinal, narrow, greenish bands ; abdomen with
a narrow, scalloped, brownish band above, beneath with two
longitudinal blackish lines, approaching each other, and becom-
ing narrower towards the apex ; feet slightly marked with
grayish rings, in all specimens, 2. 1. 4. 3. A small species.

Observations. This singular little spider is commonly found
on plants, particularly on broad leaves, more abundantly in
damp places. It spreads its feet, and seems fond of basking in
the sunshine. Its webs are various ; sometimes it throws out
only a few threads on the upper surface of a leaf; at other
times, it makes a web in the tops of bushes, like that of several
species of Theridium ; and it has also been found in a web
similar to that of Agelena, but open equally at both ends. I
had once supposed that this might be the young of M. undata ;
but I am convinced it is a very distinct species, never acquiring
a large size.

Habitat. North Alabama. Summer.

[PI. 18, fig. 1, eyes. Taken July 26. Supplement.^

44

(Biarcuata.)

3. Micrommata marmorata.

PI. 7, fig. 5.

Description. Pale gray or whitish ; abdomen with an obso-
lete [194] scalloped band, grayish black; feet, varied with
grayish black, 2. 1. 4. 3., or sometimes 2. 4. 1. 3. A large
species.

Observations. This spider lives on trees and bushes, where
it watches for prey, with extended legs. A female was found
in May, in the leaf of a Moms multicaulis. It had made its
cocoon there, and surrounded itself with a snow-white tent in
all directions. Transferred under a tumbler, it moved its
cocoon twice before it could be satisfied with a new location,
and made another smooth, white web. It remained constantly
by its cocoon, which it embraced closely with its long legs.
The cocoon is white, orbicular, and suspended by one thread in
the middle of the tent.

Hahitat. North Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 56, eyes ; fig. 105, trophi. Prof. Hentz had
formerly considered this to be the type of a new subgenus, for
which he gave the name of Dapanus, distinguished by having
its second pair of legs longest, the eyes subequal, the hinder
row curved posteriorly. Suppletnent.^

[Marietta, Ohio. Wm. Holden. J. n. e.]

4. Micrommata carolinensis.
PI. 6, fig. 9.

Description. Testaceous or brownish ; cephalothorax Avith
two approximate longitudinal darkish bands on the disc ; abdo-
men with two longitudinal rows of abbreviated lines, and two
rows of small dots within these, white ; sometimes attaining
great size, 1.84, nearly two inches, from the end of the first
pair of legs to that of the fourth.

Observations. This spider is found wandering on trees,
walls, etc., and sometimes in houses, in search of prey. It is

45

very destructive of flies, and very voracious. Its cocoon,
usually made under some large leaves, is white, orbicular. The
mother hatches her progeny, and continues with the young for
some time after they are come out ; the young living together
under a common tent. A specimen was found in December,
the cephalothorax of which was wider, the lower row of eyes
straight, the abdomen small and tapering, with only a few
abbreviated lines. Was this a distinct species ? A male was
found, Alabama, April, measuring over three inches from the
end of one of the second pair of legs to the end of the other.
Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. [195.]
[The mandibles are very hairy at the top, 3 toothed ; feet
arranged 2. 1. 4.-3. Taken from April to December. Supple-
ment. '\

[?, length 13.4 mm.; cephalothorax 5.7 mm.; legs 23.5, 23,5, 20, 24.

d- " 11 mm. " 4.6 mm. " 29, 29, 23, 26.2.

Young (M. serraia), length 3.8 ; legs 7, 7, 6, 7.

PI. 20, fig. 4, adult ? d- 1 V and ? palpus.

Hentz's drawings of M. undata, serrata and carolinensis, all represent
young specimens, probably of one species, the adult form of which is de-
scribed, but not figured, under the name of M. carolinensis. M. undata is
the most common form. M. serrata is the young after the second moult.

West Roxbury, Mass. June 6, ? F. G. Sanborn.

Holyoke, Mass. July 4, ? and young in nests in grass.

Peabody, Mass. August 2, ? and young in nests in cedar tree.

Topsfield, Mass. September 3, ? and two hundred young in nests on low
bushes.

Beverly, Mass. October 6, young ?. .j. h. e.]

Genus Oxyopes. Latr. (^Sphasus, Walck.)

Characters. Cheliceres elongated ; fang ^liort ; maxilloe nar-
row^ elongated.^ tapering towards the tip; lip as long as, or longer
than the inaxillce, tapering towards the tip ; eyes eight, suhequal
or unequal, in four rows, two smallest ones forming the first, two
largest ones forming the next, ivhich is ivider, tivo smaller ones
forming the next which is widest, tivo small ones forming the last

46

which is not as narrow as the first ; feet^ first pair longest^ the
second and fourth nearly eqaal^ the third being shortest.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
excejjt around the cocoon, but casting some threads to secure
their prey ; cocoon conical, surrounded with points, placed in a
tent made between leaves drawn together as a covering.

Remarks. The habits of this singular subgenus are very
similar to those of the tribe Arboreae, of the subgenus Dolo-
medes. They are found on the stems of trees, or on the blos-
soms of umbelliferous plants, with their legs extended, like
Thomisus or Micromraata, and patiently waiting till some un-
suspecting insect comes within their reach.

1. Oxyopes viridans.
PI. 7, fig. 2.

Description. Tender grass-green ; cephalothorax with small
brown spots on the sides and at base ; abdomen with yellowish,
oval spots, edged with brownish, obliquely turned towards the
centre, about four each side ; feet and palpi pale, hairy ; thighs
and palpi with minute black dots beneath; feet, 1. 2. 4. 3.
Large size.

Observations. This elegant species is by no means common.
It is usually found on umbelliferous plants, where, like a Mi-
crommata or Thomisus, it watches for the insects attracted by
the blossoms. A specimen, taken in September, was kept sev-
eral weeks in a glass vessel, where it soon made a cocoon [l96]
of a conical form, with small eminences, to which are attached
the threads that hold it suspended firmly in the air, as that' of
Theridiuni verecundum. After it was finished, the mother
watched it constantly, never leaving its unprotected family.
Unfortunately, a rat, finding its Avay into the room, ate the
watchful parent, leaving the cocoon, out of which the young
were hatched on the 14th of October. These were of -a deep
orange color, measuring full 0.9 inch. The cocoon was of a

47

pale greenish color. These habits show an affinity to Microm-
mata. It is possible that the mother carries its young like
Lycosa.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 14, eyes ; 14a, specimen from North Carolina ;
146, from Alabama; PI. 19, fig. 134, cocoon. The difference in
the eyes of these specimens is only apparent, and due to the
quantity of hairs which lies across them. Taken Septem-
ber 1. Supplement.~\

[?, length 18 mm.; cephalothorax 6.8 ; legs 34.4, 30.2, 24, 26.5.
Fernandina, Florida. E. Palmer, j. H. e.]

2. Oxyopes scalaris.

PL 7, fig. 4.

Description. Gray, varied with white and black ; feet hairy.

Observations. This spider is usually found on trees, wan-
dering after prey. It has the habitus of a Lycosa, and was
observed by the writer for some time, before it was discovered
that it belongs to a distinct subgenus. It is sought after by,
and becomes the victim of the different species of the genus
Sphex, a hymenopterous insect, which makes tubes of clay for
the reception of its eggs, and in which it deposits great num-
bers of spiders, that are benumbed by its sting, but not en-
tirely deprived of vitality, so that they continue alive till, the
egg of the Sphex being hatched, the young larva finds in them
fresh nourishment. It is common, where found at all.

Habitai. North Carolina.

[PI. 19, fig. 120, the abdomen as it appears when empty.
PI. 7, fig. 4, represents it as it appears when full of eggs ; feet
arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Taken in June. Supplement.']

3. Oxyopes salticus.
PI. 6, fig. 10.

Descripition. Pale or yellowish ; cephalothorax with four
longitudinal blackish lines ; abdomen, above, with various [197]

48

slender, abbreviated, black and brownish lines, underneath
whitish, with a longitudinal blank band ; feet with very long
hairs or bristles.

Observations. This species, usually found in the woods, is
extremely active, leaping like an Attus. It is rather rare, but
very distinct from any other.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[PL 18, fig. 90, trophi. It leaps with more force and vi-
vacity than an Attus. Taken in North Carolina in June. Sup-
plement.']

4. Oxyopes astutus.

PI. 7, fig. 1.

Description. Cephalothorax golden yellow, with four ob-
scure, subobsolete, narrow bands ; pectus with blackish marks
each side ; eyes, palpi, and trophi at base, black ; abdomen
greenish, with a silvery tinge ; feet grassy green, hairy,

1. ^n: 3. or 1. i:^. 3.

Observations. This being adult, is much too small to be
taken as the male of 0. viridans. It has some affinity with
0. salticus, but it is not probable that it will prove- to be the
male of that spider. When enclosed in a glass tube, it spun
a web like that of Theridium, but composed of only a few
threads. It was found in April, and also in September, strictly
agreeing in size and markings.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

Genus Lyssomanes. Mihi.

Characters. Cheliceres moderately/ strong ; maxilhv parallel.,
short, rounded ; lip conical, slightly truncated at tip ; eyes eight,
unequal, in four rows, the first composed of two very large eyes,
the second of ttvo smaller ones, placed farther apart, on a com-
mon elevation ivith the ttvo forming the third row, tchich is nar-
rower, the fourth about as wide, composed of two eyes p)laced on

49

separate elevations : feet, first pair longest, then the second, then
the third, the fourth being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
cocoon. [l98.]

Remarks. The singular spider which serves as the type of
this new subgenus, could not with propriety remain in the
subgenus Attus, in which the position of the eyes is subject to
very slight variations. Its habits are analogous. This is the
only spider in which the legs diminish in length from the first
pair to the fourth.

This subdivision will serve as link between Oxyopes and
Attus.

Lyssomanes viridis.

PL 7, fig. 3.

Deseriptio7i. Tender grass-green ; cephalothorax with some
orange-colored hairs near the eyes, and a little black line on its
disk ; abdomen Avith six or eight black dots, sometimes wanting.
The two lowest large eyes are black, but appear green when
seen sideways ; the other six eyes stand on four tubercles.
Feet hairy, except the thighs, which are bare. 1. "Z. '6. 4.

Observations. This elegant species is very active, and appar-
ently fearless, jumping on the hand that threatens it.

Habitat. North and South Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 91, trophi, wanting the palpus. Taken in April
and June. Supplement.~\

Genus Attus. Walck. {Salticus, Latr.)

Characters. Cheliceres strong, not long, except in some males ;
maxillce parallel, ividening above the insertion of the palpi, cut
obliquely above the lip ; lip as long as, or longer thaji, half the
length of the maxillce, ividest above the base, bluntly truncated at
tip ; eyes eight, unecpial, in three rows, the first composed of four

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S. N, H. — U. 4

50

eyes^ the tivo middle ones largest, the second composed of two very
small eyes, placed behind the external ones of the first, the third
composed of two larger eyes, j^laeed 2y<^^<^lld to the second row ;
feet varying in leyigth. [l99.]

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
but concealing themselves in a silken valve, for the purpose
of casting their skin, or for hibernation.

Remarks. I have formerly stated my reason for preserving
the name Attus, given by Walckenaer to these Araneides.
The species being very numerous, it would facilitate their study
to arrange them in suitable subdivisions ; but this is a diffi-
cult task. The families proposed by Walckenaer are vaguely
charactei'ized and insufficient. The relative position of the
eyes offers some variations, but I could not succeed in obtain-
ing satisfactory characters for subdivision from those varia-
tions. As the least objectionable mode, I have taken the
relative lengths of the legs for the formation of my six fami-
lies; that classification is somewhat artificial, but so is any
other proposed. Moreover, the fifth tribe (that of the Salta-
torise) offers a very natural subdivision. The third pair of
legs, when longest, enables spiders to leap to an astonishing
distance. The habits of the subgenus Attus will be best de-
scribed by the history of the different species.

Tribe I. Pugnatoki^, first pair, of legs longest and larg-
est, the fourth next.

1. Attus audax.

PL 7, figs. G, 7.

Description. Black ; abdomen with a spot, several dots and
lines, white ; cheliceres brassy green ; feet Avith gray and white
hairs, 1. 4. 2. 5.

Observations. There is some obscurity in regard to the dis-
tinction between this and A. 3-punctatus, but there can be

51

little doubt that there are two different species. This spider
is very bold, often jumping on the hand which threatens it.

Habitat. Massachusetts. [200.]

[Northampton, Mass. Taken in May and July. Supplement.']

2. Attus insolens.

PI. 7, fig, 8.

Description. Deep black ; abdomen above, orange-red, with
six blackish spots, wholly black beneath ; cheliceres metallic
green ; the tip of the second joint of the palpi and the feet
are varied with tufts of white hairs; the rest of the hair is
black, except on the abdomen, where it is rufous above ; feet,
1. 4. 2. 8. A male.

Observations. This species is probably rare, having occurred
only once.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[Besides the second joint of the palpi and the feet, the knee
of the first pair of legs is also varied with spots of white hairs.
Supplement.]

3. Attus cardinalis.

PI. 7, fig. 9.

Description. Scarlet ; cephalothorax darker at base ; cheli-
ceres scarlet at base, steel-blue at their apex ; palpi black ; feet
black, two last joints rufous at base, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. I do not remember whether this spider was
found by me, or given by Mr. Dutton.

Habitat. Southern States ?

4. Attus capitatus.

PL 7, fig. 15.

Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with a narrow white
band each side, and a whitish spot on the disc ; second joint
of palpi covered with white hairs ; abdomen above with a

52

narrow, curved, yellowish white band near the sides, beneath
yellowish on both sides ; feet with a few white hairs, 1. 4. 2. 3.
A male.

Observations. This spider has great affinity with Attus
militaris, but is sufficiently distinct. The female probably
differs from this in markings, and possibly is among my [201 ]
descriptions ; but this can be established only by future ob-
servers, who, after all my labors, have still a wide field before
them to perfect the history of the spiders of North America.
This was communicated to me by Mr. Thomas R. Dutton,
a young naturalist of great perseverance, energy, and discrim-
ination, who collected it in Georgia.

[PI. 18, fig. 26, eyes. The mandibles have not so sharp an
inner point as A. militaris ; the white band on the cephalotho-
rax reaches neither the base nor the front ; the yellowish white
band on each side of the abdomen is blackish on the extreme
sides ; in the description it is stated that the second joint of the
pal})i is covered with white hairs ; on the sheet containing the
drawing it is stated that it is the first joint which is so charac-
terized. Supplement.^

5. Attus militaris.
PI. 7, figs. 10, 11.

Description. Rufous, varied with brown ; cephalothorax
with one, sometimes two, white spots ; abdomen above with
two longitudinal blackish bands, on which are oblong white
dots, which near the base are usually joined so as to form a
narrow band, beneath whitish with a blackish longitudinal
band. Male rufous or piceous ; cephalothorax with a spot and
a band around the anterior portion, aiid a narrow longitudinal
line on the disc, white ; abdomen above with a white band
on the margin, which does not quite reach the apex, pale
grayish brown beneath ; feet, in the female, 1. 4. o. 2., in the
male, 1. 4. 2. 3.

53

Observations. Much as the sexes differ from each other,
I cannot doubt their constituting one species, having repeat-
edly found them enclosed quietly in the same silk tube, and
having always found the males and the females with the char-
acters given above. The spots and markings of these spiders
are formed by hairs or scales, which have certain metallic
reflections. The motions of this spider are slow, and exhibit
caution ; it is found usually on trees, and often hibernates
under the bark of decaying trunks. The male, remarkable
for his enlarged, nearly horizontal cheliceres, is a very bold
little fellow, always ready for action, and determined to see
all things for himself, raising and turning his head towards
the object that approaches him, and usually jumping upon his
enemy instead of ingloriously retreating. This species is a
common one.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. [202.]
[Taken in March, May and December. 5 with the abdo-
men covered on the disc with golden hairs or scales ; the legs
also with more scattered hairs of the same color. Supplement.']

[Mayport, Fla. ; Marietta, Ohio, d ; Cliarlestown, Mass., d" ; Hyde Park,
Mass. Wm. Holden, J. h. e.]

6. Attus multicolor.

PI, 7, fig. 13.

Description. Cephalothorax black, with a pale, irregular
band each side of the disc ; abdomen metallic green, with a
band at base, and a diagonal spot each side, orange, and with
eight small white spots ; underneath obscure gray, with inflec-
tions of green on the pectus ; feet rufous or pale, varied with
piceous, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This species is related to A. otiosus and wiys-
taceus, but distinct from both by the absence of the tufts of
hair on the cephalothorax, and other characters. The palpi
are pale yellow, and there is a black band more or less visible
on each side of the abdomen.

Habitat. Alabama. June - August.

54

7. Attus sexpunctatus.

PI. 7, fig. 14.

Description. Black ; cephalotliorax with the two posterior
eyes near the base, which is wide and suddenly inclined at
nearly a right angle with the upper surface, cheliceres with a
strong inner tooth, and a long, curved fang ; abdomen with six
dots, and a line in front, white ; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3., first pair with
enlarged thighs and quite long. .

Observations. This cannot be confounded with Attus fas-
ciolatus, which is also designed from a female. By the char-
acters derived from its chehceres, it approaches Epiblemum.
I suppose it must be a rare species, having never met with
any other specimen.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[Taken in July. Supplement.^

[Continued from Vol. v, p. 202.]

8. Attus falcarius.
PI. 8, fig. 1.

Description. Cephalothorax and abdomen covered with yel-
lowish gray hairs, hairs longer in front of the abdomen ; feet,
1. 4., very stout, 2. 8.

Observations. Very distinct from any other by the form of
its abdomen.

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 35, eyes. Taken August 6. Supplement.']

9. Attus binus.
PI. 8, fig. 2.

Description. Blackish ; abdomen pale bluish gray ; with two
parallel, longitudinal, blackish lines above ; feet, 1. 4. 3. 2.
Observations. I never found more than one specimen of this

55

very distinct species. Its abdomen was very much distended,,
and it moved very slowly.

Habitat. Fomid on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina.

Tribe II. Luctatori^. Fourth pair of legs longest, the
first next and largest.

10. Attus Nuttallii.

PI. 8, fig. 3.

Description. Piceous ; abdomen pale gray above, with an
oblong scalloped, black, longitudinal band surrounding a small
white spot ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. This probably very rare species was found
in the hot-house of the botanic garden at Cambridge, in the
[353] presence of the distinguished botanist and ornithologist,
Thomas Nuttall.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

11. Attus castaneus.

PL 8, fig. 4.

Description. Black or piceous, with some long black hairs,
and short, thick, yellowish down, particularly distinct on the
abdomen, which has a whitish line at base, continued on the
sides to near the middle ; sides of the abdomen, Avith oblique
lines, whitish ; venter with four )vhite lines, all the lines being
formed by whitish hairs ; dorsum with four or six obsolete dots ;
feet rufous, with blackisli rings, 4. 1. 2. 3., the fourth longest
and slender, the first next, very stout.

Observations. This spider is perfectly distinct from any
other yet observed. It must be rare, having occurred only
once, under a stone, in March.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 36, eyes. Supplement.']

56

12. Attus taeniola.

PI. 8, fig. 5.

Description. Black ; cephalothorax with a white fillet on
each side, continued to near the base ; abdomen with two
longitudinal, narrow lines, composed of white dots or abbrevi-
ated lines ; tarsi dark rufous or blackish. 4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. This is not a rare species, and shows only a
moderate degree of activity.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[Taken in May. Supplement.']

13. Attus elegans.
PI. 8, fig. 6.

Description. Pale rufous ; cephalothorax with eyes nearer
the apex than the base, second joint of palpi piceous ; abdomen
[354] metallic green with yellow and red reflections, a white
band, widest in front and continued on the sides, but not
reaching the eyes ; feet, 4. 1. 8. 2., with a slender black edge
externally, thighs of first pair black, knee pale.

Observations. This graceful species is readily distinguished
from any other, and is not very rare.

Habitat. Southern States.

[PI. 18, fig. 2, eyes. Taken in July. Supplement.']

Tribe III. Insidios^. Legs equal in thickness^ the fourth
longest, then the first.

14. Attus familiaris.

PL 8, fig. 7.

Description. Pale gray, hairy ; abdomen blackish, with a
grayish, angular band, edged with whitish ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 8.

Observations. This very common spider, almost domesti-
cated in our houses, by its habits, deserves a longer notice
than others. It dwells in cracks around sashes, doors, be-

57

tween clapboards, etc., and may be seen on the sunny side
of the house, and in the hottest pLices, wandering in search
of prey. It moves with agihty and ease, but usually with a
certain leaping gait. The moment, however, it has discovered
a fly, all its motions are altered ; its cephalothorax, if the fly
moves, turns to it, with the firm glance of an animal which can
turn its head ; it follows all the motions of its prey with the
watchfulness of the falcon, hurrying its steps or slackening
its pace, as the case may require. Gradually, as it draws
near to the unsuspecting victim, its motions become more com-
posed, until, when very near, its movements are entirely im-
perceptible to the closest observation, and, indeed, it would
appear perfectly motionless, were it not for the fact that it
gradually draws nearer to the insect. When sufficiently near,
it very suddenly takes a leap, very seldom missing its aim.
I saw one, however, make a mistake, for the object which it
watched was only a portion of the wing of an hemipterous
insect entangled in a loose web. It took its leap and grasped
[355] the wing, but relinquished it immediately, apparently
very much ashamed of having made such a blunder. This
proves that the sight of spiders, though acute, is not uner-
ring. Before leaping, this Attus always fixes a thread on the
point from which it departs ; by this it is suspended in the
air if it miss its aim, and it is secure against falling far from
its hunting grounds.

These spiders, and probably all other species, a day or two
before they change their skin, make a tube of white silk, open
at both ends ; there they remain motionless till the moulting
time arrives, and, even some days after, are seen there still,
probably remaining in a secure place, for the purpose of re-
gaining strength and activity.

Habitat. Throughout the United States.

[PL 18, fig. 74, eyes ; fig. 99, trophi. Supplement. ]

[?, length 10.5 mm.; cephalothorax 4.4 mm.; legs 9, 7.8, 7.8, 9.
e » 10 mm. " 4.6 mm.; " 11.5,9.3 8.9.8.

58

Palpus of c?. PL 20, fig. 5.

Salem, Mass. May 30, cf and ? on fences. October 27, in bags under
bark.

Providence, R. I. November 11, in bags under bark.
Ohio, d ?, Northern Illinois, ?, Wm. Holden. j. H. E.]

15. Attus tripunctatus.
PI. 8, fig. 8.

Desa'ijytion. Black ; abdomen, with metallic reflections and
white and orange-colored hairs, with a central spot and two
short bands white, which are surrounded with deep black ;
cheliceres brassy green ; feet, 4. 1. 8. 2.

Observations. This is perhaps the most common Attus in
the United States. It is usually found on dead trees, under
the bark of which it takes refuge, and also hibernates there,
in tubes of strong white silk. The spots are often of an
orange color, instead of being white.

Habitat. The United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 75, eyes and extremities of cheliceres ; fig. 106,
tropin. Very common in New England. Supplement. ~\

[?, length 8.6 mm. ; cephalothorax 4 mm.; legs 8.2, 6.5, 6.5, 8,5.

d- " 8 mm. " 3.5 mm.; legs 8.2, 6.5, 6, 7.2.

Palpus of cf. PI. 20, fig. 6.

Salem, Mass. Mai'ch, in bags under stones. May 20, d.

Beverly " July 1, young.

Boston, " December 7, in tubes in cocoons of Epeira riparia.

Providence, R. I. Indianapolis, Indiana.

Ohio, d" ? ; Ann Arbor, Mich., J ? ; Ft. Towson, Red River, Ark., d ? ;
Knoxville, Tenn., 9 cf ; East Florida, ? ; North Carolina, ?. Wm. Hol-
den. J. II. E.]

16. Attus mystaceus.

PI. 8, fig. 9.

Descrijytion. Gray ; varied with whitish spots ; cephalotho-
rax with four tufts of bristles in the region of the eyes ;
feet, 4. 1. 2. 3.

59

Observations. This large and very distinct species is not
[356] rare on the eastern side of the Alleghany mountains,
as far north as the 35° of latitude ; but it has not been found
by me in Alabama.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 76, eyes. PI. 19, fig. 119, lateral view. Spec-
imens taken in the fall were kept through the winter. Supple-
iii(,ent.~\

[?, length 11.6 mm. ; ceplialothorax 5.2 mm. ; legs 9.6, 8, 5, 8, 10.6.

This is one of the most common species of Attus around Boston. It is
found at all seasons in thick tubes of white silk, under stones. None of my
specimens have the tufts of hairs on the head as distinct as in Hentz's fig-
ure. I do not know the male.

Salem, Mass. March, old and young in bags under stones. July 18, ?,
in bag with cocoon of young. September and October, in bags under
stones.

Providence, R. I.

Ohio, <f ? ; St. Louis, Mo. ; Ft. Towson, Red River, Ark., ?. Wm. Hol-
den. J. H. E.]

17. Attus otiosus.
PL 8, fig. 10.

Description. Blackish, mostly covered with white hairs ;
cephalothorax black at base and anteriorly, two tufts of hairs
each side on the region of the eyes; abdomen with a band
at base, and several angular spots, white, and with a longi-
tudinal green band more or less covered with hairs and
edged with a scalloped black line each side, beneath white with
a black band very wide at base, and tapering towards the
apex where It branches out ; feet varied Avith rufous and
black, 1. 4. 2. 3., the fourth slightly longest when separated
from the body. A large species.

Observations. This spider, related to A. mystaceus., was
found in mid-winter, enclosed in silk tubes, under the bark of
dead trees, where great numbers were hibernating.

Habitat. North Alabama.

60

[The legs are varied with rufous aud black, with tufts of
whitish hairs ; the spots on the body vary a little in different
specimens. Siipplement.~\

18. Attus fasciolatus.

P1.8, %. 11.

Description. Black ; cephalothorax with three grayish
spots ; abdomen with three small spots, two abbreviated lat-
eral lines, and an anterior one white ; feet varied with rufous,
4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider seems to be quite distinct from
A. tripunctatus, but may prove only a variety of that species.

Habitat. South Carolina, Massachusetts.

[PI. 18, fig. 63, eyes. Supplement.']

19. Attus rufus.

PI. 8, fig. 1 2.

Description. Rufous; abdomen with a yellowish white [357]
band anteriorly which extends to the sides, on the disk four
white dots, and four smaller grayish ones, the dots surrounded
by black rings which usually unite in the form of a longitud-
inal band on each side, beneath pale, with three subobsolete
longitudinal lines ; feet, 4. 1. 2737 or 3727, in the male 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider, which is not very common, is
found on plants, and is not remarkably active. In the m^le,
the abdomen is white around and between the bands.

Habitat. United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 37, eyes. Body covered with thick and long
white hairs ; cheliceres bright rufous, black at the apex, with a
line of white hairs between them and the eyes. Alabama in
May, July and August ; in Carolina in August ; and in INIassa-
chusetts in the collection of Prof. Peck, taken in July. Sup-
plement.]

61

20. Attus podagrosus.

PI. 8, fig. 13.

Description. Cephalotliorax piceous black ; abdomen pale
brownish, white at base, with a scalloped dusky band ; feet
bright rufous, joints tipped with black, with some hairs,
4. 1. 2. "6. A large species.

Observatio7i8. This may be readily distinguished from A.
rupicola, to which it is closely related.

Habitat. Alabama. November.

[Cheliceres darkish, but not green. Snpjyleinent.^

21. Attus rupicola.
PI. 8, fig. 14.

Description. Rufous, very hairy ; abdomen brownish, with
a paler band and two blackish dots ; feet varied with black-
ish, in the female 4. 1. 2. 3., in the male 1. 4. 2. 3. A large
species.

Observations. The male, which resembles the female, has
invariably its first pair of legs longest and stoutest. This
species was repeatedly found in cavities of limestone rocks on
the margin of a river, moving cautiously and slowly on the
surface of the stones, and retreating into crevices.

Habitat. Alabama. September. [358.]

22. Attus nubilus.
PI. 8, fig. 15.

Description. Pale gray ; cephalothorax with a tinge of ru-
fous at base, and many obscure markings ; abdomen with
obscure, waved bands ; feet with blackish rings, 4. 1. 2. '6.
A somewhat small species.

Observations. This spider is common, usually found on the
stems of })lants.

Habitat. Alabama. May — July.

[PI. 18, fig. 27, eyes. Supplement.']

62

23. Attus hebes.
PI. 8, fig. 16.

Description. Brownish ; abdomen white, with a greenish
spot surrounded with four black dots, near the base, and a
black fascia near the apex ; feet, 4. 1. 3. 2.

Observations. This probably rare species was found on the
ground, having fallen from a tree.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

[PI. 18, fig. 3, eyes. Taken m June. Supplement.']

24. Attus parvus.
PI. 8, fig. 17.

Description. Grayish ; abdomen with six or eight abbre-
viated transverse lines, white ; feet varied with rufous and
black, 4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. A somewhat obscure species, which I believe
I have seen in the North.

Habitat. North Carolina, Massachusetts?

25. Attus rarus.
PL 8, fig. 18.

Description. Blackish ; cephalothorax with green scales, and
some yellow ones anteriorly ; abdomen with green scales, [359]
except on a black band which surrounds the disk, a yellow
band at base, extending each side, but which does not reach
the middle, one large yellow dot each side near the middle,
two little dots on the disk, and four terminal abbreviated
bands white ; beneath blackish, abdomen Avitli some yellowish
hair which forms two or four sub-obsolete, abbreviated, longi-
tudinal lines ; feet, 4. I. 2. 3.

Observations. This very distinctly-marked species is prob-
ably very rare, as it occurred only once.

Habitat. North Carolina. June,

63

26. Attus niger.
PI. 8, fig. 19.

Description. Deep black ; legs pale testaceous, 4. 1. o. 2.
Observations. This small species is remarkable on account
of its activity in running and leaping.
Habitat. North Carolina.
[PI. 18. fig. 4, eyes. Taken in July. Supplement.']

27. Attus? gracilis.

PI. 8, fig. 20.

Description. Rufous ; ceplialothorax very prominent ante-
riorly, wider behind the middle ; abdomen narrower, slender,
fusiform, nipples long; feet long and slender, 4. 1. 8. 2.

Observations. This cannot be Synemosyna scorpionia ; but
may ultimately be referred to that division.

Habitat. Alabama. August.

[PI. 18, fig. 57, eyes ; fig. 107, trophi. Supplement.']

Tribe IV. INIetatori^. Legs subequal in thichiess, the
fourth longest, then the third.

28. Attus leopardus.
PI. 8, fig. 21.

Description. Ceplialothorax black, rufous about the eyes,
[360] with a curved white line each side ; abdomen with two
opposed lenticular black bands surrounded with white, pale
gray underneath, with two sub-obsolete longitudinal, whitish
lines ; feet rufous with many black rings, 4. 3. 2. 1.

Observations. This spider is common. The female is often
found under stones with its cocoon, which is white.

Habitat. Alabama. May.

[?, length 9.2 mm.; cephalotliorax 3.7 mm.; legs 4.5, 4.5, 5.8, 7.5.

One specimen from Mt. Tom, Holyoke, Mass.

Marietta, O., cf ? ; Rushville, O., ?. Wm. Holden. J. H. E.]

64

29. Attus puerperus.

PI. 8, fig. 22.

Description. Testaceous or yellowish ; intermediate small
eyes, and the two last, borne on elevations ; abdomen with
about twelve black dots, underneath with a black spot near the
apex ; feet, 4. '6. or 3. 4. 1. 2.

Ohse7'vations. Mr. Thomas R. Button, who brought this
fi'om Georgia, gave me another one, which was not, like this,
replete with eggs. The abdomen not being distended, the
dots appeared less regular and distinct.

Habitat. Georgia.

[PI. 18, fig. 28, eyes. Supplement.']

SO. Attus vittatus.

PL 8, fig. 23.

Description. Cephalothorax and trophi rufous varied with
blackish ; abdomen gray, with reddish curved bands ; feet pale
rufous or yellowish, 4. 3. 1. 2., in the male 4. 1. 2. 3., and
speckled with black dots.

Observations. With some hesitation I refer to the same
species the drawings of a male, and that of a female, which
I had considered as distinct, on account of the difference in
the respective length of the legs. In the genus Attus that
character is sometimes a sexual distinction.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. [361.]

[Cephalothorax with two rufous conic spots united at base ;
body pale beneath. Taken in May. Supplement.]

[Maiden, Mass., ?. Wm. Hoklen. J. ii. E.]

Tribe V. Saltatori^. Third pair of legs longest., then
commonly the fourth.

31. Attus coronatus.

PI. 0, fig. 1.

Description. Pale dusky; cephalothorax varied with black,
a scarlet spot between the eyes and the cheliceres ; abdomen

65

with two curved bands and about three spots, white ; pale
beneath without distinct spots ; legs, with first pair stoutest,
black on the internal side, 3. 4. 1. 2.

Observations. The bright scarlet spot on its front gives to
this spider a whimsical air of fierceness, which is heightened by
its attitudes and singular motions. The ligliter spots on the
cephalothorax are produced by yellowish hairs. It is not very
rare. It is probably quite distinct from A. coecatus.

Habitat. Alabama. May - July.

[PI. 18, fig. 82, eyes. Supplement.']

32. Attus coecatus.

PL 9, fig. 2.

Description. Brownish obscure ; cephalothorax with a red
spot under the eyes, and with a basal spot and large fascia
black ; abdomen varied with black and brownish obscure, pale
bronzed beneath ; feet, first pair stoutest, black with a line of
yellowish scales above, antepenultimate joint with two long,
black scales or spatulse, thighs with thick tufts of black hairs,
the other legs varied with black and brownish, 3. 4. 1. 2. A
small species.

Observations. This species, though very different in mark-
ing, is very closely related to A. coronatus.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

33. Attus pulex.
PI. 9, fig. 3.

Description. Pale brownish ; cephalothorax large, varied
[362] with piceous, edged widely with blackish towards the
base ; abdomen nearly orbicular, piceous, varied with whitish
spots, and a band at base ; feet varied with piceous, 3. 4. 1. 2.
A small species. Male like the female.

Observations. This little spider is common near the ground,
where it may be seen moving with sudden, rapid motions, and

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S. N. H. — II. 6

66

jumping, like a flea, to great distances. It is a well-character-
ized species.

Habitat. Alabama. April - May.

[A male one-tliird as large as the specimen figured, PI. 9,
fig. 3, was taken May 29. Supplement. 1

34. Attus roseus.

ri. 9, fig. 4.

Description. Cephalothorax white, blackish at base ; abdo-
men roseate, with a whitish base ; feet pale yellow, 3. 4. 1. 2.

Observations. This small species is not unfrequently found
on grass, in May and June.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

[Pk 18, fig. 15, eyes. iSupplement.']

35. Attus viridipes.
PI. 9, fig. 5.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous, Avith black bands and
spots ; abdomen white, with two black angular bands ; anterior
feet greenish ; the other feet varied with rufous, blackish and
white, 3. 1. 4. 2.

Observations. This small spider is usually found on the
ground, on sand or on grass, in constant activity. When any
object approaches it, it lifts itself on its posterior limbs to
reconnoitre the enemy or the prey. It never was seen large.

Habitat. South Carolina.

[PL 18, fig. 64, eyes. Supplement.']

36. Attus auratus.

PI. 9, fig. 6.

•
Description. Black ; palpi, sides of the cephalothorax and four

spots above, silvery white ; abdomen with a cross and circular

band, golden color; feet varied with rufous, o. 4. 1. 2. [363.]

67

Observations. This beautiful species seems to fear the light ;
for I never found it except when enclosed in the old shells of
the pupffi of some hymenopterous insect. It is rare.

Habitat. South Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. Qb^ eyes ; fig. 92, trophi. Supplement.']

[Mayport, Fla., ¥. Wm. Holden. J. h. e.]

37. Attus multi vagus.

PI. 9, f5g. 7.

Description. Piceous ; palpi pale : abdomen gray, with
curved bands, dots and a spot white, pale underneath with a
longitudinal darkish line and a pale one each side, all sub-
obsolete ; feet, 3. 4. 1. 2. A middle-sized species.

Observations. This species in markings resembles A. fasci-
olatus, but is quite distinct from it.

Habitat. Alabama. April.

[Zanesville, 0., ?. Wm. Holden. j. H. e.]

38. Attus cristatus.
PI. 9, fig. 8.

Description. Pale brownish ; ceplialothorax with small
dusky marks, palpi very small ; abdomen with curved dusky
lines, and a tuft of white hairs at base, pale underneath, with
two sub-obsolete, approximate longitudinal paler lines ; feet
pale, 3.X1. 2.

Observations. The tuft of white hairs on the base of the
abdomen, and projecting over the ceplialothorax, is not peculiar
to this species alone, but by other characters it is sufficiently
distincTuished.

Habitat. Alabama. July - August.

[PI. 19, fig. 112, lower surface of abdomen. Supplement.']

68

Tribe VI. Ambulatori^ ; legs usually slender^ the first
pair longest, the fourth next.

39. Attus mitratus.
PI. 9, fig. 9.

DescriiJtion. Pale above and beneath ; cepbalothorax with
[364] a broad pale brownish band ; abdomen with a pale
brownish band, interrupted with yellowish in about three
places ; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3. A small species.

Observations. This is not a rare species. It is usually found
on plants, moving slowly on the stems.

Habitat. Alabama. April - May.

[Only males were found. Supplement.']^

40. Attus sylvanus.
PI. 9, fig. 10.

Description. Piceous ; cepbalothorax reddish anteriorly,
with a yellowish spot on the disk, and four oblique slender
lines of the same color ; abdomen with two parallel longitudi-
nal yellowish lines ; thighs rufous at base, except the first pair ;
feet, 1. 8. 2. 4.

Observations. This graceful species is found commonly on
the trunks of trees, moving rather slowly, and walking back-
wards when threatened by an enemy. It moves its anterior
feet like palpi, as if to feel its way in its progression.

Habitat. South Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 58, eyes; fig. 108, trophi. Supplement.']

41. Attus superciliosus.

PL 9, fig. 11.

Descriptiofi. Cepbalothorax black between the eyes, deep
ferruginous at base, covered anteriorly with golden or greenish
scales, a tuft of hairs between the eyes ; abdomen black, Avith
the same kind of scales, the absence of which forms obsolete

69

blackish lines on the disk, beneath with such scales also ; pectus
and thighs glabrous, ferruginous ; feet with a black fillet ex-
ternally, antepenultimate joint of first pair with a tuft of black
hairs, 1. 4. 2.~3T

Observations. This singular species can be readily distin-
guished by the tuft of hairs placed above the lower row of
eyes, and resembling eyebrows. It is probal3ly rare.

Habitat. North Carolina. [365.]

[PL 18, fig. 5, eyes. On the antepenultimate joint of all
the legs there is a black fillet on the anterior side, which is
faintly continued on the preceding and following joints, and
even on the thighs. Taken in June. Supplement. '\

42. Attus morigerus.
PI. 9, fig. 12.

Description. Cephalothorax ferruginous, covered with sil-
very down, through which the color can be seen, particularly
about the eyes ; abdomen above dark brown, covered with
silvery down, four spots and a band glabrous ; beneath pale ;
feet pale yellowish, with some hairs, 1. 4. 2. '6.

Observations. This little spider may be seen usually on
leaves, where it frequently makes its tubes. It has been seen
on the hickory and the mulberry trees.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. April, May.

[Taken October 17. Supplement.~\

43. Attus cyaneus.
PL 9, fig. 13.

Description. Brassy green ; body short ; feet, 1. 4. 3. 2.
Small.

Observations. This small but brilliant spider is found on
plants, during all the warm season.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[PL 18, fig. QQ, eyes. Taken in April, May, June, etc.
Supplement.']

70

44. Attus canonicus.
PI. 9, fig. 14.

Description. Rufous, or deep orange ; abdomen with a
longitudinal row of black dots, seven or eight on each side
above ; feet with black rings ; cephalothorax and anterior part
of the abdomen covered with dense yellowish rufous hair.
Feet, 17^ X¥.

Observations. Found in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in
August.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

[PI. 18, fig. 6, eyes. The jaws are very short. Sujyplement.']

45. Attus oetavus.
PI. 9, fig. 15.

Description. Grayish brown ; abdomen above with eight
[366] large black dots, two green spots, and some white marks,
gray beneath ; feet rufous, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This is a common species in the south. A
specimen was found with legs 4. 1. 3. 2., shorter, and with
blackish rings. Is it a different species ? It is not probable
that this can be referred to A. Jiebes.

Habitat. Alabama. July - August.

Genus Epiblemum. Mihi.

Characters. Cheliceres very long^ slender, horizontal, in both
sexes, fang nearly as long ; maxillce parallel, tvide at base, nar-
rowed above the insertion of the palpi, cut obliquely on both
sides toivards the point; lip conical; eyes eight, unequal, in
three rows, the first composed of four, the two middle ones some-
what larger, the second composed of tivo very small ones placed
nearer the third row, which is comp)osed of tu'o larger ones ; feet,
first pair longest, then the fourth, the third or second shortest.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
cocoon.

71

Remarks. The characters of this subgenus are quite suffi-
cient to separate and distinguish the species composing it from
Attus. Even allowing that the character derived from the
extreme length of the cheliceres were limited to the males, the
great number of species contained in Attus would authorize
naturalists to separate such as have that character under a sep-
arate denomination. But it seems that this peculiarity may be
confined to the females in some species ; as, a male of E. pal-
marum was found with short cheliceres ; but these were never-
theless horizontal.

1. Epiblemum palmarum.

PL 9, fig. 16.

Description. Rufous or dark brown ; cephalothorax and
[367] abdomen with a whitish band on each side above ; feet
whitish, except the first pair which are rufous, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, iv, p. 264,
says that some males of Attus have elongated cheliceres. But
this was a female ; and a male was found in North Carolina,
corresponding to this in every particular, except that the cheli-
ceres were not elongated, but they ivere horizontal. The sub-
genus Attus is so large that some good subdivision is required.
Like Tetragnatha, this spider extends its legs in one line along
the twig or blade on which it rests.

Habitat. South and North Carolina.

A male was found in Alabama, corresponding with this in
every respect. He was bold, and moved with a ludicrous mo-
tion of his first pair of legs, which he waved to and fro, in
advancing towards the body which was extended against him.

2. Epiblemum faustum.

PI. 9, fig. 17.

Deseription. Piceous ; cephalothorax with the margin and
two spots white ; abdomen with the base and four short lines
white ; feet, 1. 4. 3. 2.

72

Observations. This species was found common in Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, on walls, on the south side.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

[PI. 18, fig. 59, eyes ; fig. 109, tropin. Taken in June.
Supplement. '\

[PI. 20, fig. 8. Adult c? and ? , and palpus of ? .

The females do not have long horizontal mandibles like the males. Prob-
ably identical with Salticus scenicus Blackw., Spiders of Great Britain and
Ireland, and Callietheriis Jdslrionicus Sim., Monograph, des Attides, Ann.
Soc. Ent. France.

Salem, Mass., Providence, R. I., Albany, N. Y., on fences and houses at
all seasons, j. h. e.]

Genus Synemosyna. Mihi.

Characters. Cheliceres short in the females ; maxillce slightly
inclined toward the tip, truncated at tip ; lip short, rounded ;
eyes eight, unequal, in three rows, the first composed of four eyes^
the two middle ones largest, the second composed of two small ones
placed nearer the first than the third, ivhich is composed of two
larger eyes ; feet slender, the fourth pair longest, the other three
variable; body elongated, nodose, abdomen contracted near the
middle.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
but silk tubes, for hibernation, running on plants like ants,
which they resemble ; cocoon.

Remarks. This differs in many points from Myrmecia,
Latr., Ann. des Sc. Nat. iv. p. 261, and yet seems to be
closely related to it. That subdivision is not known to me,
though it is said in that work that some species are found in
Georgia. In Myrmecia the cheliceres are large, in this, they
are small, at least in the females ; in that subgenus the maxillre
are rounded and hairy, the abdomen is much shorter than the
cephalothorax, and they have other characters which do not
belons to this.

73

I have already pointed out the features, and proposed a
name for this singular subdivision, in a paper pubhshed in Silli-
man's Journal. I have, since writing that article, discovered
one species, in addition to the three mentioned there. They
are all anomalous, and differ from each other in many points ;
while they agree in the characters which I have assigned.
They hibernate in silk tubes, under the bark of trees.

1. Synemosyna formica.

PI. 9, fig. 18.

Description. Rufous ; cephalothorax very long, contracted
in the middle, tapering towards the base, and with two lateral
yellowish spots ; abdomen contracted in the middle, also with
two lateral yellow spots, each where the contraction appears ;
feet slender, varied with yellowish and black, 4. 3. 1. 2., tibiae
of the first pair and part of the tarsus black underneath.
Male with very large cheliceres ; legs, 4. 1. 3. 2.

Observations. This spider cannot be placed in the subgenus
Myrmecia, of Latreille, as described in the fourth volume of the
Ann. des Sc. Nat., or in Vol. iv. p. 261 of the Regne Animal,
[369] for the following reasons ; the eyes are very unequal in
size, and not placed in the manner described ; the cheliceres
are large only in the males ; and the length of the feet is not
the same. It is possible, however, that the insects drawn by
Abbot belong to this division ; for, being very small, probably
the situation of the eyes may not have been correctly observed.
Be this as it may, the subgenus Myrmecia, or Myrmecium, is
closely related to this.

I had seen individuals of this species running on the blades
of srass and stems of weeds, lono- before I distinguished them
from ants. They move with agility and can leap, but their
habitus is totally different from Attus. They move by a regu-
lar progression or regular walk, very different from the halting
gait of that subgenus.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

74

[Taken in April, May and July. Siqjplement.']

[Length of ? 4 mm.; legs 2.2, 2.4, 3.6.
Palpus of J. PI. 20, fig, 9.

The only male I have seen has short mandibles, and is otherwise much
like the female.

Ipswich, Mass. June 17, d", F. G. Sanborn.
Holyoke, " July 4, many females.
Maiden, " H. L. Moody.
Washington, D. C. E. P. Austin, j. h, e.]

2. Synemosyna scorpionia.

PI. 9, fig. 19.

Description. Piceous ; cephalotliorax with two sub-obsolete,
pale spots ; posterior eyes placed near the base, and remote
from the rest ; abdomen slightly contracted near the middle,
with a yellowish indented spot ; feet rufous, 4. 1. 2. 3., first
pair very stout ; sexes alike, the cheliceres not being enlarged
in the male.

Observations. This small spider is somewhat rare, and was
found in the winter months.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 67, eyes. The $ was taken in November ; the
$ in February, a little larger than the $ , and with tlie abdo-
men very slightly contracted. Supplement.']

[Marietta, Ohio. Wm. Holden. j. n. e.]

3. Synemosyna ephippiata.

PI. 9, fig. 20.

Description. Rufous ; cephalothorax wide in the region of
the eyes, tapering towards the base ; abdomen depressed before
the middle, widest beyond the middle, a transverse paler band
near the middle, piceous towards the apex ; feet, [370] with
the interior edge black, last two joints of second pair black,
penultimate and antepenultimate joints of the leg of the fourth
pair dusky, 4. 2. 3. T.

75

Observations. This is a very distinct species, found hiber-
nating in silk tubes under bark, making such tubes when con-
^.ned. The male, with cheliceres not enlarged, was found
agreeing with the above description in the minutest particular.
This shows beyond any doubt that the species is distinct from
S. formica.

Habitat. Alabama. December.

[PI. 18, fig. 68, eyes ; PI. 19, fig. 114, lateral view. Suppl.']

4. Synemosyna picata.
PL 9, fig. 21,

Description. Black ; legs varied with rufous and black,
second pair black beneath, fourth black except the knee which
is pale beneath ; palpi pale, basal joint piceous ; feet, 4. 3. 2. 1.

Observations. This is evidently distinct from the other spe-
cies, particularly by its form. I once enclosed a male and a
female of this species in a glass tube. They very soon formed
separate habitations of silk ; but on the third or fourth day the
male was dead near the tent of the female, and she had made
a lenticular white cocoon, containing four eggs as large as those
of large Araneides. That female had a white streak on each
side of the abdomen.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[Taken in June. Supplement.']

[Continued from Vol. v, p. 370.]

Genus Thomisus. Walck.

Characters. Cheliceres small, cuneiform, fang small ; max-
illce pointed at tip., more or less iyiclined over the lip ; lip pointed
at tip, wider in the middle than at base, as long as, or longer
than, half the length of the maxillce ; eyes eight, equal or sub-

76

equal, ommonly in two rows of four each, the posterior one
longest, bent from the base towards the anterior one ; feet, com-
monly the first and second pair longest, or the second alone
longest.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
[444] but casting irregular threads ; cocoon flattened, usually
placed under leaves, watched by the mother till the young are
hatched.

Remarks. Well was it remarked by Walckenaer, that a
subgenus so easily recognized as Thomisus is nevertheless ex-
cessively difficult to characterize. There is not one feature,
save the small size of the cheliceres, a secondary character,
which is not liable to vary in the different species, and yet, the
subdivision is a natural one. Nay, the subgenus Philodromas
which seems to correspond to ray first tribe, the Depressfe,
does not appear to be sufficiently characterized to be separated
from this, at least if my Thomisus vulgaris can be referred
to it.

Section I. HETEROPODtE. Four posterior legs shortest.

Tribe 1. Depress^. Legs very long, equal in thickness,
body flattened.

1. Thomisus vulgaris.
PI. 10, fig. 1.

Description. Pale gray, abdomen with four impressed dots,
body flat ; legs with indistinct darker rings.

Observations. This spider, commonly seen on fencing or
prostrate timber, like those of the same genus, moves sideways
and backwards, but it is much more active than T. celer.
When pursued by an enemy, like Attus and Epeira, it leaps
and hangs by a thread, which supports it in the air.

Habitat. United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 77, eyes. Legs arranged 2. 1. 3. 4. This spi-

77

der withdraws into tlie chinks of fences, falls attached to a
thread, and always moves off sideways. Supplement.^

[?, length 6.8 mm. ; cephalothorax 2.6 mm.; legs 11, 12.6, 10.2, 10.
cf " 6.4 mm. " 2.8 mm.; " 15.5,17.6,14,2,14.2.

Palpus of d". PI. 20, fig. 10.

Salem, Mass. April 6, on fences; May 20, cf and ?.
Providence, R. I ; Albany, N. Y.
(Ohio, ?. Wm. Holden.) j. H. e.]

Tribe II. Cancroides. Legs very long, four anterior ones
largest., abdomen oval.

2. Thomisus aleatorius.

PL 10, fig. 2.

Description. Cephalothorax greenish yellow, region of the
[445] eyes reddish with whitish lines between and before the
eyes, trophi piceous ; abdomen yellow with six impressed dots,
yellow underneath ; feet, two first pair piceows, third and
fourth greenish yellow. A small species.

Observations. This little spider is not rare, usually found
on plants.

Habitat. Alabama, September.

[PI. 18, fig. 39, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 3. 4. Supplement.']

Tribe III. Pybiformes. Legs moderately lo7ig, abdomen
pyriform,

3. Thomisus ferox.

PI. 10, fig. 3.

Description. Brownish yellow ; cephalothorax with a dusky
band each side, abdomen with four or six angular brownish
spots ; two anterior pair of feet hairy.

Observations. This common species is found on plants with
the same habits as T. celer. I have found in Alabama, in
April, a male and a female on a bush ; the male was grasping

78

her with his Ions; legs. His abdomen was not truncated, and
its markino; was somewhat different from that of the female.
This spider is apt to vary in color and marking.

Mabitat. United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 83, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 8. 4. Taken in
Massachusetts in October and March. Supplement.']

[Marietta, Ohio, cT, ?. AVm. Holden. j. h. e.]

4. Thomisus fartus.

PI. 10, fig. 4.

Description. Pale yellow ; cephalothorax with an orange
fascia in the region of the eyes ; abdomen with a marginal red
band not reaching the apex, and five or seven impressed dots,
the band sometimes obsolete.

Observations. This elegant species, first found on the Actcea
spicata in the Cambridge botanic garden, and often seen since
in various places, is always found on plants. It watches its
cocoon, wdiich is attached usually under a leaf, [446] like that
of a Coccinella, and remains near till the eggs are hatched.
It varies in marking, and I have one specimen with red spots
on the back of the abdomen.' It is nevertheless distinct I'rom
T. celer^ and may be T. citreus, Regne An. iv. 256.
Habitat. Massachusetts, Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 69, eyes. Legs arranged, 1. 2. 4. 8. Supple-
ment.]

[Length of ? 10.3 mm. ; ceplialothorax 3.G; legs 13, 13, G.G, 7.4.

Milk white or light yellow, sometimes with a crimson stripe each side of
the abdomen, and a crimson spot between the eyes.

Salem and Beverly, Mass., throughout the summer; young in ]\Iay and
August. J. n. K.]

5. Thomisus celer.

PI. 10, fig. 5.

Description. Pale yellow, with a slight tinge of grass

79

green, particularly on the legs. Two curved rows of impressed
dots on the abdomen ; lateral eyes not borne on tubercles.

Observations. This spider is found usually on blossoms,
where it remains, patiently waiting for Diptera, other small
insects, and even butterflies, which its secures with amazing
muscular power. It moves backwards and sidcAvays more
commonly than forwards. Sometimes seen larger, though
never attainino; great dimensions.

Habitat. Found in South Carolina, North Carolina, Massa-
chusetts, Alabama, Ohio, etc.

[PI. 18, fig. 78, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. /Supple-
ment.^

[Marietta, Ohio, ?. Charlestown, Mass. AVm. Holden. j. h. e.]

Tribe IV. Oculat^. External eyes borne on tubercles.,
eyes equal.

6. Thomisus piger.

PI. 10, fig. 6.

Descrij)tion. Yellowish brown ; cephalothorax with two
brownish bands ; abdomen with two curved lines of impressed
dots ; somewhat paler underneath.

Observations. This species is probably the largest, and is
very distinct from any other, particularly by its habits. It
dwells under stones, where it watches for its prey, and has not
been found on plants.

Habitat. , North Carolina. [447.]

[PI. 18, fig. 40, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2 4. 8. Taken in
March. Supplement.']

7. Thomisus asperatus.
PI. 10, fig. 7.

Description. Pale, covered with short bristles ; cephalotho-
rax, outer eyes of second row tubercidated, with two blackish
bands, and a few longer bristles about the eyes ; abdomen

80

pale brown above, pale glabrous underneatli ; feet, first and
second pair with brown rings, third and fourth with fewer
bristles.

Observations. This spider, which is found on plants, seems
quite distinct from any other, though the species of this sub-
genus are very variable.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

[PI. 18, fig. 41, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 3. 4. Supplement. 1

8. Thomisus parvulus.

PI. 10, fig. 8.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen yellowish with a transverse
band black, near the apex ; third and fourth pair of legs green-
ish or yellowish ; first and second pair longer and slender in
the male.

Observations. The external eyes appear to be larger, on
account of their being placed on elevations. Tliis species is
common, and frequently found on the blossoms of umbelliferous
plants.

Habitat. The Southern States.

[PL 18, fig. 42, eyes. The $ resemblesthe ? , and is of
the same size ; the legs are green in the ? and pale in the
$ ; legs arranged 2. 1. 4. 8. Taken in Carolina May 25.
Supplement.^

Tribe V. Tuberculat^. A tubercle on the abdomen^
external eyes larger., tuberculated.

9. Thomisus oaudatus.

PI. 10, fig. 9.

Description. Dusky ; abdomen with a tubercle or tail be-
hind above the apex, about six small black dots on the disk ;
pale beneath, with a longitudinal band, and sides blackish ;
feet,X~2. its: [448.]

81

Observations. This species is not rare. It is sometimes
found wandering in mid-winter. The eyes are unequal in size,
+he two lower external ones are largest, and the four external
ones are borne on tubercles.

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 60, eyes ; fig. 100, trophi. Taken on Janu-
ary 25. Supple7nent.']

[? , length 5.8 mm. ; cephalothorax 2.4 mm. ; legs 9.6, 9.6, 5.4, 6.
Beverly, Mass.; June 23, with cocoon folded in leaf. Peabody, Mass.;
Sept. 28, young, j. h. e.]

Section II. ^QUIPEDES. Four posterior legs not inva-
riahly the shortest.

Tribe VI. Filipedes. Feet slender:, long^ seeond pair long-
est, then the fourth.

10. Thomisus? Duttoni.

PI. 10, fig. 10.

Description. Pale gray ; cephalothorax with a longitudinal
rufous band ; abdomen long and slender, with a like narrow
band, and two minute black dots near the apex ; legs yellowish,
2. 4. 1. 3.

Observations. This singular spider was communicated to
me by Mr. Thomas R. Button, who collected it in Georgia in
1838. The alcohol iu which it was preserved may have
chanfjed its colors.

Habitat. Georgia.

[PI. 18, fig. 79, eyes. Supplement.']

[?, length 11 mm.; cephalothorax 3 mm.; legs 12, 13.6, 8.7, 12.4.
cf « 6 mm.; " 2.4 mm.;" 10.8,11.6,8.3,11.

Palpus of d-. PI. 20, fig. 11.

Beverly, July 14; Maiden, Moody; Mass., Sanborn, Dakota Terr., E.
Coues. J. H. E.]

OCCAS. PAPEBS B. S. >'. H. — 11. 9'

82
Tribe VII. not determined ; eyes in four roivs.

11. Thomisus? dubius.

PL 10, fig. 11.

Descrijytmi. Pale ; cephalotliorax with two slender longi-
tudinal blackish lines edged with greenish ; abdomen with a
similar green edged line, which bifurcates towards the base,
and has one small black dot on each bifurcation ; feet, first
pair wanting, second very long, fourth next, third shortest.

Observations. This singular spider was unfortunately muti-
lated when discovered, and the drawing was left unfinished,
as I hoped other specimens would occur ; none, however, were
ever found. There is an affinity in some points between this
and T. Duttoni.

Habitat. North Carolina. [449.]

[Taken in April. Supplement.']

12. Thomisus ? tenuis.

PI. 10, fig. 12.

Description. Testaceous, downy ; cephalothorax with a lon-
gitudinal white band, and a tuft of hair between the eyes ; ab-
domen with two interrupted longitudinal whitish fillets, four
long nipples ; feet bristly, 2. 1. 4. 3.

Observations. This is undoubtedly congeneric with my
Thomisus dubius. But knowing nothing of their webs nor of
habits, I still refrain from making any generic distinction.
These will probably form the type of a new sub-genus. This
one was found enclosed in the clay nest of a Spex.

Habitat. Alabama,

[PI. 18, fig. 84, eyes ; fig. 101, tropin. The two anterior
eyes are placed on tubercles on the very margin j body beneath
yellowish, downy. Taken June 8. Supplement.']

83
Genus Clubiona. Latr.

Characters. Cheliceres long, fang moderately long ; maxiUce
parallel, wider above the insertion of the palpi, Up widest in the
middle; eyes eight, equal, in two rows, the lower one nearly
straight ; feet, the fourth or the first pair longest ; body usually
of a pale or livid color.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, watching their prey, and in-
closing themselves in silk tubes ; cocoon orbicular.

Remarks. This sub-genus, like Thomisus, cannot be char-
acterized with any precision, owing to the variations in the
form of the trophi, the position of the eyes, etc. It is never-
theless a natural subdivision of Aranea. The species compos-
ing it have nocturnal habits ; little therefore, is known of their
history. They dwell under leaves, under bark or stones,
where they may be found in silk tubes, from which they sel-
dom issue during the day.

Tribe I. Dryades. Eyes, posterior roiv bent toward the
base ; fourth pair of legs longest, then the second.

1. Clubiona pallens.

PI. 10, fig. 13.

Description. Livid white ; abdomen varied with plumbeous
[450] spots above, and four small dots near the apex under-
neath ; feet, 4. "1. 1. 3. Both sexes alike.

Observations. This spider is found in silk tubes, concealed
under the bark of decaying trees, where it spends the winter.
There is a spotless variety which may prove a distinct species.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama ; common.

[PI. 18, fig. 7, eyes. The second pair of legs is always
sensibly longer than the first. Taken December 15. Supple-
ment.']

[9, length 6.8 mm.; cephalotliorax 3.2 mm. ; legs 6.7, 7, 6, 9.

cf " 6 mm.; " 3 mm.; " 7,7.4,6,8.6.

Palpus of d". PI. 20, fig. 13.

84

The original drawing has the cephalothorax light yellowish-brown, dark-
est towards the eyes. The rest of the body is yellowish-white, with gray
markings as described. Young specimens have the whole body yellow-
white with gray markings.

Salem, Mass. March, under stones in bags ; torpid.

Dedham, Mass. January 9, under leaves.

Providence, R. I. J. u. E.]

2. Clubiona obesa.

PI. 10, fig. 14.

Description. Testaceous or brownish, abdomen with a lon-
gitudinal more or less distinct brown band above.

Observations. This spider, usually found concealed in silk
tubes, was sometimes seen in the blossoms of the Magnolia
seeking for prey. It is perfectly distinct from Clubiona inclusa.

Habitat. Massachusetts, North Carolina, Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 16, eyes. Legs arranged 4. 2. 1. 3. Found
hanging from trees by a thread. Taken at the end of June.
Supplement.l

[?, length 12.5 mm.; cephalothorax 4.3 mm.; legs 10.8, 10, 9.7, 12.
? " 8.4 mm.; " 3.6 mm.: " 10,9,8.4,11.2.

d" " 9 mm.; " 3.7 mm.; "13.9,12.2,10.2,13.4.

Palpus of d. PI. 20, fig. 12.

The figure, pi. 23, fig. 14, represents a ? with unusually large abdomen.

Salem. March, young females under stones. April 6, under stones.
May 24, under stones, d and 9 enclosed together in a thin silk bag an inch
in diameter. June 16, c? and immature ? in a bag together; young ? in
bags with cast skins. July 7, in thin bag with cocoon of thirty-three eggs.
July 12, ? confined in a bottle laid eggs, which hatched Aug. 5, and left
the cocoon Aug. 26. Sept. and Oct., under stones and logs in woods, Ann
Arbor, Mich. j. ii. e.]

Tribe II. Hamadryades. Ui/es, posterior row bent from the
base ; lip emarginate ; first pair of legs longest.

3. Clubiona piscatoria.
PI. 10, fig. 15.

Description. Dingy rufous ; eyes sub-equal, two middle

85

ones larger ; abdomen pale, piceous, with a sub-obselete spot
near the base, four nipples, two external ones bi-articulate.
Feet long, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. The difference between the eyes of this and
those of my Cluhiona ohesa prevents my referring them to the
same species. The pulmonary orifices are white, under a
gloss. This spider made an even* web like Agelena. Wan-
dering at night.

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 29, eyes. The two external nipples of the ab-
domen are the longest ; the body is of the same color beneath
as above. Taken in April. Supplement.']

4. Clubiona tranquilla.

PI. 10, fig. 16.

Description. Deep rufous or piceous ; abdomen grayish
black, with four impressed dots. [451.]

Observations. It is difficult to learn much of the habits of
this spider, which moves chiefly at night. A male and a fe-
male were found in Alabama in July, in the folds of an old
piece of paper, near a silk tube of extreme whiteness, which
was probably destined to receive the eggs. Always found in a
tube except at the approach of winter, Avhen it is sometimes
found wanderino;.

Habitat Common in the United States.

[PL 18, fig. 85, eyes ; fig. 102, trophi. Legs arranged
1. 2. 4. 3. Taken in Alabama and California. /Supplement.']

Tribe III. Nymphs. External eyes approximated^ lip
emarffinate, first pair of legs longest.

5. Clubiona inclusa.

PI. 10, fig. 18.

Description. Livid white, or pale yellow ; cheliceres, last

86

joints of all the feet and of the palpi tipped with black ; a lon-
gitudinal dusky line beginning at base of the abdomen.

Observations. This spider was always found in tubes of
white silk, the female watching her cocoon, which is covered
with a very thin coat of silk ; the eggs are loose and not glued
together. It probably moves out only at night, as its pale color
indicates. The young are deeper in color even than the
mother.

Habitat. South Carolina, North Carolina, etc.

[PI. 18, fig. 86, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 4. 2. 3. Taken in
June. Supplement. '\

[Charlestown, Mass., ^. Hyde Park, Mass., 9. Wm. Holden. j. h. E.]

Tribe IV. Furi^. External eyes not touching, lip trun-
cated at tip, fourth pair of legs longest.

6. Clubiona fallens.

PL 10, fig. 17,

Description. Yellowish or rufous ; cephalothorax with black-
ish lines ; abdomen pale, with two rows of sub-obsolete dots,
and two abbreviated rows of smaller ones obscure, same color
underneath ; feet hairy, particularly the third and fourth pair,
in the female, 4. 1. 2. 3. and in the male 1. 4. 2. 3. The
sexes marked alike.

Observations. Were it not that the eyes are diiferently
[452] placed, this might be taken for 0. celer. Males and fe-
males were found in silk tubes constructed on leaves. A male
was found in November, with imperfect blackish rings on the
legs, one more distinct at the base of the antepenultimate joint.
Is it a variety or a distinct species ?

Habitat. Alabama, October, November.

[PI. 18, fig. 17, eyes. Supplement.^

7. Clubiona gracilis.

PL 10, fig. 19.

Description. Yellowish ; cephalothorax with two longitudi-

87

nal bluish bands ; abdomen with two longitudinal bands of nu-
merous small red dots, the bands uniting towards the apex ;
feet, hairy, 4. 1. 2. 3. The sexes alike.

Observations. This very active spider is often seen in mid-
winter on a mild day apparently migrating in great numbers,
being supported in the air by a long thread, and borne by the
breeze. Once^ many were seen in December, thus approach-
ing a large tree, under the bark of which they probably in-
tended to hibernate. A variety, perhaps a distinct species, was
found, destitute of dots or bands ; it was concealed in a silk
tube on a leaf.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 8, eyes. Taken in June and July. Supplement.']

[?, length 8.8 mm.; eephalothorax 3 mm.; legs 9.4, 7.6, 6.2, 9.8. Man-
dibles and front of head blackish-brown.

Saugus, Mass.; June 12. Boston, Mass. ; October, flying for fences. Prov-
idence, R. I.; October. New Haven, Conn. Freehold, N. J.; S. Lock-
wood. J. H. E.]

8. Clubiona celer.

PI. 10, fig. 20.

Descrip)tion. Pale ; eephalothorax with angular markings
near the edge, and some lines ; abdomen pubescent, with indis-
tinct dots ; feet, hairy. Male resembling the female in every
point of markings.

Observations. This little spider was found in December,
suspending itself from a thread, and moving with great activity.
A male somewhat larger than the scale was found in Alabama,
April, wandering about at night.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 18, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 4. 2. 3. Taken in^
June. Supplement.']

88

Tribe V. Cavernosa. Eyes in two sub-parallel rows, Up
pointed at tip, feet variable. [453.]

9. Clubiona? agrestis.

n. 10, fig, 21.

Description. Livid green ; abdomen purplish brown, with
four impressed dots ; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3. Male of a piceous color.

Observations. The male and the female were found under a
stone. The female has two curved rigid shining elevations under
the vulva, forming an arch open towards the base. It is with
some hesitation that I place this species in this subdivision.

Habitat. Alabama. March.

[PI. 19, fig. 43, eyes. Supplement.']

10. Clubiona immatura.

PI. 10, fig. 22.

Description. Yellowish rufous, middle lower eyes black ;
abdomen immaculate pale green ; legs with very short hairs,
4. 1. 2. 3.

Observation. This was found in a cellar.

Sahitat. Alabama. October.

[PI. 18, fig. 87, eyes. Supplement.'] '

Tribe VI. Not determined.

11. Clubiona? sublurida.
PI. 11, fig. 1.

Description. Pale yellowish ; cheliceres very large ; abdo-
men with two obscure sub-obselete lines, same color beneath
with a few minute brown spots ; feet, long, slender, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider was found upon a bush, without
any web. It displayed great activity and vigor. When at rest
it had its legs spread out.

Mabitat. Alabama. July.

89

12. Clubiona? saltabunda.

PI. 10, fig. 23.

Description. Pale ; cephalothorax with a few obscure marks
near the edge, palpi with bristles ; abdomen with two [454]
rows of blackish dots, and a few minute ones towards the
sides ; pectus with a scalloped black liflt on each side ; venter
with four or five small spots, and many small dots black; feet,
slender, 1. very long, 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider i^s found in the fields, wandering,
and running with great activity. It leaps like Attus, and like
it too, it leaves a thread behind to secure its flight. A female
found in November, made a tube or tent as a residence in the
vial in which it was enclosed. The male resembles the female.
Probably congeneric with Clubiona ? sublurida.

Habitat. Alabama. May, November.

[PI. 18, fig. 19, eyes. Prof. Hentz was in doubt whether
this was a Clubiona or a Tegenaria. Supplement.^

[cf, length 3 mm.; cephalothorax 1.5 mm.; legs 9,8, 5.4, 4.6, 6.3.
Palpus of d". PI. 20, fig. 15.

"West Roxbury; June 2, d. Peabody, Mass.; June 29, cf. Waverly,
Mass.; Oct. 3, young ?. j. h. e.]

13. Clubiona? albens.

PI. 10, fig. 24.

Description. Pale bristly ; abdomen deeper in color, venter
with its base and three spots, pale green, pectus with a line
each side, pale green, nipples, four long ones and two short.
Feet, very long and slender, 1. 4. 2. 3. First much the
longest.

Observations. This is undoubtedly related to my C. salta-
bunda, and with it will probably constitute a new subgenus at
some future time.

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 32, eyes. Found travelling from one bush to
another by means of a thread. Taken April 15. Supplement.']

90

Genus Herpyllus. Mihi.
Silliman's Jour., Vol. xxi, p. 102.

Characters. Cheliceres moderately/ large, without teeth ; max-
illce 2)arallel, wider above the insertion of the palpi, cut obliquely
above; lip about half the length of the maxilla;, narrower to-
wards the point; eyes, eight, sub-equal in two parallel roivs of
four each, both commonly bent totvards the base ; feet, the fourth
pair longest, then the first, then .the second, the third being the
shortest.

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web,
but running about with great swiftness, and hiding under
stones, in crevices, etc. Cocoon unknown. [455. j

Remarks. This sub-genus, very closely related to Clubiona,
is very well characterized notwithstanding the similarity. The
character derived from the respective length of the legs is veiy
constant, showing the property of being fast runners in all the
species of this division.

In habits they differ wholly from Clubiona, being in fact
wandering Araneides. The swiftness with which they run is
truly surprising. They are not exclusively nocturnal, being
often seen to run in the brightest sunshine.

Tribe I. Brevipedes. Legs strong, rather short, maxillce
long, cut obliquely above.

1. Herpyllus ecclesiasticus.
PL 11, fig. 2.

Description. Black ; cephalothorax with a whitish longi-
tudinal band; abdomen with an abbreviated band, and a spot
white.

Observations, This spider is not rare, found between boards
and in crevices in dark places ; running very fast, chiefly at
night ; I never could find its cocoon or its permanent dwelling-
place.

.Habitat. The United States.

91

[Legs arranged 4. 17273". This, and others placed in this
genus, may belong to the genus Diplotoxops of Mr. Rafi-
nesque, but as he makes the first pair of legs longest, and his
generic description is incorrect in many respects — for instance,
in deriving a character from the palpi, which is as a rule noth-
ing but a sexual distinction — his name has not been adopted.
Supplement.']

[Oliio, <3, 9; Mayport, Fla., ?. The stripe on tlie abdomen pale or
wanting. Wm. Holden. j. H. e.]

2. Herpyllus ater.
PI. 11, fig. 3.

Description. Deep glossy black, immaculate, feet rather
short.

Observations. This species, readily distinguished from S.
descriptus, which has long slender legs, is found running with
great rapidity on paths and frequented places. It is diurnal,
and when pursued it seeks shelter under stones or leaves. It
has the same habits with H. bicolor, to which it is related.

Habitat. Pennsylvania, New England. [456.]

[?, length 7.2 mm.; cephalothorax 3.2 mm.; legs 7.2, 6, 6, 8.4.
d", " 6.2 mm.; " 2.5 mm.; " 5,4.6,4,6.

Palpus of cf. PI. 20, fig. 16, 16a.

Salem, Mass. April 19, in a bag under stones. July 30, under stones.
Sept. 29, in a bag under stones. West Roxbury ; June 1, ? in a thin bag
with a flat, pink cocoon. White Mountains, Sanborn. Marietta, Ohio, ?.
Wm. Holden. J. h. e.]

3. Herpyllus bicolor.
PL 11, fig. 4.

Descrip)tion. Rufous ; abdomen bluish black, with about six
impressed dots. Male same colors.

Observations. This common species is found usually on the
ground or under stones, leaves, etc., rmming with great ra-

92

pidity. The female almost invariably kills the male and eats
him, after the calls of nature are satisfied. It is related to
S. ater.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama, and probably the
United States.

[Ohio, cf, ?. Wm. Holden. j. H. K.]

4. Herpyllus bilineatus.
PI. 11, fig. 5.

Description. Whitish ; cephalothorax above, and abdomen
above and beneath with two longitudinal black bands somewhat
curved ; feet yellowish. Male with the same marks.

Observations. This spider is remarkably active, usually
found on trees. No species of this sub-genus is more distinct,
and invariably spotted in the same manner. It is not rare.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[Of the six nipples, four were placed around the anus, and
two formed a fork on both sides of the anus. Taken in May.
Supplement.']

5. Herpyllus ornatus.

PI. 11, fig. 6.

Description. Golden rufous ; abdomen with abbreviated and
interrupted transverse bands black ; feet, yellowish, varied
with black, thighs of two anterior pairs of legs black.

Observations. Wandering on paths, and very active, in
woods or unfrequented places. The young usually has its
abdomen black, with transverse whitish bands which are
formed by hairs.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[It is difficult to catch. Taken in July and August. Sup-
plement.']

6. Herpyllus descriptus.

PI. 11, fig. 7.

Description. Black ; abdomen with an abbreviated, longir

93

tudinal [457] band, golden rufous ; two anterior pairs of legs
with last three joints brownish or paler.

Observations. There are probably several species very sim-
ilar to this. A large specimen was found in Alabama, with no
yellow spot on its abdomen, its legs Avith a few stout bristles,
its two posterior thighs had two whitish bands above, and the
base of its abdomen had a whitish spot, these bands and spot
formed by short hairs. Another specimen occurred with the
whole disc of the abdomen red, the abdomen had a peduncle
one-third the length of the cephalothorax, the cheliceres were
more prominent. Are these two distinct species? This is
closely related to H. ornatus.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[?, length 8.7 mm.; cephalothorax 3.4 mm.; legs 7.2, 7.2, 7.2, 10.2.
cf, " 7.4 mm.; " 3.4 mm.; " 7.8,7.2,7.2,10.7.

Palpus of d. PI. 20, fig. 18.

Salem, Mass.; July 22. Aug. 5, J under stone; Sept. 6. Ohio, ?.
Wm. Holden. J. h. e.]

7. Herpylius crocatus.

PI. 11, fig. 8.

Description. Piceous black ; abdomen darker, with a saffron-
colored band widening towards the apex, blackish beneath ;
feet, fourth pair hairy.

Observations. This species inhabits houses, hiding in cracks,
under boards, etc. It does not vary in marking, and is very
well characterized.

Habitat. Alabama. November.

[Zanesville, Ohio, ?. Charlestown, Mass., c?. Wm. Holden. J. h. e.]

8. Herpylius longipalpus.

PL 11, fig. 9.

Description. Black ; palpi nearly as long as the cephalo-
thorax ; abdomen with sub-obsolete transverse white bands ;
feet spotted with white ; immaculate black underneath.

94

Ohservations. The spots and bands in this, as well as in
most of the other species of this sub-genus, are produced by
scales or hairs which are quite deciduous, and hence there are
many varieties of markings. This spider moves with the
rapidity of lightning.

Habitat. Alabama. September. [458.]

[Legs arranged 4. 1. 2. ■6. Supplement.']

9. Herpyllus marmoratus.

PI. 11, fig. 10.

Description. Black, varied with whitish markings formed
by deciduous scales ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. Fourth pair stoutest.

Observations. This can scarcely be the male of my H.
longipalpus.

Habitat. Alabama.

[First, second, and third pairs of legs pale, thighs black, with
the tip white, third and fourth with bands of white scales.
Taken in July. Supplement.']

10. Herpyllus variegatus.
PI. 11, fig. 12.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous ; abdomen blackish, with
three whitish bands, the middle one as an inverted ± ; feet,
varied with piceous and rufous.

Observations. This spider, drawn fi'om a specimen collected
by Prof. Peck of Massachusetts, was immersed in spirits ten or
twelve years at least, before it was painted. The colors may
not be correctly represented in consequence of that. A speci-
men was found in North Carolina, and also one in Kentucky,
in a silk tube, which had only two bands on the abdomen, and
the external eyes of which were placed nearer together.
These will probably be found to belong to another species.
' Habitat, Massachusetts?

[Specimens from North Carolina and Kentucky had the ex-

95

ternal eyes of the posterior line more advanced toward those of
the anterior line. These specimens were also smaller. Sup-
plement.']

[cf, length, 6.5 mm.; cephalothorax 2.8 ram.; legs 5.4, 5, 5, 6.6.
Palpus of d. PI. 20, fig. 17, 17a.
Maiden, Mass., H. L. Moody. J. h. e.]

11. Herpyllus cruciger.

PL 11, fig. 11.

Descrijjtion, Gray ; abdomen with spots and dots black.

Observations. This spider is really black, but covered with
gray hairs or scales which can be easily rubbed off, and which
are arranged on the abdomen somewhat in the form of a cross.
It moves with great celerity, and hides under stones, etc.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[Taken in July. Supplement.']

12. Herpyllus vespa.

Pi. 11, fig. 13.

Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with the middle [459]
lower eyes black ; abdomen usually deeper in color, with four
impressed dots, separated from the cephalothorax by a whitish
peduncle, underneath with a pale spot over each pulmonary
orifice.

Observations. This spider, like other congeneric species,
runs very fast and conceals itself under stones. It is common.
It may be that Agelena plumbea will be referred to this.

Habitat. Alabama.

[Taken in March. Supplement.]

13. Herpyllus ? ramulosus.

PI. 11, fig. 14.

Description. Obscure brown ; abdomen with two diverging
bands and several spots pale brown, spotless pale beneath.

96

Observations. This may be referred to Clubiona, as it bears
some affinity to C. celer and others.
Hahitat. Alabama. May.

14. Herpyllus ? pygmseus.

PI. 11, fig. 16.

Description, Pieeous ; feet and palpi paler ; feet, 4. 2. 1. S.
A very small species.

Observations. This species is referred to this division with
but little hesitation. It is probably not common. It was found
wandering.

Habitat. Alabama. August.

Tribe II. Longipedes. Legs slender^ long, maxilloe shorty
truncated.

15. Herpyllus? auratus.

PL 11, fig. 15.

Description. Bright rufous ; abdomen brilliant gold color
above and beneath, with four abbreviated white lines above,
and four on the sides towards the base, with a tinge of silvery
green around the vulva in the female ; feet, filiform, long and
slender, dusky towards the extremity, particularly the fourth
pair. [460.]

Observations. This beautiful slender species moves like a
mouse, and with such rapidity as to make it quite an arduous
undertaking to capture it. The male and female have been
repeatedly found with the same colors and marking. One
specimen, soon after being inclosed in a glass tube, made a
beautifully wrought tent like that of Attus, open at both ends.
It would seem that this spider has a fixed place of abode, from
which it issues for hunting excursions, for a female was ob-
served by some children, several times on the same plant,
repeatedly escaping to the ground when pursued, until it was
at last taken in the very same spot. A female in a state of

97

gravidity was found September 30tli, agreeing in every de-
scription except in having obscure bands in the form of an A ;
about four distinct ones, near the apex.
Hahitat. Alabama. August, October.

16. Herpyllus zonarius.
PI. 11, fig. 17.

Description. Brown ; abdomen piceous, with two trans-
verse white bands interrupted in the centre, unspotted be-
neath ; feet varied witli brown and yellowish. A small species.

Observations. This little spider is probably not a variety
of H. auratiis. Its feet are not so filiform. It runs with great
celerity.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

" [Ohio, c?, ?. Wm. Holden. j. ir. E.]

17. Herpyllus trilineatus.

PI. 11,%. IS.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen with three transverse golden
yellow lines or bands produced by hairs, rufous unspotted be-
neath ; feet, slender and long, paler towards the extremity,
penultimate joint blackish, particularly of the first and second
pair.' Both sexes alike.

Observation. This spider was found wandering.

Habitat. Alabama. April, May. [461.]

[Athens, Oliio, ?. Wm. Ilolden. J. H. e.]

18. Herpyllus parous.

PI. 11, fig. 19.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen with some transverse sub-
obsolete obscure bands near the apex, whei*e the abdomen is
covered with hair which turns pale green in a certain licdit,
pale underneath ; first two pair of legs with two rows of knobs
on which long hairs are inserted. A small species.

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S. N. H. — II. 7

98

Observations. This spider is usually found under logs in the
•woods. It is strongly characterized, and cannot be taken for
any other. The hairs or bristles on the knobs of the legs are
laid close on the leg, and are not visible to the naked eye on
that account ; they are probably susceptible of voluntary mo-
tion, for defence.

Habitat. Alabama. July, September.

19. Herpyllus alarius.

PI. 11, fig. 20.

Description. Cephalothorax pale rufous, with a scolloped
margin darker ; abdomen obscure piceous with four or five
transverse bent lines yellowish ; feet pale, first pair with the
top of the thighs and the two next joints blackish hairy, second
pair Avith a blackish ring on the antepenultimate joint. A
small species.

Observations. This species was foand under a board.

Habitat. Alabama.

[?, length, 4 mm.; .ccsphalotliorax, 1.5 mm. ; legs 4.4, 4, 3.8. 5.4.
cf '' 2 mm.; " 1 mm.; legs 3.4, 2.6, 2.4, 4.

PI. 21, fig. 14, palpus of cf.

Salem, Mass., March; young, under stones. Gloucester, Mass., Aug. 17 ;
Brookline, Jan. 24 ; under leaves. Providence, R. I., May 28, cT. Zanes-
ville, Ohio, ?, Wm. Holden. j. h. e.]

Tribe III. Doubtful.

20. Herpyllus? dubius.

Description. Black ; abdomen with two white spots ; feet
rufous, thighs black.

Observations. This species, unfortunately not completely
painted, was found running on walls.

Habitat. South Carolina. [462.]

Genus Teg EN ARIA. Latr, Walck.

Characters. Cheliceres moderately long ; maxilla; parallel,
rounded., very slightly inclined towards the lip ; lip short, rounded

99

at tip ; eyes eight, equal, in two roivs, anterior one composed of
four eyes in a straight line, posterior one longer, curved towards
the base ; feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, the other two
nearly equal.

Hibits. Araneides sedentary, miking in obscure corners an
horizontal web, at the upper part of which is a tubular liabita-
tion where the spider remains motionless till some insect be
entano-led in the threads.

Remarks. The distinction first pi'oposed by Latreille be-
tween this and the Agelena of Walckenaer should be pre-
served. The habits of the spider differ considerably, and the
position of the eyes is so different as to point out the necessity
of a separation, I would have preserved the name Aranea to
this division; but confused ideas would arise from attributino-
to a sub-genus the name, which, though leo;itimate, belongs
more propei'ly to the whole flimily of spiders.

These make webs of slender texture in dark places without
the addition of the strono; cross threads which Ao-elena adds to
the horizontal texture. It is only at night that they can be
seen at work in the construction of their Avebs.

1. Tegsnaria medicinalis.

Journal of the Acad, of Nat. Sji. Pliilad., 11, p. 53, pi. v, fig. 1.
PL 11, fig. 21.

Description. Pale brown ; turning to bluish black ; cephalo-
thorax with a blackish bund on each side ; abdomen varied
with black, or plumbeous and brown ; feet varied with blackish.

Observations. This species, which was described by the
author in the Journal quoted above, is found in every cellar or
dark place in the country. For some time the use of its web
[463] as a narcotic in cases of fever, was recommended by
many physicians in this country ; but now it is probably seldom
used. The author being absent from Philadelphia when the
second volume of the Journal was published, a strange mistake
was committed. The publishers caused a delineation of my

100

Lycosa lenta to bo printed instead of the original drawing of
this species, whicli was ])robably lost ; and as soon as they were
informed of the erroi', they caused an imperfect dehneation of
this species to be substituted, which may be seen on Phite v,
alono- with some representations of crystals of Zircon, published
by Dr. G. Troost. The palpi of the male of this spider are
very com])licated, as may be seen by the drawing. The colors
vary much. [The article from the Philadelj)liia Journal will
be found further on.]

On the 28th of February, I observed a male sjiecimen of
this species in a dark corner, apparently devouring another
spider. On moving them with a straw I discovered that the
other was a female of the same species, and not dead, but with
its lo<TS closely folded on its body, and perfectly motionless.
One of tjie palj)i of the male was biu'ied in the vulva of the
female, and could not be extricated by the efforts which he
made to avoid my intruding straw. I threw them on the
ground and had ceased to watch them, when suddenly 1 saw
the female esca[)ing from him, apparently in great terror. In
the meanwhile, the male, from whose cheliceres she had es-
caped, had sei/ed a small bit of stick as a substitute, and ran
about with ludicrous haste, seemingly out of his senses for
some time. This fact may prove that the female of spiders is
not always the tyrant and o])pressor of the other sex.

Ilahlidt. The United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 110, palpus of (^ , rt, u])])er hook; h, lower hook
and its membranous meatus above ; c, middle sphenoidal piece;
c?, third hook corresponding to the fourth hook i; e, bristle
which is usually curled between the first and second hook ; /,
base ; z, fourth hook. The upper and lower h.ooks are j)arallel,
like two fingers ; whilst the third and fourth are op})osed to
them ; all forming a compound hook which must retain the
female organs whilst the little bristle, <?, stirs and conveys the
sperma. That fluid flows from an orifice at the base of the
lower hook, between it and the membrane situated on its upper
part. The middle piece articulates with all the other parts

101

except the base. The bristle and tlie third hook articulate
together and with the base. The fourth hook seems to be a
process of the upper hook. The lower hook articulates with
the middle piece, and seems to have no motion of its own.
The upper hook articulates with the lov>'er piece. Taken in
North Carolina in March, and in Massachusetts in May. SujJ-
2)lement.~\

[?, longtli 11.2 mm.; cephalothorax 5 mm.; legs 14, 12.4, 11.1, 15.
c? " 9.8 mm.; " 5 mm. ; legs 17.5, 15, 14.7, 20.

PI. 20, fig. 19, palpus of c?.

The palpi of one of Hentz's specimens are preserved. I liave never
found this species in houses.

Swampscott, IMass., May 8, under a stone; d" and ? in copulation.
White Mts.; Scliohal-ie, N. Y.; New Haven, Conn.; Providence, R. I. J. ii. e.]

2. Tegenaria persica.

PL 11, fig. 23.

Descri])tion. Pale gray ; cephalothorax with serrated black
lines ; abdomen obscure, with about eight pale oblique spots,
central line blackish, upper mammulae very long, obscure be-
neath, w^ith indistinct markings ; feet varied with many [464]
blackish rings. Male not differing from the female ; feet, 4. 1.
or 1. 4. 2. 3. A small species.

Observations. This is quite distinct from T. medicinalis, by
its size, markings, and particularly by the respective length of
the legs, the first pair of which is very frequently as long as,
or longer than, the fourth. It makes its web on the trunk of
trees, Avith a winding tube turned downward, very much like
that of Agelena. I often found it on the peach tree. It never
was found larger than the mark on the plate.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

3. Tegenaria ? flavens.

PI. 11, fig. 22.
■ Description. Yellowish ; cephalothorax rufous ; abdomen
long and slender; feet slender, 4. 1. 2. 3.

102

Observations. I do not remember wliere this was found,
and it would be well to know what web it makes. It has all
the characters of Tefjenaria. It must have been some time in
Avhiskey, and the color may have changed.

Habitat. Alabama.

Genus Agelena. Walck.

Characters. Cheliceres strong; maxillce slightly inclined.,
rounded externally ; Up conical, as long as, or more than half
the length of the maxillce; eyes eight, equal, two anteriorly, four
in a row curved anteriorly, two behind the intermediate ones of
the second line; feet, fourth j^air longest, then the first, then the
second, the third being the shortest, upper mammulce very long.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in the fields, on
bushes or stumps, a large horizontal web, with a tubular habita-
tion, the web connected with strong crossed threads extendino-
high above it.

Remarks. The name of Walckenaer is preserved for the
reasons given in the remarks upon Tegenaria.

No spider is more common or familiar to the eye of every
[465] one who rambles in the fields than the first species of
this sub-genus. Its habitus is totally different from that of
Tegenaria ; it is very voracious, attains an immense size, and
probably lives many years.

1. Agelena naevia? Bosc.
PI. 12, fig. 1, la, young.

Description. Rufous hairy, cephalothorax with two longi-
tudinal black bands, abdomen blackish, with two longitudinal
rows of whitish dots. Feet very hairy, with joints terminated
by a blackish ring.

Observations. This species, common in the United States,
makes a large horizontal web, spread on bushes or on the grass,
with a tubular retreat which terminates in some crevice in the
ground, a stump, or any convenient hole to hide itself; strong

103

cross tlireads are attached to the bushes above the web. It
varies very greatly m size, and is remarkably voracious.
When very young it makes its web on the ground, on high-
ways; and in the morning, when the earth is covered with
dew, myriads can be seen in April and May.

Hahitat. Common in all parts of the United States.

[?, length 15 mm. ; cepbalothorax, 7 mm.; legs 25.2, 22.7, 22.3, 28.8.
cf " 9.2 mm.; " 4.6 mm.; legs 19.4, 17.5, 17, 20.8.

PI. 20, fig. 20, palpus of J.

Salem, IMass., March 29, young in cocoon after first moult; Apr. 28,
dead females under bark Avith cocoons of young; June 16, young spinning
webs in grass. Rowley, Mass., July 14, c? on web. Peabody, Mass.,
Sept. 4, d" and ? ;- females with cocoons of eggs on leaves of blackberry;
Sept. 8 and 22, in copulation in webs. Providence, E. I., ; Portland, Me. ;
Ann Arbor, Md. ; Indianapolis, Ind.

Ft. Cobb, Indian Territory, ? ; very common throughout the west and
south; probably two or more species are included under this name. Wm.
Holden. j. h. e.]

2. Agelena? plumbea.
PI. 12, fig. 2.

Description. Pale rufous ; abdomen leaden color, with four
impressed dots, the six nipples long ; same color beneath, one
pale spot each side of the base of the abdomen, over the pul-
monary orifices.

Observations. This spider was found in North Carolina
under a stone, in a silken tube. Another specimen was also
found under a stone in Alabama : it was discovered watching; a
cocoon made of thin but strong white silk, containing about
fifty or sixty eggs of a whitish color. As its web was not seen,
it may not belong to this division, and may be ultimately re-
ferred to Herpyllus.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. [466.]

[PI. 18, fig. 45, eyes. Legs arranged 4. 1. 2. 3. Taken in
March. Sujjjjlement.l

104

Genus Cyllopodia. Milii.

Characters. Cheliceres small; maxillm shorty inclined over
the lip ; Up wider than long, triangular ; eyes six, sub-equal,
tivo very small, placed near together in the middle, tivo larger far
apart placed above, and two jAaced each on a tubercle on the side ;
feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, the third shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making a cocoon.

Remarks. This anomalous s})ider ap])ears to be related to
Epeira. I found it in the attitude of one, suspended from a
thread or web which I would have examined carefully, h.ad I
not taken it as a new species of that sub-genus. It has cer-
tainly six eyes only ; its cephalothorax is flattened in the mid-
dle, being deeply excavated behind ; the last joint of its palpi
are terminated with a small nail ; its abdomen is gibbous and
rugose, covering anteriorly a great part of the cephalothorax,
with four mammuhe and a cauda ; the two anterior pair of legs
are directed forward, and the other two in the opposite direc-
tion, so that the sternum has a vacant place in the middle.

The trophi are nearly those of Epeira, but approach The-
ridium. The cheliceres are very small, but capable of recip-
rocal motion.

Cyllopodia cavata.

PI. 12, fig. 3.

Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax deeply excavated at
base for the reception of the abdomen ; abdomen varied with
white dots and lines, five tubercles covered with tufts of scales
on each side above, the second from the base hornlike ; feet,
4. 1. 2. 3. two anterior pair directed forward, the other two
turned backward, leaving a vacant space on the sternum.

Observations. This was found on a twig near an Epeira.

Habitat. Alabama, October.

[PI. 18, fig. 80, eyes. Supplement.~\

[?, length 8.9 mm. ; cephalothorax 3.1 mm. ; legs 3, 2.4, 2, 3.3.
ri. 20, fig. 21, cf, V. Palpus of c? and a hind tarsus of 9 showing cala-
mistrum.

105

This no doubt belongs in tlie genus Uplioleif AValelc, or Mithras Koch.
It really has eight eyes, the front lateral pair being very small and colorless.
Found in pine woods .imong dead branches, Avhicli it much resembles in
color. The web and habits are described by Prof. B. G. Wilder, in Pro-
ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
1873, p. 2C5.

Beverly, Mass., Aug. 28 ; Keadville, Mass., Sept. 11, S and 9 , in webs
on dead trees ; two females making their webs at sunset. Providence,
Pt. I. ; Peak's Island, Me. ; Ithaca, N. Y., B. G. Wilder. J. h. e.]

Sub-genus Prodidomus. Milii.

Characters. Eyes eighty 'placed near together, four in [467]
front, Quaking a straight roiv, two on each side, foj'ming a erirve
ivith the external ones of the first rotv, and leaving a sjyace above;
external ones sub-oval, tivo middle ones roimd and black ; max-
illm triangular, wide at base, pointed at tip ; cheliceres very
large, fangs long and bent; feet 4- !• ^' 3.

Observations. This new sub-genus shows some of the char-
acters of Chibiona and of Theridion. I hope some future
naturaHst will give its history and its location in the natural
arrangement. I know nothing of its habits.

Prodidomus rufus.

PI. 12, fig. 3.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen deeper above, venter pale,
four nipples; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3.

Habitat. Alabama, in dark cellars.

[PL 18, fig. 9, eyes. The three external eyes are oval,
shining white. Taken August 10th, in the recess of a large
box in a dark cellar, hiding itself in holes. Supplement.~\

Genus Epeira. Walck.

Characters. Cheliceres short; maxillae p)arallel, short, toide
at base, truncated at tip ; lip wide, suh-triangular ; eyes eight,
four in the middle p)laced in the form of a square, tivo on each
side pilaced near each other diagonally on a common eminence ;

106

feet^ commonly the first and second lonrjest^ the third being the
shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, forming a web composed of
spiral threads crossed by other threads departing fi'om the cen-
tre, often dwelhng in a tent constructed above the web.
Cocoon of various form.

Remarks. I endeavored to arrange the numerous species of
this sub-genus according to the method of Walckenaer ; but
the characters of Epeira are not very Hable to vary, except by
the form of its body. The middle eyes oifer some variations, it
is true, and the lateral ones are sometimes placed lower than
in others ; but I could not avail myself of these characters to
establish natural subdivisions.

The spiders of this sub-genus are known to every observer
of nature. Their habits, and particularly their webs, are fa-
mihar [468] to every one. Their history enters into the his-
tory of man. If it be not a fiction, it was a spider of this
section which, by making its web at the entrance of the cave
concealing Mahomet, saved the life of the impostor. The
description of Ovid is sufficient to show that the ill-fated
Arachne was transformed into an Epeira by the Goddess Pal-
las, or rather by the observant poet of Sulmo. [Ovid's Meta-
morph., VI, p. 141.]

Tribe I. Ovat^ Inermes. Body without spiiies, generally
large.

1. Epeira riparia.

E. fasclata ? R. A., IV, p. 249.
PI. 12, fig. 5.

Description. Black, cephalothorax covered with silvery
white hairs, abdomen varied Avith bright yellow spots and dots.
Thighs usually bright rufous at base, except the first pair. Of
a large size, seldom small.

Observations. This remarkable species usually dwells on the
margin of waters, where it makes a web of strong threads, in

107

whicli large Libellulse are often caught. The abdomen of the
female is flat in the early part of the season, and it is not till
August, that being distended with eggs it assumes the oviform
shape. Its cocoon is conical, as large as a small plum, like a
pear hanging down. Whenever opened it was found full of
young spiders instead of eggs. Is it viviparous ?

Habitat. The United States.

[PI. 19, fig. 121. Abdomen beneath. SujjpUment.']

[?, length 18 mm.; cephalothorax 6 mm.; legs 25, 24.5, 15.2; 24.5.
d" " 5.5 mm.; " 2.5 mm. ; legs 13, 13, 6.5, 10.

PL 21, fig. 1, d enlarged twice, and palpus of cf.

Probably Argiope aurantia Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. ii, 1833.

Beverlj, Mass., July 14; young in round webs; September, c?. In irreg-
ular webs near the round webs of ? ; December, cocoons of young on
bushes. Racine, Wis. ; Ohio; Texas; May port, Fla.; Panama, Wra.
Holden. j. h. e.]

2. Epeira fasciata? R. A. IV, 249.
PI. 12, fig. 8.

Descripti07i. Covered with silvery white hairs ; abdomen
with about fifteen transverse, nearly interrupted black bands,
and several yellow marks between ; feet rufous with black
bands, anterior thighs black. [469.]

Observations. This spider should be dedicated to the greatest
Entomologist of this age, (Latreille) if it proves not to be the
fasciata. No doubt it is related to U. fasciata of Europe.
(R. A., IV, 249.) It is quite rare in the Southern States, but
common in New England, particularly in Maine. It abounds
in meadows, near the ground, where it makes its web. An
immaculate species was found in North Carolina, which may
be referred to this, as its abdomen was not distended with eggs,
and the bands may become apparent when it is full. It was
surrounded with several males four or five times smaller.

.Habitat. United States.

[The presence of the eggs in the abdomen always creates a
change in colors ; legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. SuppUment.l

108

[?, lent^tli 21 mm. ; ccplialothorax 7 mm. ; legs 31 .5, 30, 18.2, 29.

? " IGmin. ; " 5.(i mm. ; legs 25.4, 24.3, 15, 23.

d " 3.8 mm.; " 1.8 mm. ; legs 8, 7.8, 3.7, 7.

Pi. 21, fig. 2, cf, enlarged twice, and palpu?.

Beverly, Mass., Aug. 13, rj, and young; Sept. 8, ?, in round webs near
water. (Ohio, 9 , Y/m. Ilolden.) j. ii. k.]

3. Epeira vulgaris.
PI. 12, fig. 6.

Descrijjtion. Pale gray, abdomen piceous, with various wind-
ing white marks, a middle one in the form of a cross ; feet with
piceous rings.

Observations. This spider is well known even to those Avho
are not attentive observers of nature. Every one has noticed
its regular geometrical web, which is frequently placed near
the windows of our houses. It is subject to such variations in
color and marking that it is qiiite difficult to distinguish several
other species from varieties of this species. I have once found
seventeen varieties of spiders enclosed in the nest of a Sphex,
called dirt-dauber in the Southern States, and each could be
referred to this species, though they all differed more or less
from each other. This species seems domesticated, being sel-
dom found far from cur gardens. The reason probably is, that
it is more secure there from its enemy, the Sphex.

Habitat. South Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 88, eyes ; fig. 103, trophi. Legs arranged
1, 2, 4, 3. Supplement.']

[?, length 15 mm.; cephalotliorax 6 mm. ; legs 2.4, 21, 12.4, 17.8.

d " 8.4 mm.; " 4.2 mm.; legs 28, 23.2, 12.G, 17.5.

PI. 21, fig. 4, palpus of cf.

Boston, Mass.; Portland, Me.; Providence, R. I.; Albany, N. Y.; Appleton,
>Vis. J. H. E.]

4. Epeira domiciliorum.

PI. 12, fig. 7.

Description. Gray or brownish, covered with coarse white
hairs ; cephalotliorax Avitli a blackish band near the edge ; [470]

109

abdomen with many markin^.s of black and dusky surroundino-
a sj)ot ill the form of a cross ; thighs rufous at base, tijiped ■\vitli
a bkickish ring, other joints with dusky rings ; abdomen under-
neath Avith a large black spot, near the centre of which arc
two white dots. A large species.

ObaervationH. This spider is often found in dark ])laces, and
even in dark apartments not much frequented, where it makes
its web. The female is su])plied with a hook over the vidva
as in E. diadema. See Regne Animale, IV, p. 218. It makes
a cocoon of yellow silk in the shape of a button, lenticular, and
attached to a solid bodv.

Habitat. Alabama. July, September.

[PI. 19, fig. r2o ; lateral and ventral view of the abdomen.
Legs arranged 1. 2. 3. 4. Supplcment.'\

[?, lengtli 10.8 mm.; ccphalotliorax 3.9 mm.; legs 15, 13.9, 8.2, 14.
Salem, Mass., Sept. (5; on fences; Cambridge, Mass., Aug., d\ Provi-
dence, 11. I.; Hartford, Conn. J. ii. E.]

5. Epeira septima.

PI. 12, fig. 9.

Description. Rufous, spotless, hairy above ; abdomen with
two impressed dots above, and with two angular lines yehow-
ish beneath, thus \/, blackish in the centre ', feet varied Avith
yellowish and deep rufous.

Observations. This large species is not rare, and is found
more commonly in the Autumn. When caught it spins, proba-
bly for defence, a large quantity of beautiful white silk which
it draws out by pressing its posterior feet against the abdomen.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[The hair is yellow. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. It makes a
very high web. Taken in September. Supplement.'\

6. Epeira insularis.

PI. 12, fig. 10.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous ; abdomen yellow, with
many waving purplish markings : thighs and proximate joints

110

orange Avitli rufous rings, terminal joints white, with Llack
rings. A large species.

Observations. This is no doubt related to ^. trifoUum^
aureola, and ohesa, but the rufous rings which are found on all
the thighs of this, are wanting in those. Like E. domiciliorum,
the female has a small hook above the vulva. [471.]

Habitat. Found on an island of the Tennessee, Oct. 13th,
after some frost.

[?, length 16.2 mm.; cephalotliorax 6.3 mm.; legs 20.4, 19..3. 13.2, 19.4.
d " 6.7 mm.; " 3.7 mm. ; legs 13, 12.8, 6.7, 10.4.

PI. 21, fig. 3, 3a, 3J, palpus of d.

Beverly, Mass., Aug. 13; in tents on bushes five feet from the ground.
Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 21; ^ in web, 2 d near in an irregular web.
(Ohio, Wm. Holden.) j. H. e.]

7. Epeira obesa.
n. 12, fig. 11.

Description. Testaceous ; abdomen with obscure marks,
nearly orbicular, feet with joints tipped with rufous.

Observations. This species was found after the first frosts,
its abdomen still filled with eggs.

Habitat. Maine.

[PI. 18, fig. 46, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 4. 2. 3. Supple-
ment.']

8. Epeira trifolium.

PI. 13, fig. 1.

Description. Cephalotliorax pale, with three longitudinal
blackish bands ; abdomen purplish, with many spots and two
undulated bands white ; joints of feet tipped with black, pos-
terior thighs with one black ring near the middle.

Observations. This elegant species is one of those which it
is very difficult to distinguisli from others. It was found in
houses and near dwellings.

Habitat. Maine.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.']

Ill

[?, length 14 mm.; ceplialotliorax G.2 mm.; legs 20.3. 18.6, 12.5, 17.5.

This is very near Epelra quadrata of Europe, if not the same species.
The females are often much larger than Ilentz's figure, and vary in color
from dark purplish brown to light yellow.

Eastern Massachusetts, September and October, in tents formed by
spinning several leaves together near their webs. J. n. E.]

9. Epeira aureola.

PI. 13, fig. 2.

Description. Pale testaceous ; ceplialotliorax rufous ; abdo-
men orange color, with white dots of various sizes ; joints of
feet tipped with rufous, posterior thighs with one rufous ring
near the middle.

Observations. This species certainly differs much in mark-
ings from E. trifoliiim, and yet, being found after the first
frost, it may have changed by the cold, and prove a mere
variety of that species. For the present, however, I consider
it as distinct.

Habitat. Maine.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Su23plement.~\

10. Epeira labyrinthea.
PI. 13, fig. 3.

Description. Reddish brown, abdomen varied with paler
[472] spots, and a scolloped white line above, a white longi-
tudinal line edged with black and two white dots near the apex
beneath ; feet rufous, yellowish towards the end ; male the
same, with hairy legs.

Observations. This very distinct and common species is of
middling size, seldom larger than the drawing. Its web is very
compound, for it unites together that of a Theridium, partly
that of an Agelena, and that of an Epeira. The web peculiar
to this sub-genus is in front, then usually a tube like that of
Agelena leads from this to one made of crossed threads like
that of Theridium, at the upper part of which is constructed a
tent covered with dried leaves in the manner of shingles, under

112

which it remains sheltered during the day. The cocoon is in
the shape of a button or flattened cone, sometimes brownish
above and pale gray beneath : as many as five have been found
in a string, one above the otlier. The young when just
hatched resemble the mother. The first time I found this s])i-
der, I also found the first Mimetus, which had invaded the
web of one of these and taken its place, so that for a period I
thought this species a transition to that sub-genus. But this
has all the characters of Epeira.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[Pi. 18, fig. 25, eyes ; fig. 9-3, trophi, Avanting the palpus ;
pi. 19, fig. 124, web and cocoons ; fig. 133, web and tent.
Leos arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Very common in damp woods.
Taken in September, October and December. Suppleynent.']

11. Epeira prompta.

PL 13, fig. 4.

Description. Pale bluish ; abdomen with two indented lines
and several spots black ; base of the thighs rufous, a black ring
between this and the tip, and black rings on the other joints.

Observations. This very distinct species is very active after
sunset, running with great speed, and leaping like an Attus.
It is motionless during the day. A small specimen of this
species was found in Alabama, with its abdomen black under
iieath, having a central whitish spot.

Habitat. Massachusetts. Alabama. [473.]

[PL 18, fig. 47, eyes, a, specimen from Massachusetts. 5,
specimen from Alabama. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Taken
in Massachusetts in June. Sujjplement.'^

12. Epeira strix.

ri. i;i, fig. 5.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen yellow, with a scolloped
blackish band on each side above, and about six black dots, a

113

broad black spot underneath, with a yellow lunule on each side ;
feet, with joints terminated by a black band.

Observations. The male and female were found very fre-
quently near streams, where they make perpendicular webs.
This spider during the day remains strictly concealed near its
web, in a dwellino; which it constructs with leaves drawn to-
gether in the manner of a tube by means of threads.

Sabitat. Pennsylvania ; Alabama.

[?, length 10.8 mm.; ceplialothorax 5 mm.; legs 14, 13, 8.2, 11.6.
cf, " 10 mm.; " 4.8 mm.; legs 15.8, 13.4, 9, 12.

Eastport, Me., Aug.; Portland, Me., Aug.; Noank, Ct., Aug. 20, d and
? ; Boston and vicinity. Males mature about Sept. 1. J. H. E.]

13. Epeira Thaddeus.
PI. 13, fig. 6.

Description. Ceplialothorax rufous ; abdomen green, yel-
lowish towards the base, with a black band on each side of the
abdomen, piceous underneath, with a yellow spot in the centre ;
feet orange, varied with rufous and blackish. A somewhat
large species.

Observations. This species, which is sometimes whitish on
the abdomen, is nevertheless very readily recognized. I have
seen some specimens larger than the delineation. Its dwelling-
place is really beautiful ; it is placed above its web, and made
of the finest white silk, shining with a satin lustre ; its shape is
that of an inverted thimble, and it is usually placed under a
leaf bent together for the pui'pose of affording shelter and
security.

Habitat. Alabama. September, October.

[A specimen was found in October, larger than the drawing,
PI. 13, fig. 6, but the abdomen was nearly white instead of
green. Supplement.']

14. Epeira hebes.

PI. 13, fig. 7.

Description. Brown, abdomen with several forked lines,
and two spots black.

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S K. H. — U. 8"

114

Observations. This aa'ouIcI appear to be an obscure species,
and not easily distinguished from E. vulgaris ; but, being first
[474] described in South CaroHna, then seen in North Caro-
hna several years afterwards, I consider it as a distinct species.
It is perfectly inactive in the daytime, living chiefly on coleop-
terous insects, which it binds up in a few minutes with a strong
web of silk.

Habitat. Southern Atlantic States.

[PI. 18, fig. 81, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.^

15. Epeira maura.

PI. 13, fig. 8.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen oval, black, highly glossy,
with yellow spots,- underneath blackish, spotted with yellow-
ish ; feet varied with black rings. A middle-sized species.

Observations. This very distinct species was usually found
in the vicinity of streams of water.

Habitat. Alabama. April, May, September.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.']

16. Epeira nivea.

PI. 13, fig. 9.

Description. White above and beneath ; abdomen nearly
orbicular, with an oval blackish spot on the disc.

Observations. This spotless species is remarkable for its pale
color, and in that respect approaches E. alba., but it diifers from
it by the form of its abdomen, and by its more slender legs.

Habitat. Alabama. July.

[PI. 18, fig. 48, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.]

17. Epeira? hamata.

PI. 13, fig. 10.

Description. Whitish ; abdomen with a blackish band broad
at base, and terminating in a point before the apex ; feet (in

115

the male) varied with blackish, with a few long hairs, second
pair with the antepenultimate joint crooked, having one bristle
longer than the rest.

Observations. The characters of this somewhat depart from
Epeira. The web has not been observed, and the female is
unknown. Could it be the male of E. nivea?

Habitat. Alabama. August. [475.]

[PI. 18, fig. 49, eyes. Supple7nent.~\

18. Epeira pratensis.
PI. 13, fig. 11.

Description. Yellow; abdomen yellowish rufous, with two
rows of black dots, approaching each other towards the apex.

Observations. This spider, found in a field, was seen only
once.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

[Legs and cephalothorax immaculate, yellow ; legs arrano-ed
1. 2. 4. 3. Taken in July. Supplement.'\

[V, length 7 mm.; cephalothorax 2.6 mm.; legs 8.2, 7.5, 5, 7.2.
Beverly, Mass., July 15, in a web on a bridge ; Chelsea marshes, July, c?
and ?. J. H. E.]

19. Epeira placida.

PI. 13, fig. 12.

Description. Yellowish or pale rufous ; cephalothorax with
an obscure band, and darkish edge ; abdomen varied with
whitish, brownish lines, and an angular piceous band ; feet
hairy. A small species.

Observations. This may be distinguished from E. spiculata
by its marking, but particularly by the lower middle eyes,
which are farther from each other than the upper ones. It
makes a perpendicular web.

Habitat. Alabama. April.

[PI. 18, fig. 30, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
me7it.'\

116

[?, length 3.4 mm.; cephalotborax 1.4 mm.; legs 5, 4.8, 2.8, 4.4.
d, " 2.4 mm.; " 1.2 mm.; " 4.8,4.7,2.3,3.6.

Beverly, Mass., May 10, young; July 1, d and ?.; New Haven, Ct.,
Oct., young; Providence, R. I.; Mt. Tom, Mass. J. h. e.]

20. Epeira spiculata.
PI. 13, fig. 13.

Description. Pale or yellowish ; cephalotborax with a nar-
row blackish band ; abdomen whitish, with a barbed purplish
black band ; feet hairy, with a shade of greenish. A very small
species.

Observations. This species is very common in the woods,
making a perpendicular web.

Habitat. Alabama. September, October.

[PI. 18, fig. 31, eyes ; fig. 94, trophi. Legs arranged
1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.']

21. EpeirSi foliata.
PI. 13, fig. 14.

Description. Pale brown ; abdomen ovate terminating in a
joint, with waved black lines, tAvo external almost meeting at the
apex, two internal meeting before or near the middle. [476.]

Observations. This spider is not nnfrequently found on weeds
and bushes. When at rest it gathers some leaves together as a
tent. It moves with amazing rapidity. It is quite distinct from
U. hebes.

Habitat. Alabama. June, July.

[PI. 18, fig. 50, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.']

22. Epeira sanguinalis.

PI. 13, fig. 15.

Description. Greenish yellow ; abdomen above crimson with
about three central spots, and two opposed bands scalloped
towards the median line, white. A small species.

117

Observations. This singularly marked spider was found in
my cocoonery, suspended from a tlii'ead.

Habitat. Alabama. July.

[PI. 18, fig. 62, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.~\

23. Epeira bombycinaria.

PI. 13, fig. 16.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous ; abdomen grayish above
and beneath, above with two white spots near the base, two lit-
tle dots near the middle, and two opposed scalloped lines black-
ish ; feet rufous, varied with black.

Observations. This spider was found making its web, and
abiding in my cocoonery.

Habitat. Alabama.

[Legs arranged L 2. 4. 3. Taken in August. Supplement.']

24. Epeira displicata.

PI. 13, fig. 17.

Description. Yellowish or whitish : cephalothorax with two
upper middle eyes much larger than the rest ; abdomen with
four impressed dots before the middle, and six black dots near
the apex, each dot surrounded by a pale ring. A small species.

Observations. This spider is very common in the spring in
low bushes and grass.

Habitat. Alabama. May, October. [477.]

[PI. 18, fig. 51, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.']

[?, length 7.6 mm.; cephalothorax 2.8 mm.; legs 7.2, 6.8, 4.8, 7.

cf, " 4.5 mm.; " 2.1mm.; " 6.5,6,4.3,6.2.

PI. 21, fig. 5, palpus of d".

Small specimens often have the abdomen bright crimson, which becomes
brighter after the spider has been a short time in alcohol.

Beverly, Mass., June 4, in web in woods; Saugus, Mass., June 12, cf
and V; Dedham, Mass., Nov. 9, on fence without web; Providence, R. I.
(Marietta, Ohio, cf. W. Holden.) j. h. e.]

118

25. Epeira rubens.
PI. 13, fig. 18.

Description. Red ; ceplialothorax with the region of the
eyes black ; abdomen with four impressed dots placed somewhat
anteriorly ; feet black, except the base of the thighs, which is
red like the palpi and the rest of the body. A small species,
about the size of the drawing.

Observations. This species is not rare, both sexes having
been found on perpendicular webs. It will be readily distin-
guished from L. coccinea, by the form of its abdomen, which is
nearly orbicular, by its legs, which are short, etc.

Habitat. Alabama. June, October.

[A specimen was found corresponding in every respect,
except in having two obscure spots near the end of the abdo-
men. Taken in Alabama, Oct. 13th, on grass, beginning to
throw threads from one blade to another ; another was found in
June, slightly larger than is indicated by the side lines in Fig.
18. Legs arranged 1. ''A. 4. 3. Suppleme7it.~\

Tribe II. Ovata Inclinata. Body sub-cylindrical^ web
horizontal.

26. Epeira hortorum.

PL 13, fig. 19.

Description. Tender green ; abdomen above silvery white
with branching blackish lines, beneath green with yellowish lines
and an orange spot.

Observations. This truly elegant and common inhabitant of
gardens and fields, makes an horizontal web on bushes generally
sheltered from strong winds, which would destroy its slender
fabric. Its web is extremely regular, and is a fair sample of the
skill of the genus Epeira.

Habitat. All the United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 10, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment. ~\

[?, length 6.5 mm.; cephalothorax 2.4 mm.; legs 16.4, 12, 5.8, 10.
St. John's River, Florida, E. Palmer; Newborn, North Carolina, R.
Berry; Florida, E. Palmer, j. ii. e.]

119

27. Epeira gibberosa.

PI. 13, fig. 20.

Description. Pale yellowish green, body covered with round
yellow dots ; cephalothorax elevated in the middle ; abdomen
yellowish above, with three longitudinal and several diagonal
lines purplish black, and three or four transverse orange lines,
underneath greenish with blackish lines and small whitish spots ;
feet hairy, 1. 4. 2. 3. in all specimens. A species of moderate
size. [478.]

Observations. This very distinctly marked species is by no
means common, dwelling in low grassy places, and making
sometimes perpendicular, sometimes horizontal webs. Except
in the respective length of its feet, it is related to E. hoi'torum.

Habitat. Alabama. September, October.

[PI. 18, fig. 11, eyes. Supplement.~\

[?, length 3.6 mm. ; thorax 1.7 mm. ; legs 7, 6.4, 4.8, 7.
cf, " 3 mm.; thorax 1.5 mm.; legs 6.7, 5.3, 3.4, 5.8.
PI. 21, fig. 6, palpus of c?.

Holyoke, Mass, July 4; d" and ? ; Groveland, Mass., July 16, d and ? ;
Beverly, Mass., Aug. 13. j. ii. e.]

Tribe III, Elongate Cylinuric^. Body elongated^ cylin-
drical.

28. Epeira directa.
PI. 13, fig. 21.

Description. Pale testaceous ; abdomen oblong, with three
or four parallel rufous lines on each side of a central one which
alone reaches the base.

Observations. This spider is found generally near water,
where it makes a perpendicular web on low bushes. When
approached, it drops down and remains motionless where it falls.
Its body is very soft. The same was found in Alabama, differ-
ing only in having about four minute blackish dots on the sec-
ond line from the central one on the abdomen.

Habitat. South Carolina, Alabama.

120

[A male was also found April 25, with black clots all over
the legs, except on the thighs, and also with six black dots on
each side of the abdomen ; but evidently the same species ;
legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. It is nocturnal in its habits. Supple-
ment.']

29. Epeira rubella.

PL 13, fig. 22.

Description. Bright rufous ; abdomen oblong, with a white
longitudinal band ; feet slender ; a very small species.

Observations. This little spider was found on a web which I
think was perpendicular. It may prove to be the young of E.
directa, but it is not probable.

Habitat. Alabama. August.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Su'pplement.~\

30. Epeira sutrix.

PI. 13, fig. 23.

Description. Whitish ; covered with short silvery hair, varied
with brownish abbreviated lines, and bands on the feet. [479.]
Observatio7is. This spider, found on the sea shore, has the
talent. of adding to the strength of its Aveb, in places where the
wind ever moves it, by adding to it strong white threads in a
zigzag manner, just as a seamstress darns stockings. This is
usually done between two of the concentric lines, and also in a
circular way in the middle of the web.
Habitat. South Carolina ; Pennsylvania.
[PI. 18, fig. 70, eyes ; fig. 95, trophi. Legs arranged
1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.']

[Continued from Vol. v, p. 479.]
Tribe IV. Mammulos^. Abdomen with various projections.
31. Epeira? pentagona.

PI. 14, fig. 1.

Description. Varied with yellowish and whitish, marked

121

with black spots ; ceplialothorax elongated, external eyes sepa-
rated ; abdomen with four tubercles; feet 1. 2. 4. 3, the first
and second much the longest.

Observations. This may constitute the type of a new [l9]
subgenus, as it makes a horizontal web. For the present it may
be placed in my tribe of the Ovatce incUnatce.

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 18, fig. 20, eyes. The first and second pairs of legs
are much longer than the fourth. Supplement.']

32. Epeira verrucosa.
PI. 14, fig. 2.

Description. Purplish brown or black, varied with yellowish ;
body very soft ; abdomen with a large triangular spot, glossy
yellow or whitish ; six or eight tubercles more or less prominent
at the apex, sometimes with a white dot near their root ; base
with a tubercle on each side ; feet annulated with brownish.

Observations. This species is very distinct, and not rare,
usually preferring shady places, and the vicinity of waters.

Habitat. North Carolina ; Alabama. July ; October.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.]

[Ohio, d and ?, Wm. Holden. j. n. e.]

33. Epeira scutulata.

n. 14, fig. 3.

Description. Pale yellowish ; abdomen in the form of an es-
cutcheon ; varied with orange, and yellow spots ; two rows of
black dots approximating towards the apex and another row at
base. A small species.

Observations. This species makes the common web, and re-
mains above in a web of crossed threads like that of Theridium.

Habitat. Alabama. October.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.]

122

34. Epeira infumata.

PI. 14, fig. 4.

Description. Dusky gray ; abdomen with two lunate spots
and several abbreviated lines ; bi-tuberculated at base ; thiglis
tipped with black.

Observations. This spider is readily distinguished from any
other by its form and color. The lateral eyes are placed nearer
the edge of the cephalothorax than the middle ones, and this
character is possessed by E. stellata (f), prompta, hebes, and
spinea.

Habitat. Noi'th Carolina ; Alabama. [20.]

[PI. 18, fig. 52, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Taken
June 30. Supplement.^

35. Epeira heptagon.

PI. 14, figs. 5, 6.

Description. Blackish ; abdomen with an angular line on
each side near the base, and several small irregular spots white
or yellowish ; seven or nine projections placed round the edge,
the two interior ones largest, producing in their intervals seven
or nine sides ; two angular white spots underneath ; male of a
much lighter color, but with the same general markings.

Observations. This was first found in the clay tube of a
Sphex cyanea, along with Epeira alba and thirty-eight speci-
mens of Theridion Uneatum. It makes a perpendicular web,
and drops from it when threatened with the slightest danger.

Habitat. North Carolina ; Alabama.

[PL 18, fig. 53, eyes ; fig. 72, outline of cephalothorax.
Body black, or sometimes rufous ; the legs are black, with pale
rings ; a male was found in Alabama with rufous hairy legs.
Legs arranged 1. 2., 4. 3. Taken in July. Supplement.']

36. Epeira alba.
PL 14, fig. 7.

Description. Cream white ; abdomen with a tuberculated

123

projection each side, anteriorly, a blackish spot between these,

and two dots on the disc ; legs with pale blackish rings.

Observations. Found in the clay nest of Sphex cyanea. It

must be very rare.

Habitat. North Carolina. »

[PI. 18, fig. 21, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Taken in

July. Supplement.']

37. Epeira cornigera.

PI. 14, fig. 8.

Description. Yellowish ; cephalothorax varied with yellow
and black, with a bifurcated horn on each side, and many
rounded tubercles ; abdomen with two tubercles, one on each
side anteriorly, and about eight impressed dots on the disc ; feet
deep yellow, two anterior pair sometimes annulated with pice-
ous. A small species.

Observations. This very singular little spider obstinately
holds its legs folded up as represented, in the manner of some
coleopterous insects.

Habitat. Alabama. June, July. [21.]

[PI. 18, fig. 44, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.~]

Tribe V. Spinosje. Abdomen elongated with spines; feety
fourth pair longest.

38. Epeira spinea.

PI. 14, fig. 9.

Description. Rufous ; cephalothorax with a yellowish mar-
gin ; abdomen with six spines ; disc yellow, with black im-
pressed dots ; feet 4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. This very singular spider usually makes its
web in low bushes, and. sometimes places it horizontally. It
drops from its web, hanging by a thread, when threatened. Its
nipples are borne on a projection, which is an impediment to

124

walking on an even surface. The respective length of the feet
depart from the character of Epeira.

Habitat. The Atlantic States, but rarely seen in the west.

[9, length 7.1 mm.; cephalothorax 2.6 mm.; legs 7.4, 6.9, 4.3, 8.
cf, " 4.8 mm.; " 2 mm. ; legs 5, 4.2, 2.6, 4.6.

PI. 21, fig. 8, palpus of cf. PI. 21, fig. 8, cf.

West Roxbury, Mass., May 25, young, in webs, near the ground; Hol-
yoke, Mass., July 4, cf, and young V ; New Haven, Conn., July 22, ?, in
web. When disturbed she leaped to the ground and hid in a dead leaf.
Indianapolis, Indiana. (Ohio, ? ; Mayport, Fla., ?. Wm. Holden.) j. h. e.]

39. Epeira rugosa.
PL 14, fig. 10, 10a, 106.

Description. Black ; abdomen with ten spines on its edge
above, and a large tubercle beneath ; disc above with white
spots, or white with many black dots and impressed punctures ;
sides rugose ; feet 4. 1. 2. 3. Male very small, rufous ; abdo-
men whitish, with a few blackish maculae, long and slender
without any spine.

Ohservatio7is. This spider, closely related to E. spinea in
many respects, makes also a web which is usually inclined,
sometimes nearly perpendicular. Like that species, when
thrown to the ground it moves with great difficulty, on ac-
count of the projection of the abdomen downwards. The de-
parture from the characters of Epeira, in the respective length
of the legs, shows how wisely nature makes adaptation for each
species. Were the fourth pair of legs shorter, the difficulty of
motion would be still greater. In this respect particularly, it is
related to Epeira mitrata. A male was found attached to a fe-
male in July, like a pygmy upon a mountain, or rather under a
mountain. He was so small that I thought at first it [22] was a
parasite preying upon her ; one of his palpi was deeply sunk in
her vulva, and it was with great difficulty I could separate them.
Their copulation in this respect is much like that of dogs.

Habitat. The Southern States.

[PI. 19, fig. 122, lateral view of spider after impregnation.

125

Legs arranged in some specimens 4. 1. 2. 3, in others 1.2. 4. 3.
Diurnal in its habits. Taken in July and August. Supple-
ment^

[9, length 9 mm.; cepLalothorax 2.5 mm.; legs 6.2, 6, 3.8, 6.6.
Indianapolis, Indiana. (Ohio, ?. Wm. Holden.) j. H. E.]

40. Epeira mitrata.

PI. 14, fig. 11.

J)escript{o7i. Pale yelloAvish or rufous ; cephalothorax pice-
ous, margin usually paler ; abdomen pale yellow or white, varied
with blackish spots and impressed dots above ; sides rugose, two
spines behind, and_two smaller ones a little lower and nearer to-
gether, black, with yellow spots beneath and at the sides ; feet
rufous or piceous, joints paler at base, length 4. 1. 2. 3, or fre-
quently 1. 4. 2. 3. Seldom large.

Observations. The abdomen of this singular spider viev.ed
above resembles a bishop's mitre. Its cephalothorax is small
and almost concealed by the base of the abdomen. It usually
makes its web in low grounds in foi'ests. Its second and third
pairs of legs are always shorter than the fourth and first, a char-
acter which departs from that of Epeira, and which, with sev-
eral others, it has in common with E. nigosa. It is not very
rare.

Habitat. North Carolina ; Alabama. August, October.

[PI. 18, fig. 22, eyes. Sometimes there are no transverse
bands on the abdomen, and then the black dots, about twenty
in number, are more distinct. /Supplement.^

Tribe VI. Stellate. Abdomen short and wide, surrounded
with short points.

41. Epeira stellata? Bosc.
PI. 14, fig. 12.

Description. Pale brownish, cephalothorax varied with black-
ish ; abdomen rugose, with dull gold colored hair, varied with

126

marks and scalloped bands, and with fifteen conical spines, one
before, one behind, and thirteen on the margin ; thighs varied
with black.

Observations. This singular spider always holds its feet
drawn up towards the body, and seldom moves in the day-time.
[23.] The anterior spine is sometimes much longer and white.
Dr. T. W. Harris, of Massachusetts, sent me one specimen with
only thirteen spines. The cheliceres are very short and stout
in this species.

Habitat. The United States.

[PL 18, fig. 89, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. SupiAement.']

[?, length 12 mm. ; cephalothorax 4.8 mm. ; legs 12.4, 11.2, 6.8, 11.

Waverly, Mass., Sept. 26, adult ? and young in webs; Swampscott,
Mass., Oct. and Nov. ; young 9 on fence posts without webs; Providence,
R. I. (Rushville, O., ? ; Ft. Cobb, Indian Terr., ?. Wm. Holden.) j. ii. e.]

42. Epeira cancer.

PI. 14, fig. 13.

Description. Black ; disc of the abdomen yellowish Avith
black dots, circumference with conical black spines.

Observations. This little spider, described or rather deline-
ated by Audubon in his Ornithology, makes perpendicular webs
and is not rare in the south, but was never seen in the north.

Habitat. South Carolina. Common in South Alabama.

[The abdomen beneath is black, marked with numerous large
dots ; legs arranged 4. 1. 2. 3. Taken in August. Supplement.']

[?, Florida, Key West, E. Palmer. (Mayport, Fla. Wm. Holden.) j. ii. e.]

Tribe VII. Caudate. Abdomen much elongated behind^ in
the females.

43. Epeira caudata.

PI. 14, fig. 14, 14a, \Ah.

Description. Female, pale testaceous ; cephalothorax pice-
ous ; abdomen with a conical projection behind, with many va-

127

riable markings ; joints of the feet tipped with dusky. There
are also two tubercles on the disc of the abdomen which become
obsolete in many, probably when the body is full of eggs.

Male, rufous ; cephalothorax piceous ; abdomen Avith two
white dots and a white band above, which are wanting in some,
and two white dots underneath ; tip of anterior thighs black.

Observations. The variations in the form of this spider, and
the difference between the sexes, has caused me to describe
three species which must be referred to one. It makes a ver-
tical web, on which it attaches its cocoons in a row, sometimes
as many as five in number. These are of a brownish color, ellip-
tical, and covered with the remains of the insects [24] which
have been devoured by the spider. On examining five of these
cocoons attached to the same web, young spiders were found
already hatched in the lowest one ; those above contained eggs
not glued together. Whenever this spider is threatened, it im-
parts to its web a rapid oscillation, which causes the eye to lose
sight of it. This is probably intended to escape destruction
from the birds. The male never was seen with a web of his
own, but was often found wandering.

Habitat. Common throughout the United States.

[PI. 18, fig. 54, eyes ; fig. 96, lip and mandibles. PI. 19,
fig. 116, lateral view of body; fig. 132, web and cocoons.
Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3., or 1. 2. 4. 3. Su]jph7nent.~\

[?, length 5.3 mm.; cephalothorax 1.8 mm.; legs 6.5, 5.5, 3.8, 5.4.
e, " 4.5 mm.; " 2 mm.; " 7,5.5,4,5.4.

PI. 21, fig. 7, palpus of d".

Male much like, the female. The male figured by Hentz must belonf" to
a different species.

Peabody, Mass., Apr. 28, half grown young in imperfect webs; Beverly,
Mass., May 10, young, in webs, no adults; July 16, in webs with string of
rubbish across the centre ; Aug. 21, young in web; Peak's Island, Portland,
Me. ; Providence, R. I. ; Albany, N. Y. (Ohio, ?, Wm. Holden.)

Epeira conica Walck., Apteres.

Cyclosa conica Menge, Pz-eussiche Splnnen. j. H. E.]

128

44. Epeira Caroli.
PI. 14, fig. 15.

Description. Grayish ; cephalothoi'ax black ; abdomen mucli
elongated behind, blackish, with the disc grayish, varied with
darker lines ; feet varied with black, particularly the first and
second pairs.

Observations. It is not probable that this can be referred to
E. caudata, though that species varies much in shape.

Habitat. Alabama. September.

[The body is piceous beneath ; legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. It
is nocturnal in its habits. /Supplement.^

Genus Phillyra. Mihi.

Characters. Oheliceres very sliort ; maxillce shorty parallel^
truncated above ; lips subtriangular ; eyes eight., equal., all borne
on tubercles, in two rows of four eyes each ; the first nearly
straight, placed on the very margin of the cephalothorax, the sec-
ond arcuated towards the first, so that the external eyes are ividely
separated from those of the first ; feet, the first p>air larger and
much longer than the rest, the fourth next, than the second, the
third being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making a horizontal web
formed of spiral threads, crossed by other threads departing
from the centre, and abiding on the web with its legs extended
in a straight line. Cocoon cylindrical, tapering equally at both
ends.

Remarks. This new subgenus is probably closely related to
. Uloborus of Latreille. The position of the eyes, however, is
reversed, and the legs are different. In several particulars it is
related also to Tetragnatha.

The habits of the spider upon which I have established this
new subdivision, are analogous to those of Epeira. Its web,
however, is always horizontal. When threatened, it shakes its
web violently and thus escapes the notice of its enemies. The

129

attachment of the mother to her cocoon is really surprising.
The web may be taken up with the cocoon attached ; and the
mother unwilling to leave it, suffers herself to be carried with it,
without manifesting the least fear. This may be enclosed in a
box, and she will remain by it, apparently contented, if it is not
torn from her care.

1. Phillyra mammeata.

PI. 14, fig. 16.

Desci'ijytion. Brownish ; abdomen with diagonal blackish
lines more or less distinct ; one tubercle on each side anteriorly;
varied with brown and blackish underneath ; anterior pair of legs
very long and stouter than the rest ; the antepenultimate joint
with a tuft of blackish bristles above and below near the apex,
and usually a pale ring at the base; the other legs varied with
whitish and brown.

Observations. This spider makes a horizontal web, usually
in cavities, among large logs, or in hollow trunks of trees. It
shakes its web violently when threatened ; and when at rest,
being always under it in an inverted position, extends its legs in
a parallel line, like Tetragnatha. Its cocoon is made in the
shape of a double cone or cylinder, tapering at both ends. It is
whitish, with veins of brownish black, and has many small,
sharp tubercles. The mother watches it with an incredible
perseverance, and cannot be separated from it by any induce-
ment that can be offered. Fear seems to be wholly merged in
maternal solicitude ; and, as soon as the cocoon is torn from its
place, having remained firmly attached to it, she proceeds to
secure it with new threads.

Habitat. Alabama, in dry places. [^6.]

[PL 19, fig. 126, cocoon. The lateral eyes of the anterior
row are difficult to be seen ; the abdomen ends with a nipple-
like tail, and is surrounded with six nipples ; legs arranged
1. 4. 2. 3. Taken in May, August, September, and October.
Supplement. '\

OCCAS. PAPERS B. S. N. H. — II. 9

130

[?, length 4 mm. ; cephalothorax 1.7 mm.; legs G.2, 3.5, 2.6, 4.3.

Three light stripes on the cephalothorax are distinct on young speci-
mens, like the young male, P. rlparia (Fig. 1); in older ones the lateral
stripes are wanting, and the central one indistinct. The tarsi of the fourth
pair of legs are curved at the base, and furnished with calaniistra.

Waverly, Mass., May 18, under a stone ; Maiden, Mass., H. L. Moody;
New Haven, Conn.; Providence, R. I. J. H. E.]

2. Phillyra riparia.
PI. 14, fig. 17.

Description. Whitish ; cephalothorax with two longitudinal,
brownish, narrow bands ; abdomen with an interrupted longi-
tudinal line and two lateral curved lines, blackish ; one tubercle
above near the middle on each side ; feet varied with blackish,
antepenultimate joint of the anterior pair with two tufts of bris-
tles. Markings of the female pale and indistinct.

Observations. This was found on limestone rocks, on the
banks of Cypress Creek. It certainly differs from P. majn-
meata.

Habitat. North Alabama, in moist ])laces.

[PL 18, fig. 61, eyes ; fig. Ill, fore leg. Legs arranged
1. 4. 2. 3. Taken in March and April. Supplement.'\

Tetragnatha. Latr.

Characters. Cheliceres long, serrated, or ivith prongs ; max-
illce parallel, very long, widening at the top, truncated; lip sub-
triangular, less than half the length of the maxilla' ; 2>^lpi long
and slender ; eyes eight, subequal, in two nearly parallel rows of
four each ; feet long and slender ; first pair longest, then the sec-
. ond, the third being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, forming a web composed of
spiral threads crossed by other threads departing from the cen-
tre, and abiding on the web with their legs extended longitudi-
nally.

131

Remarks. This svibgenus is closely related to Epeira, and
has nearly the same habits. The species composing it are read-
ily recognized by their long legs extended upon their geomet-
rical webs. They differ greatly in the length of their cheliceres,
but ill other respects constitute a natural subdivision.

1. Tetragnatha grallator.

PI. 15, figs. 1, 2.

Description. Female : Testaceous, abdomen livid above,
with a scalloped longitudinal darkish band, darker beneath, with
a black longitudinal line and two yellow longitudinal [2 7 J ones.
Cheliceres witli two rows of teeth, one larger near the apex.
Male: Wholly testaceous or livid. Cheliceres much larger,
arched Avith two rows of teeth and three large prongs ; one
superior bifurcated at the end.

Observations. This spider makes its web on bushes on the
margin of springs and rivers. When on a twig it extends all its
legs in one straight line. Its web is scarcely ever perpendicular,
but inclined, sometimes hoi'izontal.

This may be the T. elongata of Bosc ; but as the name may
apply to my T. laboriosa, there will be less confusion in using
this appellation.

Habitat. Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, Alabama,
etc.

[Taken in April and May, one specimen in a dry place in a
tree far from water. Supplement.^
[Ohio, Wm. Holden. j. n e.]

2. Tetragnatha laboriosa.

PI. 15. fig. 3.

Description. Rufo-testaceous ; abdomen yellowish with black
branching lines above ; a black central longitudinal line, and
two yellow ones beneath ; feet and cheliceres of moderate
length ; male with the same marking ; cheliceres larger but not
as elongated as in T. grallator.

132

Observations. Tliis spidbr is found in meadows making the
web of an Epeini, and is not found on wet ground more than in
dry places. It is very different from T. grallator, particularly
in the position of its eyes, which in the male and female are
placed in two sensibly curved rows ; whereas in that species
these rows are straight, the upper one almost bent the other
way.

Habitat. United States.

[Ohio, d", V. Wm. Holden. j. H. E.]

LiNiPHiA. Latr.

Characters. Cheliceres moderately long ; maxillce sho7't, par-
allel, wider and truncated at the top ; lip very short, subtriangu-
lar; palpi slender; eyes eight, equal, four in the middle, nearly in
the form of a square ; two each side, placed together on a common
elevation; feet slender, the first pair [jiS\ longest, then the second
and the fourth, the third being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, forming a compound web,
composed of a horizontal one, which is surmounted by threads
irregularly crossed ; usually standing in an inverted position
under the horizontal web.

Remarks. This subgenus is very readily recognized by its
singular webs, observable on bushes and weeds, particularly in
the morning Avhen covered with dew. There is less ferocity in
the spiders of this division than in any other of the family. It
is the only subgenus in which the male and female may be seen
harmoniously dwelling together.

1. Linyphia communis.

PI. 15, fig. 4.

Description. Female: Cephalothorax rufous ; abdomen pur-
plish black above, -svith about five spots on each side, nearly
united in the form of two longitudinal bands ; farther down
are about five smaller white marks ; purplish black beneath ;

133

feet greenish brown, short. Male: Rufous all over; more
slender than the female.

Observations. This spider, one of the most common in the
South, is familiar to every observer of nature. Its perfectly
regular webs, when the dew is still on the ground, are seen in
great numbers in the fields and gardens. The owner of each
web is always found in an inverted position under the horizontal
web, which is curved or hollowed downward. The males are
very common in the spring, but disappear in the fall. I have
observed two males on a web, fighting an obstinate battle ; they
strove to grasp each other with their cheliceres, and when ex-
hausted by the conflict, they retired at some distance to rest
themselves, and presently renewed the combat. I know not
how the contest terminated, but I believe it was without blood-
shed. During this, the female, who was the lady of the manor,
remained very quiet and apparently unconcerned. The ferocious
habits of spiders are [29] generally confined to the appropriate
■sex ; for the females are so gentle that I have seen several allow
the males to dwell in the same tent with them, the pair living
decently together as husband and wife should among Christian
people. I saw but once a male alone in a web, and I do not
know whether they ever weave one themselves. It is strange
that I never saw the cocoon of so common a species.

Habitat. United States, thoucrh somewhat rare in the North.

[PI. 18, fig. 104, trophi ; pi. 19, fig. 118, lateral view. Sup-
plemenf]

[?, length 4.2 mm.; cephalothorax 1.6 mm. ; legs 6.2, 5.5, 3.6. 5.5.
cf , " 3 mm.; " 1.4 mm. ; legs 5.8, 4.5, 3, 4.

PI. 21, fig. 9, palpus of ?.

Beverly, Mass., May 10, young in webs; June 23, d" and ? in a large web ;
Aug. 13, ? only; Peabody, Mass., Aug. 29, young in webs; Sept. 22, in
webs in a savin bush. j. H. e.]

2. Linyphia marmorata.
PI. 15, fig. 5.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous, with a whitish edge ;

134

?■

abdomen black, with many bai ds, spots and dots, white with
a tinge of yellow ; beneath with a few slender white lines and
a yellow band each side, interrupted in two places, so as to
make about six yellow spots ; feet dark green, long.

Observations. This is a very large species, and very distinct
from L. communis., making very large webs, with long threads
to secure them.

Habitat. Alabama. July, August.

[PI. 18, fig. 23, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supj)le-
ment.']

[?, length 5.3 mm.; cephalothorax 1.8 mm. ; legs 12.7, 10, 6.7, 9.5.
cf, " 5.7 mm. ; " 2.6 mm. ; legs 16.8, 14.6, 8.3, 12.6.

PI. 21, fig. 10, palpus of ?.

All my adult females resemble pi. 15, fig. 5. All young specimens are
like fig. 6, L. scripta.

Swampscott, Mass., March 19, young with imperfect web; April 21,
young females in webs among boulders; Beverly, Mass., June 4, cf and 9 in
copulation; Peabody, Mass., July 7, cf and ? in copulation; Aug. 13, few
adults, but many young; Sept. 4, young only; Franconia, N. H.; Eastport,"
Me.; Portland, Me.; Providence, R. I.; New Haven, Conn.; Albany, N. Y.
(Ohio, cf, ?. Wm. Holden.) J. h. e.]

3. Linyphia scripta.
PI. 15, fig. 6.

Description. Cephalothorax blackish purple with a white
edge ; abdomen white, with curved spots and obsolete marks,
purplish ; feet pale greenish, long ; a small species.

Observations. This species may be recognized in the fields
by the peculiar form of its web ; the horizontal part of which,
instead of being curved or hollowed downward, as in L. com-
munis., is rounded upwards, so that the spider stands inverted,
as it were, under a bowl. It is quite distinct from that species,
and from L. marmorata.

Habitat. Alabama. May-September. [30.]

[Young of L. marmorata. J. h. e.]

135

4. Linyphia conferta.

PI. 15, fig. 7.

Description. Cephalothorax yellowish, with an abbreviated
blackish line ; abdomen whitish, varied at the sides with green-
ish lines, Avith a longitudinal dusky band trifurcated towards
the base ; feet greenish, 1. 4. 2. 3,

Observations. This spider makes a web with its curve up-
ward, like an inverted bowl, and remains in its concavity in an
inverted position. It was discovered and delineated by my
son, Charles A. Hentz. ,

Habitat. Alabama.

[PI. 19, fig. 115, lateral view. A specimen had the legs of the
right side arranged 1. 4. 2. 3 ; of the left I. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.^

5. Linyphia coccinea.

PI. 15, fig. 8.

Description. Crimson or red ; last three joints of palpi, area
of the eyes, and tip of the tubercle of the abdomen, black ;
abdomen with a terminal tubercle above the anus ; feet yellow-
ish red, 1. 4:X 3.

Observations. This species is not very rare in North Caro-
lina, but has not been seen in Alabama. It may be readily
distinguished from Epeira rubens by the form of its abdomen,
and other characters.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 12, eyes. It makes a thread, like L. communis.
Taken in July. Supplement.']

6. Linyphia? autumnalis.

PI. 15, fig. 9.

Description. Livid yellow ; cephalothorax with a longitu-
dinal band and margin dusky ; abdomen with a double row of
dots, connected with a longitudinal line ; black above ; an
indented band blackish beneath ; feet varied with dusky bands.

136

Observations. This little species, seen only in the North,
may possibly be referred to Theridion. It makes a web with
threads stretched in all directions, in the corners of Avails, dark
places, etc., and remains in the middle in an inverted position,
like LinyjDhia.

Habitat. Maine and Massachusetts. [31.]

[PI. 18, fig. 71, eyes; fig. 97, trophi. Only seen late in the
autumn. Supplement.']

[?, length 4.2 mm. ; cepbalothorax 2 mm.; legs 10.8, 9.2, 7, 9.5.
c?, ", 4.4 mm.; " 2 mm.; legs 11.8, 10.2, 8, 11.

PI. 21, fig. 15, palpus of cT.

Salem, Mass., Jan. 12, cf and 9; May 1; Beverly, Mass., June, E. Bur-
gess; Boston, Mass., Dec. 20, in cellar, behind boxes. J. h. e.]

10. Linyphia? neophita.

PI. 15, fig. 10.

Description. Rufous brown ; abdomen piceous ; small, a

male, feet 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This small species was found running on the
ground, ' and is placed with doubts in this subdivision. Its
abdomen has no projection like Linyphia coccinea, and therefore
it is not probable that this is the male of that species.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 13, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 4. 2. 3. Taken in
December. Supplement.]

7. Linyphia? costata.
PI. 15, fig. 11.

*

Description. Pale yellowish ; cepbalothorax with a slender
blackish line bifurcating towards the eyes ; abdomen with a
serrated band and diagonal lines, brownish ; feet hairy, varied
with blackish; thighs with many blackish rings; feet 1. 2. 4. 3.
One of the largest species; even larger than the drawing.

137

Observations. This spicier may be separated from this sub-
division bj other naturalists, but the characters derived from
its eyes, troplii, and feet, are those of Linyphia. It is only in
the form of its Aveb that it departs from it. It makes a large
horizontal web, somewhat like that of Agelena, but without a
tube ; this is placed under broad leaves, such as those of hick-
ory. The spider remains in an inverted position at one end,
where threads are crossed irregularly, like those of Theridion.
It does not endeavor to escape like Epeira, but is very easily
taken. It probably does not make its cocoon in its web, as
none were ever found. The male makes the same kind of
web, and resembles the female.

Habitat. Alabama, all seasons.

[PI. 18, fig. 24, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supple-
ment.']

[?, length 5.4 mm.; ceplialothorax 2.2 mm.; legs 10.5J 8.5, 6.5, 8.
6, " 5.5 mm.; " 2.5 mm.; legs 11.2, 11, 7.5, 8.5.

PL 21, fig. 11, palpus of d.

Beverly, May 10, adult female; Aug. 28, ? and young; Salem, Oct., c?
and ?, on fences without webs ; Eastport, Me.; Portland, Me.; Providence,
K. I. ; Albany, N.Y. (Ohio, cf, ?. Wm. Holden.) j. h. E.]

MiMETUS. Mihi.

Characters. Clieliceres very long, fang small ; maxillce taper-
ing, inclined over the Up; lip pointed, triayigular ; eyes [32]
eight ; four in the middle, the two lower ones borne on tubercles
and further apart than the two upper ones; two on each side
placed diagonally near each other, on a middle line ; feet long,
the first and second pairs much longer than the other two ; first
pair bent in the female.

Habits. Araneides wandering, except during the time of
the rearing of the young ; destructive of other Araneides, and
invading their webs. Cocoon oblong, pointed at both ends.

Remarks. The parasitic habits of the spiders composing this
subgenus, remind the naturalist of the depredations committed

138

by various Hymenoptera upon many species of insects. The
Mnnetus can make a web like that of Theridion, but prefers
prowHng in the dark, and taking possession of the industrious
Epeira's threads and home, or the patient Theridion's web,
after murdering the unsuspecting proprietor.

It combines some of the characters of these two subgenera,
but is more closely related to the latter. The extreme length
of its cheliceres is quite anomalous.

1. Mimetus interfector.
PI. 15, figs. 12, 13.

Description. Pale yellowish ; cephalothorax with a black
band branching towards the eyes ; abdomen with several white
spots near the base, varying in shape and size ; three central
ones at base, often wanting ; a serrated black line on each side,
almost uniting with its fellow at the apex, and several small
transverse ones ; beneath pale, with little black marks, as
above ; feet very long, with long bristles, varied with rufous
and black ; first and second pairs with the penultimate joint
curved. The male differs slightly from the female ; his legs
being longer, and the penultimate joint of the first and second
pairs nearly straight.

Observations. This singular depredator is not rare, and is
usually found in houses. This has enabled me to make many
curious observations on its manners. The first specimen I
found was a female, which had made two cocoons [33] under
a table in my study, near and among the webs of several of
the Theridion vulgare. The cocoon differs in shape from that
which is made by the last-named spider. It is oblong, and
tapers equally at both ends, which are secured by many threads
connected with a web like that of Theridion. Like one of this
subgenus, the mother was watching the young, which were
issuing from the lower cocoon. The second specimen observed
was found devouring the eggs of a Theridion vulgare^ most
probably after having eaten the mother. The next day it had

139

disappeared. A third one Avas found dead in the web of a
Tlieridion vidgare, which no doubt had killed it. A fourth one
was found eating that very same Theridion. This shows that
these two species are mortal enemies. I never knew a spider
of this species to remain more than two days in the same place.
Its habits seem to be nocturnal ; for generally, when discovered
in the day-time, it is found in some dark corner, or crevice,
with its legs folded in the manner of several species of Epeira.

I sometimes enclosed specimens of this spider-eater with
other species of Araneides, in a glass jar, in order to watch its
motions. The moment another spider was thrown in, it showed
by its attitude that it was conscious of the presence of an
enemy. It first moved its first and second pairs of legs up and
down ; then slowly approached its victim, and generally killed
it. A Theridion vulgare, thrown in, manifested great terror ;
but after some seeming reflections on fortitude and necessity,
it prepared for the mortal combat, and cautiously advanced
towards the Mimetus, which moved more slowly. The Therid-
ion, when near, threw out a long thread, on which were sev-
eral globules of a transparent fluid. This partially succeeded,
for the Mimetus was caught by one leg ; and while the
Theridion retreated for observation, it was confined, and
dragged a.bout for a long time, before it succeeded in freeing
itself. The battle presently was renewed, and this time the
Theridion was conquered, and eaten.

Habitat. Alabama. [34.]

[PI. 18, fig. 33, eyes ; pi. 19, fig. 127, cocoon. Legs arranged
1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.']

2. Mimetus tuberosus.

PI. 15, fig, 14.

Description. Pale or livid green ; cephalothorax with a black
mark branching out towards the eyes ; abdomen subconical,
with a tubercle near each of the anterior angles on the side,
disk brownish, obscure, with pale spots and a serrated black

140

line ; feet hairy, with many black rings ; first and second pairs
long, with the penultimate joint bent in the female, nearly
straight and shorter in the male.

Observations. This is sufficiently distinct from M. interfector,
in the form of its abdomen, and comparative brevity of its feet,
particularly in the male. A female was found changing her
skin on the ground. Many have been seen, but none were
observed to make any web.

Habitat. Alabama. August-October.

[Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Supplement.^

3. Mimetus syllepsicus.
PI. 15, fig. 15.

Description. Pale green ; cephalothorax varied with black ;
abdomen with a waved line and disk black ; feet and palpi very
hairy ; thighs of first and second pair of legs with a black ring
near the tip.

Observations. This spider was found safely hidden in the
tent of an Epeira labyrinthea., which it had no doubt first killed.
The webs and the cocoon of its victim were uninjvired, and it
seemed perfectly at home in its new domicil. How long it
would have continued to dwell there, and to avail itself of the
industry of its predecessor, I cannot tell, as I took it to describe
as a new species of Epeira.

Habitat. North Carolina.

[PI. 18, fig. 34, eyes. Legs arranged 1. 2. 4. 3. Taken in
October. Supplement.~\

Subgenus Thalamia. Mlhi.

Characters. Eyes eight., subeq^ial, in two rotvs on each side of
the front part of the cephalothorax., each row curved imvard
above., and outward below ; maxillce wider at [35] base., inclined
over the lip ; cheliceres very small ; feet 2. 3. If. 1.

Observations. Araneides small, forming a tubiilar dwelling

141

of silk in the crevices of walls, protected from the sun and rain.
This very distinct subgenus has some affinity to Theridion.

Thalamia parietalis.

PI. 15, fig. 16.

Description. Obscure ; cephalothorax pale, with a bifur-
cated blackish line ; abdomen with several dusky small spots ;
feet slender, 2. 3. 4. 1.

Observations. This very active little spider dwells in crev-
ices of walls, in narrow tubes with an orifice, which serve as
nets to arrest its prey. It was discovered and delineated by
Charles A. Hentz.

Habitat. South Alabama."

Scytodes cameratus.

PI. 15, fig. 17.

Descrijjtion. Pale testaceous ; cephalothorax large, with
various curved dusky lines ; abdomen varied with dusky dots
and lines; feet with dusky rings; 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider, which dwells in almost total
darkness, in closets among rubbish, does not make any visible
web, though it obviously belongs to the genus Scytodes of
Latreille. It is most commonly found in the folds of old rags
or refuse papers, and shows but little activity in its movements,
evidently avoiding the light.

Habitat. North Alabama.

[The nails of the cheliceres are very minute ; lip wide,
lanceolate ; maxillas as in Filistota : last joint of palpi more
slender than the rest. Taken from April to November. SujJ-
plement.~\

[V, length 5.6 mm. ; cephalothorax 3 mm.; legs 10, 8.2, 6.9, 9.5.
Salem, Mass., June 16, Museum cellar; Aug. 4, in upper room; Boston,
Mass., in library, near book cases ; Troy, N. Y. j. h. e.
Scytodes thoracica Walckenaer, Apteres.]

142

[Continued from Vol. vi, p. 35.]
Genus Thetudion Walckenaer. »

Characters. Cheliceres small, cylindrical ; maxillce tvidest at
base, pointed towards the tip, inclined over the lip ; lip small,
very short, widest at base, suhtriangular ; eyes eight, equal, four
in the middle, nearly forming a parallelogram, two on each side,
placed diagoniUy ; feet shnder, the first pair longest, the fourth
and the seconi nearly equal, the third being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, forming a web made of tlu'eads
crossed in all directions. Cocoon of various shapes.

Remarks. The subgenus Theridion contains many species,
a majority of which are very small, and whose webs, made on
the tops of weeds, in bushes, or in retired corners, are familiar
to every one.

I could not adopt any one of the families or tribes of Walck-
enaer, and it is indeed a difficult matter to subdivide this sub-
genus. Wiiether I have succeeded better will be decided by
naturalists.

Tribe I. Geminat.e. External eyes approximated. Spi-
ders usually small.

1. Theridion vulgare.

PI. 16, fig. 1.

Description. Female. Varying from a cream white to a
livid brown, or plumbeous color ; cephalothorax dull rufous,
abdomen with various undulated lines ; feet with more or less
distinct, dark or plumbeous rings, 1. 4. 2. 3. [272.]

Male. Slender, same colors and markings except on the
legs, which are usually rufous, longer, and have their respective
length thus, 1. 2. 4. 3.

Observations. This constant and common inhabitant of any
dwelling where the broom is not much in use, is very readily
recoo-nized, notwithstanding the variations of its colors. There

143

is, probably, no spicier so abundant in the United States, or so
well known to the observer of nature. It makes an irregular
web in somewhat retired corners, and usually in dark situations,
but occasionally also in the open air. The thread of this web
is not very strong, bvit, by its skill and its activity, the spider
makes up for the deficiency. The moment it feels by the
vibrations that an insect is caught, it proceeds to the spot with
caution, if the prisoner is a large one, and with its posterior
legs it throws additional threads, with which it binds the victim
with surprising rapidity. As soon as the insect is securely
bound, it grasps the end of one of its legs with the fangs of its
cheliceres, with which it inflicts a wound which stupefies it in a
few seconds. If the prey be not too heavy, it lifts it up to the
upper part of its web, where it abides ; but when the insect is
a very large one, it continually throws more threads around it,
and from time to time ascends to the top with additional liga-
tures, which it firmly fixes to the main threads, and which it
pulls as tight as possible. These, by their elasticity, gradually
tend to lift up the insect, which by its struggles catches and
entangles the threads around its limbs, and in course of time it
is hoisted to the top, though the process sometimes continues
two and even three days. I have seen an Ateuchus (^Copro-
hius) volvens thus lifted up by a little Theridion vulgare. In
this case the captured victim probably weighed eighty or a
hundred times as much as its destroyer. I have also seen large
silk-worms hung up by spiders of this species. In that case
the weight raised was still greater. Its cocoon is placed also at
the top of the web. It is of a brownish color, and made of
somewhat loose threads. The eggs are not glued [273] to-
gether, and hatch early. Many cocoons are fi*equently seen on
the same web, though usually there is but one at a lime with
eggs, the others being previously vacated. This proves the
immense propagation of this common tenant of our houses.

This spider differs from some other species in its never con-
cealing its home in holes or crevices.

Habitat. All the United States.

144

[V, length 6.6 mm.; ccpLalothorax 2.5 mm.; legs 16.8, 11, 8, 12.8.
cf, " 4 mm.; " 1.8 mm.; legs 13, 9, 6, 8.

PI. 21, fig. 12, palpus of d.

The commonest house spider in New England, near T. tepidariorum and
T. ahyphium.

Salem, Mass.; Providence, R. L; New Haven, Conn.; Indianapolis, Ind.;
Derry, N. H., ? ; Ohio, c?, ? ; Ann Arbor, Mich.; Racine, Wise. J. n. e.]

2. Theridion serpentinum.

PL 16, fig. 2.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen yellowish glossy, with two
winding lines, connected with the sides, black ; varied with
black vinderneath ; feet 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider was brought to me from Georgia
by Mr. Thomas R. Dutton. A specimen very much resembling
this was found in Alabama, but the trophi were those of The-
ridion studiosum, which is not as large a species as this.

Habitat. Georgia.

[Lancaster, O., c? and ?. Wm. Ilolden. j. ii. e.]

3. Theridion marmoratum.

PI. 16, fig. 3.

Description. Rufous ; abdomen with two impressed dots,
whitish, varied with black spots and veins, base whitish, piceous
underneath, with a few obsolete pale dots ; feet 1.4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider, though closely related to T.
horeale and T. serpentinum, departs from the characters of this
subgenus by its tropin, which are those of Epeira, by a strange
anomaly. It is not uncommon under stones. The mouth was
examined several times, and always presented tlic character of
Epeira. It was always found under stones.

Habitat. Alabama. March, June. [274.]

[It has a whitish band on the anterior part of the abdomen
over the back part of the cephalothorax. Supplement.']

145

[?, length 5.2 mm.; cephalotliorux 2.6 mm.; legs 8.6, 7.1, 6, 8.4.
d, " 5.8 mm.; " 2.7 mm.; legs 9, 7.3, 5.7, 8.2,

PI. 21, fig. 16, palpus of d".

Salem, Mass., June 16, under a stone wifh web; Aug. 26, young; West
Roxbury, Mass., June 21, d*, F. G. Sanborn; Providence, R, I.; New
Haven, Conn. ; Indianapolis, Ind. J. H. E.]

4. Theridion boreale.

PI. 16, fig. 4.

Description. Piceous ; abdomen with a whitish band ante-
riorly, connected with a longitudinal paler one, and with four
impressed dots, two more visible than the others. Palpi of
the male enormous, as in the plate ; feet 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider makes its web in darker places
than Th. vulgare, near a crack or crevice, in which it commonly
remains concealed. It also makes its web in the crevices of
decaying trees. It is not rare.

Habitat. The United States.

[The pale lines on the abdomen make an anchor-shaped
marking. Taken in Boston, Mass., and Alabama. Supple-
ment.~\

[?, length 6.5 mm.; cephalothorax 2.5 mm. ; legs 9.5, 7,3, 5.7, 8.4,
d, '' 6 mm.; " 2,6 mm.; legs 10, 7.7, 6.2, 8.2,

PI. 21, fig. 13, palpus of c?,

Salem, Mass., d and ? under leaves, and in houses in winter; Provi-
dence, R. I., May 21, cf and ? in copulation on a fence; May 24, large ?
under a stone, with an irregular web ; Eastport, Me.; Portland, Me. (Mer-
edith Village, N. H., ? ; Ann Arbor, Mich., cf, ? ; Racine, Wise, e, ? ;
Ohio, cf, ?. Wm, Holden.) j. h, k,]

5. Theridion studiosum.

PI. 16, fig. 5.

Description. Greenish brown ; abdomen above with two
scalloped yellowish lines, beneath with some yellow spots ; feet
wdth o;reenish rings ; feet 1. 4. 2. 3.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS B. S. X. H. — II. 10

146

Observations. This spider makes its web on bushes, Hke
Linyphia, frequently on a bush of dead leaves ; it is liorizontal
and closely woven, like that of Agelena, and is sui-mounted by
threads crossed in every direction, but there are none under-
neath. This species has great affinity to Linyphia. It does
not remain in an inverted position under the horizontal web,
but abides in the middle like other species of Theridion, and,
in the same manner as some species of Epeira, it brings to-
gether a few leaves as a shelter. When its web is destroyed
it does not abandon its cocoon, which is orbicular and whitish,
;and is placed in the central part of the web. The mother then
grasps it with her cheliceres, and defends her progeny while
life endures. She also takes care of her young, making a tent
like that of social caterpillars for their shelter, and remaining
near them till they can protect themselves. This spider is very
sedentary, and little inclined to move ; always of small stature.

Habitat. South Carolina ; Alabama. [275.]

6. Theridion anglicanum.

PI. 16, fig. 6.

Description, Body, basal joints of palpi, and base of the
thighs, red rufous ; abdomen without projection or spot ; legs
1. 2. 4. 3.

Observations. An individual, supposed to be the male of
this, was found in September, with the legs 4. 2. 1. 8, and the
abdomen black ; palpi very large and complicated.

Habitat. Alabama, in June.

7. Theridion frondeum.

PL 16, fig. 7.

Description. Bluish white or pale ; cephalothorax with a
longitudinal black line ; abdomen with six small spots, black,
united with a central brownish line ; pale yellowish beneath ;
feet with a few black rings, first pair very long, 1. 4. 2. 3.

147

Observations. Tliis distinct species occurred only once, and
was found on a weed.

Habitat. Alabama. July.

[New Lexington, Ohio, ?. Wm. Holden. j. h. e.]

8. Theridion crueiatum.

PL 16, fig. 8.

Description. Pale ; abdomen obscure piceous, with a scal-
loped band, whitish ; feet with blackish rings, except the third
pair. A very small species.

Observations. This spider was found in its web, made like
that of other species of the subgenus Theridion.

Habitat. Alabama. September-October.

[Legs arranged 1. 4. 2. 3, or 1. 2. 4. 3. /Supplement. J^

9. Theridion oscitabundum,

PI. 16, fig. 9.

Description. Abdomen yellowish testaceous, with a subobso-
lete, rufous, abbreviated line ; cephalothorax rufous, region of
the eyes black; feet 1. 2. 4. 3.

Habitat. Found in the hollow of a dry leaf ; Alabama. [276.]
[It is of the same color beneath as above. Taken Mai'ch 15.
Supplement. ~\

10. Theridion sublatum.

PI. 16, fig. 10.

Description. Pale ; cephalothorax piceous, pale on the
disk ; abdomen with piceous markings, sometimes wholly
brown above ; pale underneath, with a dusky band ; feet
always pale, 1. 2. 4. 3. A minute species.

Observations. This little spider makes its web in the tops of
weeds, in the same manner as Th. morologum. It is a com-
mon species.

Habitat. Alabama. May.

[PI. 18, fig. 113, under surface of abdoinen. Supplement.~\

148

11. Theridion funebre.

PI. 16, fig. 11.

Description. Black ; palpi yellow ; abdomen with two bent
bands at base, and a spot V at the apex yellow ; feet yellow,
thio-hs tipped with black, the other joints with rings, and tipped
with black, 4. 1. 2. 3. A small species.

Observations. This species is very distinct from any other.
It was found wandering.

Hahitat. Alabama. October.

13, Theridion leoninum.

PI. 16, fig. 12.

Description. Yellow ; cephalothorax varied with black spots
and lines ; abdomen with two small tubercles anteriorly, black-
ish towards the base, with two spots and an inverted _L band,
blackish ; feet hairy, particularly the two anterior pair, varied
with black rings, 1. 2. 4. 3. A small species.

Observations. This singular little spider makes its web, like
other species of Theridion, in dark corners and recesses. The
markings on the abdomen make a tolerable resemblance to the
face of a lion.

Habitat. Alabama. March. [277.]

13. Theridion morologum.

PI. 16, fig. 13.

Description. Brownish rufous ; cephalothorax with some
longitudinal hairs ; abdomen with two oblique lines near the
base, one near the centre, and one near the apex, all abbrevi-
ated ; feet 1. 2. 4. 3.

Observations. This may prove to be the male of Th. folia-
ceum, but it does not seem probable to me. It was repeatedly
found near the ground, making its web on blades of grass.
Only males were found, which renders it probable that the
female differs in markings.

Habitat. Alabama. October 13th. After frost.

[PL 19, fig. 128, Aveb. Supplement.']

149

14. Theridion foliaceum.

PI. 16, fig. 14.

Description. Pale brownish ; cephalothorax rufous ; abdo-
men with about four obhque curved bands on each side ; feet
pale yellowish, 1. 2. 4. 3. A small species.

Observations. This species is usually found making a slen-
der web in the hollow of leaves.

Habitat. Alabama. October.

15. Theridion roscidum.

PI. 16, figs. 15, 16.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous ; abdomen testaceous,
with shades of light blue and purple, with four impressed dots
and some smaller impressions ; testaceous, unspotted under-
neath ; feet pale rufous, 1. 2. 4. 3. Male rufous, with large
cheliceres ; abdomen piceous, with several rufous spots on a
central line. A very small species.

Observations. This species makes its web visually in the
hollow of large leaves, where the male and female are often
found together. The male is usually of a deeper color, and
the female is sometimes deeper than represented in the plate.
[278.] Its cocoon is somewhat oval, not very regular in
shape, of a snow-white color.

Habitat. Alabama. April.

[PI. 19, fig. 129, web with cocoons. Supplement.']

[Charlestown, Mass., J and ?. Wni. Holden. j. H. E.]

16. Theridion cancellatum.

PI. 16, fig. 17. ._^—

Description. Abdomen ferruginous, with four transverse
white bars ; thorax fuscous ; legs ferruginous, articulated with
dusky ; legs 1. 2. 4. 3.

Observations. Found in a cavity in limestone rock, male

150

and female in the same web, made on the roof of the cavity,
the spiders being in an inverted position.
Habitat. Alabama. April.

17. Theridion intentum.

PI. 16, fig. 19.

Description. Abdomen yellowish, venter reddish brown,
with three transverse orange bands posteriorly, sides black,
and also the median line of the back ; thorax and legs black ;
legs 1. 2. 4. 3.

Observations. A male and a female were found in the usual
web on a bush in a sink-hole on the La Grange Mountain.
The male resembled the female in markings.

Habitat. Alabama. August and September.

18. Theridion blandum.
PI. 16, fig. 20.

Description. Cephalothorax rufous, deeper in a line from
the eyes towards the base ; abdomen purplish, with an oblong
scalloped yellowish spot; feet pale yellowish green, 1. 2. 4. 3,
first pair very much longer. A small species.

Observation. This spider makes its web in dark corners.
Its cocoon is rounded and white. It is closely related to T.
lyra.

Habitat. Alabama. September. [279.]

19. Theridion lyra.

PI. 16, fig. 21.

Description. Pale ; cephalothorax with a slender black line
branching out towards the eyes ; abdomen with two basal
curved, black lines, and a central branching dusky line, more
or less distinct ; pale, spotless beneath ; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3, first
pair much the longest. A small species.

151

Observations. This makes a web like Th. hlandum..
Habitat. Alabama. September.

20. Theridion sphserula.

PI. 16, fig. 22.

Description. Yellow ; cephalothorax with a black band, or
wholly black ; abdomen subtriangular, orange, with a yellow
spot on the disk ; one spot at each external angle, and region
of the nipples black ; sometimes it is black or deep rnfous
above and beneath, except the yellow spot on the disk, and two
little yellow dots near the base ; feet pale yellow, 1. 2. 4. 3. A
very small species.

Observations. This very variable species is nevertheless
readily recognized by the shape of its abdomen. It is common,
and makes an orbicular white cocoon placed in its web.

Habitat. Alabama. May-September.

[? 2.8 mm. long ; c? 2 mm. long.
PI. 21, figs. 17, 17a, palpus of <J.

Holyoke, Mass., July 4, J' and ? ; Peabody, Mass., June, c? and 2 ;
Washington, D. C. E. P. Austin, j. H. E.]

21. Theridion globosum.

PI. 16, fig. 23.

Description. Black ; abdomen truncated behind, truncated
area whitish, with an obscure spot, and obsolete marks ; feet
1. 4. 2. 3. A very small species.

Observatioyis. This very distinct little Theridion was found
in its web on the stump of a tree. Its cocoons, quite numerous,
were of a pale cream color, tapering at both ends equally.
Young spiders were issuing from one of them. Specimens,
evidently of the same species, were found in June, [280j
which were yellowish where this is black ; otherwise agreeing
with this in form and marking.

Habitat. Alabama. August.

[PI. 19, fig. 125, cocoons. The spider was found under bark
or stones. Supplement.!^

152
Tribe II. Partitje. External eyes apart.

22. Theridion trigonum.

PI. 16, figs. 24, 25.

Description. Pale brown or yellowish ; lower middle eyes
borne on tubercles ; abdomen triangular, with changeable
rufous lines, chiefly on the sides ; male rufous, abdomen trian-
gular, narrower behind ; feet 1. 4. 2. 3, or 1. 2. 4. 3. A small
species.

Observations. This species, though varying much in color
and marking, is at once recognized by the form of its abdomen,
which, when viewed sideways, appears three-sided. It makes
the usual web of Theridion, but sometimes it has an additional
web, like that of Linyphia. It is found very common Jn
autumn, constantly in an inverted position in the middle of its
web. Its cocoon js of a very singular shape, being orbicular
and sometimes ovoid, with a neck turned downward, like an
inverted gourd, and suspended by a thread attached to the Aveb.
One of those cocoons being opened was found to contain the
pupa of an hymenopterous insect, a parasite.

Habitat. Alabama. July-September.

[PI. 19, fig. 117, lateral view ; fig. 131, cocoons. Abdo-
men beneath variegated with rufous. Supplement.~\

[?, length 4.2 mm. ; cephalotliorax 1.1 mm. ; legs 7.2, 5, 3, 5.
d", " 2..') mm.; " 1.1 mm. ; legs 8.2, 5.6, 3, 5,

PI. 21, fig. 14, palpus of d".

The end of the abdomen is not pointed like fig. 25, pi. 16, but notched,
and in some specimens the two points are turned outward. Specimens in
alcohol sometimes contrast like pi. 19, fig. 117. Tne end of the abdomen
can be curved downward toward the spinnerets, and this is sometimes done
when the web is disturbed.

Beverly, Mass., May 10, on a birch twig, with an irregular web ; June 18,
in the upper part of a web of Linyphia scripta; July 16, d" and ?, among
the upper threads of a web of Agelena navla ; Ilolyoke, Mass., July 4, 9, in
a tent made of one birch leaf liung in an irregular web; Peaks Island, Port-
land, Me., Aug. 11, cocoons of eggs on spruce trees, j. h. k.]

153

23. Theridion verecundum.

PI. 17, figs. 1, 2.

Description. Deep black, glossy ; abdomen with blood-red
spots underneath, which sometimes extend above in a chain,
and with some waving white lines anteriorly, which are some-
times wanting; feet 1. 4. 2. 3. Male slender, abdomen with
orange and white spots.

Observations. This spider, by its jet black color, is readily
[28 1] distinguished. It is very common under stones, logs,
or clods of earth, where it makes a web, the threads of which
are so powerful as to arrest the largest hymenopterous insects,
such as humble-bees. Its bite, if I can rely on the vague
description of physicians unacquainted with entomology, is
somewhat dangerous, producing alarming nervous disorders,
which, however, are readily dispelled by brandy and other
stimulants. There is no doubt that all spiders have a poison
conveyed in the fang of their cheliceres, but in this case these
organs are very small in proportion to the size of the spider, and,
it would seem, are barely long enough to penetrate through the
epidermis of a man's hand or foot.^ The male, whose palpi
have the black coil or penis external and very easily observed,
is distinguished from the male of Theridion lineatum by that
character, by its longer and slender legs, and by the white
spots on the sides of the abdomen, which are not elongated in
the form of lines. It has always been found on the top of
weeds in a small web, and never under stones near the female.
The cocoon is yellowish cinereous, of an ovoid form, and sus-
pended by its pointed extremity.

Habitat. North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, etc.

[It always remains in the centre of its web, feet uppermost.
Supjjlement.'^

[Ohio, ? : Hog Island, Eastern coast of Virginia. Wm. Holden. J. h. e.]

* See R^gne Animal, iv, 243, A. mactans.

154

24. Theridion lineatum.
PI. 17, fig. 3.

Description. Cephalothorax blackish ; abdomen deep pur-
plish, or reddish black, with several diagonal white lines, and a
succession of red spots edged with yellow, and sometimes united
in the form of a band; a red spot underneath also; feet black-
ish, usually varied with yellow, 1. 4. 2. 3. Male with the
same markings.

Observations. This very common species is usually found
under stones, logs, or clods, always near the ground. It serves
as a prey to those singular hymenopterous insects, usually
called in the South dirt daubers, which enclose in [282] their
clay nests from twenty to forty small spiders, to serve as food
for their progeny. I once counted thirty-eight specimens of
this species extracted from one cell, made by a Trypoxylon, and
I have found them repeatedly in the nests of Sphex cyanea.
There may be some difficulty in distinguishing the male of this
species from the male of Theridion verecundum ; the differences
are pointed out in the description of that species. The male of
this has never been observed with a compound palpus ; the last
joint was merely greatly enlarged, as in the plate ; but in some
specimens the enlargement was less remarkable. Can it be
that none of the very many specimens observed by me were
yet adult, and that the compound parts of the male organ
appear only at a certain period ? It is possible that the plate
representing the male of this must be referred to TJi. vere-
cundum.

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama.

[A specimen was found in March, with black legs and no
white bands on the abdomen ; others were found in July. Sup-
plement.~\

[Marietta, O., ?. Wm. Holden. j. n. e.]

155
Tribe III. VENTRicosiE. Abdomen caudate, suhtriangular.

25. Theridion? fictilium.

PL 17, fig. 4.

Description. Pale silvery on the abdomen above, yellowish
underneath, with an abbreviated blackish band from the nipple-
like projection, tapering towards the apex. Legs long and
excessively slender, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider makes a web like Theridion, and
remains motionless in an inverted position. The projection of
the abdomen is capable of bending over nearly double. The
markings of the male and female are alike. It is closely related
to T. intentum.

Habitat. Alabama. July-September.

[?, length 3.7 mm.; cephalothorax .8 mm. ; legs 6, 3.4, 1.9, 4.
Peabody, Mass., Sept. 28, near Bartholomew's pond. j. h. e.]

26. Theridion? puUulum.

PI. 1 7, fig. 5.

Description. Animal yellow, with a longitudinal, forked,
median brown line on the thorax ; sides and the central line
[283] of the back dark brown, and on each side of the latter
four ocellated brown dots ; legs lono; and slender, 1. 4. 2. 3.

Observations. This little spider makes a thin looking web,
somewhat like Theridion, and dwells in dark places, in folds of
paper, old rags, etc.

Habitat. Alabama.

[The spots on the abdomen are composed of little white
dots surrounded by the brown marks. Supplement.'\

27. Theridion? pertenue.

PI. 17, fig. 6.

Description. Very small ; cephalothorax, abdomen and palpi
black; feet rufous, 4. 1. 2. 4.

156

Observations. Found usually under stones.
Habitat. Alabama.

Genus Spintharus Mihi.

Characters. Cheliceres very slender ; maxillce slightly inclined
towards the lip, ividest at base, ohliciuely truncated above; lip
short, ivider at base, slightly emarginaie ; eyes eight, equal, dis-
posed in the form of an ellipse open towards the base, ttvo external
eyes touching ; feet long, slender, fourth pair longer than the first,
the third being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, probably making an irregular
web, composed of threads crossed in all directions, suspending
themselves from a single thread, and thus capturing insects.
Cocoon unknown.

Remarks. The species which serves as the type of this new
subgenus could not be referred to Theridion. This wdl be
obvious, when it is observed that its characters all depart from
those of that natural subdivision, particularly its maxilla, which
approaches the form of that organ in Epeira ; by the position of
its eyes, and the respective length of its feet, this spider would
seem to approach wandering Araneides. It may ultimately be
located among these. [284.]

Spintharus flavidus.

PI. 17, fig. 8.

Description. Yellowish ; abdomen orange yellow, edge
white, disk with a yellow margin, and spots surrounded and
crossed in two places by a scarlet line, orange yellow, spotless
beneath ; feet, first and fourth pair with the antepenultimate
joint tipped with orange, 4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. This spider was found hanging by a thread
from a tree thirty or forty feet high. It had secured, while
thus suspended in the air, a wasp (Vespa), which, though
many times larger than itself, was safely bound up for a repast.

Habitat. Alabama. September, October.

157

Genus Pholcus Walck.

Characters. Chelieeres small, cylindrical ; maxillce long,
taperiiig to a point, inclined over the lip ; lip tvidest 7iear the
base, short; eyes eight, subequal, two in the middle in a trans-
verse row, three on each side placed together in the form of a
triangle ; feet excessively long, first jjair loiigest, then the second,
the third being the shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in dark corners a very
loose web of slender threads, crossed in all directions. Eo-trs
collected together without a silk covering, which the mother
carries with her ckeliceres.

Remarks. This subgenus, by the extreme length of its legs
resembles Phalangium. The species belonging to it may be
found in apartments seldom visited, particularly churches or
caves. They shake their body, when threatened by an enemy ;
but seem to have very weak means of offence, and to feed on
the very smallest prey.

Pholcus atlanticus.

PI. 17, fig. 7.

Description. Pale or livid yellow ; abdomen with more or
less distinct lines and spots ; chelieeres articulated together
[285] near the middle ; sometimes attaining four inches from
the end of the anterior to that of the posterior leg.

Observations. This apparently powerless spider, no doubt
related to the Aranea p>halangioides of Europe, is found in the
dark cornei's of the ceilings of uninhabited houses, in loose
w^ebs scarcely strong enough to detain any, even small insects.
It is inactive, and never was seen by me with any prey, or
with the show of obtaining any. This ought not to be mis-
taken for the Phalangium which children call daddy-long-legs.
The female carries her eggs glued together, without a cocoon,
in her chelieeres.

158

Habitat. Southern States. Alabama, at the entrance of
limestone caves.

A female was found in Alabama in June, with a body re-
semblins an orbicular cocoon, which she carried in her cheli-
ceres. On tearing the silk covering, it was found to contain a
Clubiona, which was thus wrapped up for future meals.

[?, length 8 mm.; cephalothorax 2 mm.; legs 48.5, 35, 27.2, 34.5.
d, " 6.4 mm.; " 2 mm.; legs 47.5, 34.5, 25.4, 30.

PI. 21, fig. 18, palpus of 6.

Salem, Mass., July 10, in a cellar near a window. When disturbed they
hung by their feet and swung the body round in a circle so fast as to be
hardly visible. July 12, females carrying cocoons of eggs in their mandi-
bles. The cocoons were so thin that eggs could be plainly seen. Eggs laid
July 30, hatched Aug. 11.

Pholcus ])halangioides Blackw., Spiders of Gt. Britain and Ireland, j. h. e.]

Subgenus Oophora^ Mihi.

\_Spermopliora Hentz] Silllman's Journal, Vol. XLi, p. 116.

Characters. Cheliceres short, cylindrical; maxillce wide at
base, tapering to a point, inclined over the lip ; lip short, ividest
at base ; eyes six, equal, three on each side, placed together in the
form of a triangle ; feet slender, moderately long, first pair long-
est^ the fourth and the second nearly equal, the third shortest.

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in obscure places an
excessively loose and slender web, composed of a few threads
crossed in various directions. Eggs not enclosed in a cocoon,
but agglutinated together, which the mother carries between
her cheliceres.

Remarks. This subgenus is very closely related to Pholcus.
Nay, had it eight eyes instead of six, and were its legs much
longer, it could not have been separated from that subdivision
[286] of Aranea. But it is obvious that these characters re-
quire the separation.

The spider upon which the subgenus is constituted has habits

' [Originally published as Spermophora. See " Silliman's Journal," as above
cited ; also this work, p. 14, where the article from Silliman's Journal is reprinted. — Ed.

159

similar to those of Pholcus. It does not dwell in walls, but
seeks dark nooks under any kind of rubbish Avhich has been
long neglected, and, when disturbed, runs off with its progeny,
if it have any, and seeks for some darker place undisturbed by
the broom of the housewife. It must live on microscopic ani-
malcules, owing to its diminutive size, and the weakness of its
threads.

Oophora meridionalis.

[ Spei-mophora meridionalis Hentz] Sillinian's Journal, Vol. XLi, p. 116.
PI. 17,%. 9.

Description. Livid white or pale yellow above and beneath ;
cephalothorax with two small, angular, plumbeous spots.

Observations. This small spider is common in dark corners
and obscure apartments, where it makes loose, slender webs, in
the manner of Pholcus. The female is always found with her
eggs, when she has them, carrying them in her cheliceres.
These eg-gs are not enclosed in a cocoon, but fflued together in
a mass consisting of from ten to fifteen.

Habitat. North Alabama.

[?, length 2 mm.; cephalothorax .6 mm.; legs 8.7, 6.4, 5.2, 6.8.
Salem, Mass., Apr. 13, young in a closet; Boston, Mass., June 8, in a
drawer in the Museum. (Marietta, Ohio. Wm. Holden.) j. h. e.]

Mygale fluviatilis.

PI. 17, fig. 15.

Description. Livid ; cephalothorax with a depression near
the middle above ; abdomen with two transverse lines near the
base ; third pair of legs sensibly larger, though shorter than
the rest. Feet 4. 1. 2. 3.

Observations. This new species was found in the water dur-
ing an inundation of the Tennessee River. It has been found
since in its hole, deep in the ground. The tubular cavity, at
least a foot in depth, was supphed with a door or silken lid
closing the aperture.

Habitat. Alabama. March, October. [287.]

160
Subgenus Katadysas Mihi.

Characters. Eyes eiglit, suhequal^ in two rows, both curved
doivnivards ; fang of the cheliceres articulated downwards;
palpi inserted near the extremity of the maxillce. Feet If. 1. 2. 3.
Pulmonary orifices only two.

Observations. This very anomalous spider, found only once,
offers a very striking instance of the manner in which nature
combines characters, so as to separate widely animals Avhich are
apparently closely allied. This has all the essential characters
of Mygale, but one (having but two pulmonary orifices), and
yet it is obviously related to Lycosa, near which it should be
placed in a natural arrangement. I know nothing of its habits,
except that it dwells or hides under stones. It probably makes
no web.

Habitat. Alabama.

Katadysas pumilus.

PI. 17, fig. 16.

Description. Livid, testaceous ; cephalothorax with two
longitudinal bands near the middle, and two curved fillets near
the edge, fuscous ; abdomen with a line bifurcated anteriorly on
the middle, and two lines of minute dots on the sides, fuscous;
same color underneath, with minute fuscous dots.

Habitat. North Alabama. Under stones.

Micrommata pinicola.

PI. 17, fig. 14.

Description. Whitish, cephalothorax with the area of the
eyes dusky ; abdomen with various indistinct curved lines and
impressions ; venter with tAvo curved lines of minute brown
dots. Feet 1. 2. 4. 3.

Habitat. South Alabama. .[288.]

161
Micrommata subinflata.

PL 17, fig. 13.

J)escription. Livid testaceous ; cephalothorax witli a dusky-
longitudinal band ; abdomen with angular dusky spots forming
a longitudinal band ; feet tipped with dusky. Feet 2. 4. 1, or
1747 3.

Observations. This and the preceding species have consider-
able affinity with Doloraedes. In fact, it is difficult to trace the
exact limits between the two subgenera.

Habitat. South Alabama. In dark places, on the ground.

Attus sinister.
PI. 17, fig. 12.

Description. Black, varied -with rufous ; abdomen whitish
at base ; venter w4th an interrupted ash-colored band ; feet

4rr2. 3.

Observation. This spider should be placed in my tribe of
the Luctatorite.

Habitat. Alabama.

Attus retiarius,

PI. 17, fig. 11.

Description. Livid greenish ; cephalothorax with an indis-
tinct brown spot; abdomen with two abbreviated brownish
bands, approaching towards the apex.

Observations. This Attus was discovered and delineated bv
my son, Charles A. Hentz, whose attention is more particularly
drawn towards the study of Ichthyology. He found the female
devouring her male. I believe the markings of the male differ
from those of the female. It belongs to my tribe of the
Metatorise.

Synemosyna noxiosa.

PI. 17, fig. 10.

Description. Piceous; abdomen very slightly contracted

OCCASIONAL PAPEfiS B. S. N. H. — II. 11

162

near the base, with an interrupted whitish hne across. Feet
1. 4. 2. 3. ; first pair stout.
Hahitat. Alabama.

[From the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii, 53.]
A NOTICE CONCERNING THE SpIDER WHOSE WEB IS USED IN

Medicine. By N. M. Hentz.

It lias been found lately, that the web of a species of spider,
common in the cellars of this country, possesses very narcotic
powers, and it has been administered apparently with success in
some cases of fevers.

Having for some time past, studied with care the genus Ara-
nea of Linneus, I have been induced to write a description of
this species ; I therefore made a drawing taken from a large
female, which accompanies the present notice.

The p-enus Aranea of the first writers on Entomologv being
composed of a very great number of species, it has been found
necessary to divide it into smaller sections, or families. Gmelin's
edition of Linneus contains ninety-eight species ; Walckenaer
enumerates nearly three hundred, and the number may be car-
ried to a thousand. If the colour of the abdomen were the
only character to find the species among several hundreds, it
Avould be a very difficult task to assign with certainty a name to
each separately, without any other description. Messrs. Lat-
reille and Walckenaer have rendered the history of this genus
quite easy to study : they have left little undone in regard to
the species known to them. It is to be regretted that Mr.
Walckenaer's Tableau des Araneides is not a more common
work.

I shall therefore give the generic characters of this sjiider, as
if the work were unknown to the naturalists in this country.

It belongs to the genus Tegeneria of Walckenaer, and to
that of spiders, properly so called, of Latreillc. Its characters

163

are : eight eyes, forming two parallel lines, the upper being
curved and longer. Lip wider in the middle, cut straight at its
extremity. Maxillas inserted upright, not bent on the lip.
Corselet nearly as large as the abdomen. The first pair of legs
the longest, the fourth next, then the second, and the third the
shortest.

Manners. Spiders forming an liorizontal web, with a cylin-
drical tube, in the form of a funnel.

This is sufficient to characterise the genus, containing the dif-
ferent species of spiders which inhabit cellars and dark places.
The species that makes its web in the fields, on bnshes, does not
belong to the same genus ; it has been properly separated from
it by Walckenaer. The last pair of legs is the longest in this,
and the eyes differ essentially in their situation. There is
another species, very common in Carolina, which, however, I
have not yet observed here, making a Aveb nearly similar to this,
but very different in all its generic characters ; it ought not to
be taken for the other : I intend publishing a description of the
genus Aranea, in which this will form a separate section. But
the characters which I have given are sufficient to ascertain
whether a spider belongs to the genus Tegeneria, so that with
some attention, no mistake will occur.

The species which I am treating of, is of a black colour, in-
clining to blue ; the abdomen is marked with about ten livid
pale spots, and a line toward its anterior extremity : I have seen
specimens where the legs were marked with black spots. I think
it necessary to remark here, that spiders of the same species liv-
ing in dark places, vary greatly in their colours, according to
the manner in which the light strikes upon them. The great
point in this case I think, is to ascertain the genus, for it appears
that the web of all species belonging to it has the same virtues,
and this is distinct from the Aranea domestica, whose web has
been used in Europe : we see an illustration of this in the genus
Meloe, where every species possesses more or less the blistering
power.

164

The present American spider, I think, has not been as yet
described : for the present I shall call it Tegeneria medicinalh.
— PI. V. fig. 1.1

a — organs of manducation.

h — position of the eyes.

* [This figure being very poor has not been reproduced, the species is moreover fig-
ured on Plate 11, (f. 21.). See also p. 99. Ed.].

IJ^DEX.

Attus

Page. Illustration.

ma

. 5, 102

ria3via .

102 .. . XII, 1; XX, 20.

plumbea ' .

103
. 11,49

. XII, 2 ; xvm, 45.

audax

50

. VII, 6, 7.

auratus

66

IX, 6; XVIII, 65, 92.

binus

54

VIII, 2.

cauonicus .

70

IX, 14; xviii, 6.

capitatus .

51

. A'li, 15 ; xviii, 26.

cardinalis .

51

. VII, 9.

castaneus .

55

. VIII, 4; XVIII, 36.

coecatus .

65

IX, 2.

coronatus .

64

IX, 1 ; XVIII, 82.

cristatus .

67

IX, 8; XIX, 112.

cyaneus .

69

IX, 13; XVIII, 66.

elegans

56

VIII, 6 ; XVIII, 2.

falcarius .

54

VIII, 1 ; XVIII, 35.

familiaris .

56

VIII, 7 ; XVIII, 74, 99.

fasciolatus

60

VIII, 11 ; XVIII, 63.

gracilis

63

VIII. 20; XVIII, 57, 107

hebes

62

VIII, 16; XVIII, 3.

iiisolens

51

VII, 8.

leopardus .

63

VIII, 21.

militaris .

52

VII, 10, 11.

mitratus .

68

IX, 9.

morigenis .

69

IX, 12.

multicolor .

53

VII, 13.

multivagus

67

IX, 7.

inystaceus.

58

VIII, 9; XVIII, 76; xix,

119

niger

63

VIII, 19; XVIII, 4.

nubilus

61

VIII, 15; XVIII, 27.

NuttalJii .

55

VIII, 4; XVIII, 36.

octavus

70

IX, 15.

otiosus

59

VIII, 10.

(165)

16(5

INDEX.

Page.

Illustration.

Attus pan'U3

62

. VIII, 17.

podagrosus

61

. vxii, 13.

puerperus .

64

. VIII, 22;

XVIII, 28.

pulex

65

IX, 3.

rarus

62

. VIII, 18.

retiarius .

161

. XVII, 11.

roseus

66

IX, 4;

XVIII, 15.

rufus.

60

. VIII, 12;

XVIII, 37.

rupicola .

61

. VIII, 14.

sexpunctatus

54

VII, 14.

sinister

161

. XVII, 12.

superciliosus

68

IX, 11;

XVIII, 5.

sylvanus .

68

IX, 10 ;

XVIII, 58, 108.

tcenifolia .

56

. VIII, 5.

tripunctatus

58

. VIII, 8;

XX, 6.

viridipes .

66

. IX, 5;

XVIII, 64.

vittatus .

64

. VIII, 23.

Atypus

19

niger

19

. II, 1.

Callietberus histrionicus

72

Clubiona

5, 83

agi-estis.

88

X, 21

xviii, 43.

albens .

89

. X, 24

xvin, 32.

celer .

87

X, 20;

XVIII, 18.

fallens .

86

. . X, 17

xvni, 17.

gracilis.

86

X, 19;

XVIII, 8.

immatura .

68

X, 22

XVIII, 87.

inclusa

85

X, 18

XVIII, 86.

obesa

84

X, 14

XVIII, 16.

pallens

83

X, 13

XVIII, 7.

piscatoria .

84

X, 15

XVIII, 29.

saltabunda .

89

X, 23

sublurida

88

XI, 1;

XVIII, 19; XX, 15

tnmquilla .

85

X, 16

XVIII, 85, 102.

Ctenus

34

hybernalis

35

V, 1-4

.

punctulatus .

35

V, 5,

3.

Cyllopodia .

104

cavata

104

. XII, 3;

XVIII, 80; XX, 21

Doloraedes .

, 10, 36

albineus .

39

VI, 2;

xviTi, 73.

hastulatus.

37

V, 9.

lanceolatus

40

. VII, 12

scriptus .

38

. VI, 1.

sexpunctatus

41

VI, 5,

6 ; XVIII, 55.

tenax

37

V, 7.

teneljrosus

38

V, 10

13.

INDEX. lb(

Page.

Ilhistration.

Dolomedes urinatoi* . . 40 .

VI, 3.

Dysdera

3. 19

iuterrita.

20

11, 1; XX, 1.

Epeira

. 7, 105

alba.

. • 122

. XIV, 7; XVIII, 21.

aureola .

111

. XIII, 2.

bombycinaria

117

. XIII, 16.

cancer

126

. XIV, 13.

caroli

128

. XIV, 15.

caudata .

126

. XIV, 14; XVIII, 54, 96; iix, 116
132; XXI, 7.

coniigera.

123

. XIV, 8; xviii, 44.

directa

119

. XIII, 21.

displicata

117

. XIII, 17; XVIII, 51; XXI, 5.

domic iliorum

108

. XII, 7; XIX, 123.

fasciata .

107

. XII, 8; XXI, 2.

foliata

116

. XIIT, 14; XVIII, 50.

gibberosa

119

. xni, 20; XVIII, 11; xxi, 6.

hamata .

114

. XIII, 10, XVIII, 49.

hebes

113

. XIII, 7; XVIII, 81.

heptagon .

122

. XIV, 5, 6; XVIII, 53, 72.

hortorum.

118

. XIII, 19; XVIII, 10.

infumata .

122

. XIV, 4; XVIII, 52.

insularis .

109

. XII, 10; XXI, 3.

labyrinthea

111

. XIII, 3; XVIII, 25, 93; xix, 124
133.

raaura

114

. XIII, 8.

mitrata

125

. XIV, 11; XVIII, 22.

nivea

114

. XIII, 9; XVIII, 48.

obesa

110

XII, 11; XVIII, 46.

pentagon

120

. XIV, 1 ; XVIII, 20.

placida

115

. XIII, 12; XVIII, 30.

pratensis

115

. XIII, 11.

prompta

112

. XIII, 4; XVIII, 47.

riparia

106 . . .

XII, 5; XIX, 121; xxi, 1.

rubella

120

. XIII, 22.

rubens

118

. XIII, 18.

rugosa

124

. XIV, 10; XIX, 122.

sanguinal

s

116

. XIII, 15; XVIII, 62.

scutulata

121

. XIV, 3.

septima

109

. XII, 9.

spiculata

116

. XIII, 13; XVIII, 31, 94.

spinea

123

. XIV, 9; XXI, 8.

stellata .

125

. XIV, 12; XVIII, 89.

strix.

112

. XIII, 5.

sutrix

120

. XIII, 23; XVIII, 17, 95.

Thaddeus

113

. XIII, 6.

lb»

INDEX.

Page.

Illustration.

Epeira trifolium .

110

. XIII, 1.

verrucosa

121

. XIV, 2.

vulgaris .

108

XII, 6; XVIII, 88; xxi, 4.

Epiblemum .

. 11,70

faustum .

. 12, 71

IX, 17; XVIII, 59, 109; xx, 8.

palmarum

. 12, 71

IX, 16.

Filistata

3, 22

capitata.

24

. II, 7.

hibernalis

23

. II, 6.

Herpyllus .

4, 90

ater

91

XI, 3 ; XX, 16.

alarius .

98

XI, 20 ; XXI, 14.

auratus

96

. XI, 15.

bicolor.

91

XI, 4.

biliiieatus .

92

XI, 5.

crocatus

93

XI, 8.

cruciger

95

XI, 11.

descriptus .

92

XI, 7; XX, 18.

dubius .

98

ecclesiasticus

90

XI, 2.

longipalpus .

93

XI, 9.

marmoraUis

94 . . .

XI, 10.

ornatus

92

XI, 6.

parous .

97

XI, 19.

pygmEeus

96 . . .

XI, 16.

ramulosus .

95

XI, 14.

trilineatus .

97

XI, 18.

variegatus .

94 . . .

XI, 12; XX, 17.

vespa .

95

XI, 13.

zonarius

97 . . .

XI, 17.

Katadysas . . . .

160

pumilus

160 .. .

XVII, 16.

Linyphia . . . .

6,132

autumnalis .

135 .. .

XV, 9; xviii, 81, 97; xxi, 15.

coccinea

135

XV, 8; XVIII, 12.

communis .

132 .. .

XV, 4; XVIII, 104; xix, 118
XXI, 9,

conferta

135 .. .

XV, 7; XVIII, 115.

costata

136

XV, 11; XVIII, 24; XXI, 11.

marmorata .

133 .. .

XV, 5 ; XVIII, 23 ; xxi, 10.

neophita

136 .. .

XV, 10; XVIII, 13.

scripta .

134 .. .

XV, 6.

Lycosa . . . .

10,24

aspersa .

30 . . ,

HI, 11, 12.

caroHnensis

27 . . .

II, 9.

erratica

29- . , .

Ill, 8.

fatifera .

10,26

11,8.

INDEX.

itjy

Page.

JUiistration.

Lycosa funerea .

34

. IV, 11.

lenta

27

ni, 1-4.

littoralis .

30

Ill, 9.

maritima

30

Ill, 10.

milvina .

33

. IV, 8.

ocreata .

33

IV, 5.

punctulata

31

. Ill, 16, 17.

riparia

31

Ill, 13, 15.

ruricola .

28

Ill, 5, 6.

sagittata .

32

. IV, 3, 4.

saltatrix .

28

. Ill, 7.

saxatilis .

34

IV, 9, 10.

scutulata

32

IV, 1, 2.

venustula

33

IV, 6, 7.

Lyssomanes

48

viridis

49

. VII, 3; XVIII, 91.

Micrommata

42

carolinensis

. 40, 44

VI, 9.

marmorata

44

. VII, 5; xvili, 56, 105.

pinicola .

160

, XV n, 14.

serrata .

43

\i, 8; xvin, 1.

subinflata

161

. XVII, 13.

undata .

42

VI, 7 ; xvni, 98,

Mimetns

7,137

interfector .

138

. XV, 12, 13,- xvni, 33; xix,

127,

syllepsicus .

140

. XV, 15 ; xviu, 34.

tuberosu3 .

139

. xy,14.

Mygale

carolinensis .

17 .

1,3.

fluviatilis.

159

. Jfvil, 16,

gracilis .

17

• »,4-

solstitialis

17

I, a.

tmncata .

16

1,1.

Tinicolor .

18

. . 1,5.

Oletera

2

Oophora

158

meridionalis .

159

, XVII, 9.

Oxyopes . . . .

9,45

astutas .

48

. VII, 1.

salticus .

47

VI, 10; XVlll, 90,

scalaris .

47

. VII, 4 ; XIX, 120.

Tiridans .

46

. VII, 2; XVIII, 14, 134.

Phfflyra

129

mammeata .

129

, XIV, 16 ; XIX, 126.

riparia .
Pholcu3

130
. 6, 157

. XIV, 17 ; XVIU, 61, 111,

atlantlcns

157

. XVII, 7: XXI, 18.

170

INDEX.

Page,

Illustration.

Prodidomus.

.

105

rufus

105

XII, 3; xvill, 9.

Pylarus

20

bicolor .

21

II, 3, 4; XX, 2.

pumilus .

22

II, 5.

Salticus scenicus .

72

Scytodes

141

cnmerutus

141

. XV, 17.

Segestria

3

Spermophora

14

158

meridionalis

15

Sphasus

9

viridans .

9

Spintharus .

156

flavidus

156

. xvix, 8.

Synemosyna

. 12, 72

formica

73

IX, 18; XX, 9.

ephippiata

74

. - IX, 20; xviii, 68; XIX, 114

noxiosa .

161

. XVII, 10.

picata

75

IX, 21.

scorpionia

74

IX, 19; XVIII, 67.

Tarantula carolineiisis

27

II, 9.

Tegenarla .

5, 99

flavens

101

XI, 22.

medicinalis .

. 99

,162

XI, 21; XVIII, 110; XX, 19

persica

101

XI, 23.

Tetragnatlia

6

130

grallator .

131

. XV, 1, 2.

laboriosa .

131

XV, 3.

Thalamia .

140

parietiilis

141

. XV, 16.

Theridioii .

5

142

angliuanuin.

146

. XVI, 6.

blandum

150

. XVI, 20.

boreale

145

. XVI, 4; XXI, 13.

cancellatum

149

. XVI, 17.

cruciatam .

147

. XVI, 8.

fictiliura

155

. XVII, 4.

foliaceum .

149 ...

. XVI, 14.

froiideum .

146

. XVI, 7.

funebra

148

, XVI, 11.

globosuiii .

151

. XVI, 23 ; XIX, 126.

inteiitum .

150

.■ XVI, 19.

leoiiinuni .

148

. XVI, 12.

lineatum

. XVII, 3.

lyra .

150

. XVI, 21.

marmoratum

144

. XVI, 3; XXI, 16.

INDEX.

1

7]

Page. Illustration.

Theridion morologuni.

148 .. . XVI, 13; XIX, 128.

oscitabundum

147

. XVI, 9.

pertenue

155

. XVII, 6.

pullalum .

155

. XVII, 5.

roscidum .

149

. XVI, 15, 16; XIX, 129.

serpent! num

144

. XVI, 2.

spharula .

151

XVI, 22; XXI, 17.

studiosum .

; 145

XVI, S.

siibu]atiim .

147

XVI, 10; XVIII, 113.

trigonnni

152

XVI, 24, 25 ; XIX, 117, 131 ; XXI

14

verecundum

153

XVII, 1, 2.

vulgnre

142

. XVI, 1; XXI, 12.

Thoraisus .

8, 75

aleatorius .

77

X, 2 ; XVIII, 39.

asperatus .

79

X, 7; XVIII, 41.

celer .

78

X, 5; XVIII, 78.

caudatus

80

X, 9; xviii, 60, 100.

dubius

82

X, 11.

Duttoiiii

81

X, 10; XVIII, 79; xx, 11.

fartus

78

X, 4; XVIII, 69.

ferox

77

X, 3; X, XVIII, 33.

parvulus

80

X, 8; XVIII, 42.

piger .

79

X, 6; XVIII, 40.

tenuis

82

X, 12; XVIII, 24, 101.

vulgaris

76

X, 1; XVIII, 77; xx, 10.

PLATE I..

i'ig. 1.

M:

^g:

lie tvuncata.

" 2.

"

solstitialis.

" 3.

"

carolineusis.

" 4.

"

gracilis.

" 5.

"

uaicolor.

Occas. Papers Bost.Soc.Na1. Hist

1 .\rYGALic tr/inr,tfi{

2 solstitiatis

3.M

I 'illi'IillldlSlS

firdt ills
unicclcr

C:ir.tovheltSi-

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Atypus niger.

" 2. Dysdera iiiterrita.

" 3. Pylarus bicolor, ?.-

" 4. " " d.

" ,5. " pumilus.

" 6. Filistata hibernalis.
" 7. " capitata.

" 8. Lycosa fatifera.
" 9. " carolinensis.

Occas, PapBTs. Boat, Soo. ]sat.

1 . -iTTPTJS m^ef
2 DYSDERA uit-emfa

9 fYtlAfttTS httV^fif ? ,

4.FYLAPa!S f>/(Wfil-6

5 pumt/ns

6 •Eius.xmA.hiieriM'lis ? .

O O

oooo

7 fILISTATA f/7/'Uf/M .

8 . LrcosA faftte/a

9 . . . Ta/vm/u/a'. ^rfflui^nsis

PLATE III.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Lycosa lenta.

5,6.

ruricola.

7.

saltatrix.

8.

erratica.

9.

litoralis.

10.

maritima.

11, 12. '

aspersa.

13. '

riparia, d

14, 15.

' niinp.tulat

Occas. Papers Bost^Soc Kat.Hist^

PlaLt
PL 17

lyj'

\ 7

\ I

1 23A luiv-ra, ImM
5 6 ,. nj.TU/>lay-

1 . siilttitrix-

3- Lycosa t'rnzUca
9- , htor.ilis
10 / - marUirria

11 li i ,7.i/J<-^.-/z
13 14 15... /7/)a««.
16 17 .. pimaidala

PLATE IV.
Fif. 1. Lycosa scutulata, cf.

2.

(1

?

3,4.

(1

sagittata.

5.

i(

ocreata.

6,7.

11

venustula.

8.

i(

milvina.

9.10.

11

saxatilis.

c-caa.Papers ■BasLSocNaLKst.

PLATE V .

gs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Ctenus hybernalis.

' 5, 6. " punctulatus.

' 7, 8. Dolomedes tenax.

' 9. " ■ liastulatus.

' 10. " tenebrosus, J.

' 11, 12, 13. " " $.

;as. Papers Post.Soc.Nat.Hisf.

Plate 5

P!, XIX

4 <'',-niji hxfb.'rruilis
pim,cuUa-ti(s

PLATE VI.

Fig.

1.

Dolomedes scriptus.

u

2.

(1

albineus.

(1

3.

"

urinator.

u

5.

((

sexpunctatus, <J , young.

u

6.

u

?.

u

7.

Micrommata undata.

((

8.

(I

serrata.

t(

9.

a

carolinensis, young.

u

10.

Oxyopes

salticus.

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc Nat.Hist.
VOL. A'

Plate 6
PL^ XVI.

^ i

i V

;V. M.Etnt:. d.

Hentz's Araneidss of the U. States.

PLATE VII.

Fig.

1.

Oxyopes astutus, $ , j'oun;

2.

" viridans.

3.

Lyssomanes viridaus.

4.

Oxyopes scolaris.

5.

Micrommata marmorata.

6.

Attus audax, ? .

7.

" " $.

8.

" insolens.

9.

" cardinalis.

10.

" militaris, 5 .

11.

$.

12.

Dolomedes lanceolata.

13.

Attus multicolor.

14.

" sexpunctatus.

15.

" cfipitatus.

Occas. Papers Bost.Soc. j^Tat.Hist.
VOL.V

Plate

PI. :?v":

F19-3.

9

) }

w-^

a

ri;<

'-■frz-''--'
Fig- 10

riKi

w

XifSfttz. a'r.

Hentz s Araneides ot the U. States

PLATE VIII

Fig. 1
2
3
4
5

Attus fulcnrius.

" binus.

" Nuttallii.

'■ castaneus.

" tseniola.

" elegans.

" familiaris.

'• tripunctatus.

" mystaceus.

" otiosus.

" fasciolatus.

" rufus.

" podagrosus.

" rupicola.

" iiubilus.

" hebes.

" parvus.

" rarus.

" niger.

" gracilis.

" leopardus.

" puerperus.

" vittatus, ? and S.

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat Hist.
TOL.V:

i

■^^id^

II

FIrU
PL. XXI.-

F>^3, II

•Fi<? 4.

Fio-6.

c:

Fi.^ll'

t Fi.o-l(3

/ \

,y«k'>

Fig- 10. \^/

Fio-U.

/ FiifU

Fip-1£

.r

t

IN ~

> /'FLg-20

^KTVippa

Kenf2 s Araneides of the P. States.

PLATE IX.

Fiff.

1.

u

coronatns.

2.

u

coecatus.

3.

u

pulex.

4.

i(

roseus.

5.

11

viridipes.

6.

il

auratus.

7.

1(

multivagus.

8.

u

cristatus.

9.

»

mitratus.

10.

"

sylvanus.

11.

u

supei-ciliosu?.

12.

"

morigerus.

13.

"

cyaneus.

14.

"

canonicus.

15.

"

octavu.«.

16.

Epil

blemum palmarum.

17.

" faustum.

18.

Syncmosynu formica.

19.

" scorpiona.

20.

" epliippiata.

21.

" picata.

Occas. Papers Bost- Soo. Nat. Hist.
VOL \'

Hate 9
PLSXIL

Fi2-23

,)

Fi-' 1.

3

Fio-J.

\V^(j^)'Fi?7

y FiSl

^^

!

T--i.?.9.

t »

Fio-11

'W'

.p. -Fi

Sl4.

« !m tn^iD

•^0^>

/ Fig- 20.

A

'i'

'.▼/Fig 18

Heiitzs Araneides of the r Stales

PLATE X.

1

Thomisu

3 vulgaris, young

d

2

u

aleatricu?.

3

u

ferox.

4

"

fartus.

5

"

celer.

6

"

piger.

7

"

asperatus.

8

a

parvulus.

9

"

caudatus.

10

"

Duttonii.

11

"

dubius.

12

"

tenuis.

13

Clttbioiia

pallens.

14

"

obesa.

15

u

piscatoria.

16

u

tranquilla.

17

"

fallens.

18

"

inclusa.

19

"

gracilis.

20

"

celer.

21

u

agrestis.

22

u

immatura.

23

"

saltabunda.

24

"

albens.

Oocas. Papers Eost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
VOL.V.

Plate 10

iM)

,;

^))

K:^^

'^.

PLATE XI

Fig. 1.

Chi

biona

sublurida, cf.

" 2.

He

•pyllus ecclesiasticus

" 3.

ater.

" 4.

bicolor.

" 5

bilineatus.

G.

oniatus.

" 7.

descriptus.

" 8.

crocatus.

" 9.

longipalpus.

" 10.

marmoratus.

" 11.

cruciger.

" 12.

variegatus.

" 13.

vespa.

" 14.

ramulosus.

" 15.

auratus.

" 16.

pygmseus.

" 17.

zonarius.

" 18.

trilincatus.

" 19.

parcus.

" 20.

ahirius.

" 21.

Tegenaria mcdiciualis.

" 22.

"

flavens.

" 23.

"

persica.

Onoas, Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,

K.-m-s Arancu;

PLATE XII

^ig-

1.

Agelena nasvia Bosc.

II

la.

U

young.

ti

2.

11

plumbea.

ti

3.

Cyllopodia cavata.

II

4.

Prodidomus rufus.

11

5.

Epeira riparia.

II

6.

II

vulgaris.

II

7.

II

domiciliorum.

II

8.

"

fasciata.

II

9.

11

septima.

II

10.

Ic

insularis.

"

11.

l(

obesa.

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat Kist.

Plaie 12

' I , XXX

ilontz's A\i-,jn<,Mdos ol' l;lio IJ.hJtiUCH.

PLATE XIII

Fig.

1.

Epeira trifolium.

2.

" aureola.

3.

" labyriuthea.

4.

" prompta.

5.

" strix.

6.

" Thaddeus.

7.

" hebes.

8.

" maura.

9.

" nivea.

10.

" hamata.

11.

" pratensis.

12.

" placida.

13.

" spiculata.

14.

" foliata.

15.

" sanguiiialis.

IG.

" bombycinaria.

17.

" di.«plicata.

18.

" rubens.

19.

" hastarura.

20.

" gibberosa.

21.

" di recta.

22.

" rubella.

23.

" sutri.K.

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.

Flai,R 1?

vxi

PLATE XIV

1.

Epeira

pentigona.

2.

"

verrucosa.

3.

"

scutulata.

4.

"

infumata.

5.

"

heptagon.

6.

"

"

r.

ti

alba.

8.

"

cornigera.

9.
10.

(1
11

spinea.
rugosa, 9.

lOrt.

"

" "

lOi.

"

d.

11.

11

mitrata.

12.

"

stellata Bosc.

13.

"

cancer.

14.

"

caudata, ?.

14rt.

"

" "

14^..

"

d.

15.

"

caroli.

16.

Phillj

■ra mammeata.

17.

"

riparia.

Cocas. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
VOL. VI

Plate 14

'

^■.ia):

9

W '

.0

\/1

V

^^-.'r

■ >adi^\.

■-•ff:-^:

;te^

1 ^ 1

Ih^ -^

^

PLATE XV

Fig.

1.

TetragiKi

tlia gi-allator, ? ,

2.

IL

cf.

3.

1(

laboriosa.

4.

Linyphici

I communis.

5.

"

mnrmorata.

6.

i(

scripta.

7.

"

conferta.

8.

"

coccinea.

9.

"

autiimnalis.

10.

"

iieophyta.

11.

u

costata.

12.

Slimetus

iiiteifector, ?.

13.

(1

cf.

14.

It

tuberosus.

15.

"

syllepsicus.

16.

Thalnmia parietalis.

17. Scytodes cameratus.

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc. N at Hist.

Plate 1§

VOL ^n

I — ' —

. L

I

Xy'

\. /

x\

\ / .-^.v

/ I

( V .. . 1

m

: U/;

^^' r

/ 4

'1

is '3

; ' 1 ^ •

a) ":.ftc"

/

Y

Heim-s Araneicles of die U.S tac.es

PLATE XVI.

'ig. 1

Thcrid

on vulgnre.

" 2

"

serpentii'um.

" 3

"

raari?or;ihiro.

" 4

"

boreale.

" 5

"

stiuliosutn.

" 6

"

finglicar'um.

" 7

((

frondeum.

" 8

((

crucirttura.

" 9

11

oscitabundiim

" 10

11

sublatum.

" 11

"

fmiebre.

" 12

"

leoninum.

" 13

"

morologum.

" 14

i(

foliaceum..

" 15

"

roscidvim.

" 16

u

"

" 17

"

cnncellatum.

" 18

"

"

" 19

"

intentum.

" 20

"

bhindum.

" 21

"

lyra.

" 22

"

spbajrula.

" 23

"

globosum.

" 24

"

trigonum.

" 25

"

"

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
VOL .VI.

Plate 16

fl IX

/ 2

(C)

M ^ M^Ci.)"^^ O ivF

' V

h i)

w "■ r

I 9 ' 8ooS

11 ,' S 0° '

" I !■*::*

1

IS ; ;„ o

/ ■ le '^

' - '^l_^&

^

'.' c::::^.

HI/

<j;^: _3A<' .^ * y;^

u-t^.'^ -N ^^ /:^

. I

Zi ,\ J

d^

.\- '/

Ao/'l

. ''^ i I

N.M.Benti, rif/ .

el t,i layiU.

Henu's Araneides of the U S tates

PLATE XVII

Fig. 1.

Theridion verecundum, 9

" 2.

" " d.

" 3.

" lineatum.

" 4.

" flctilium.

" 5.

" pullulum.

" 6.

" pertenue.

" 7.

Pholcus atlanticus.

" 8.

Spintharus flavidus.

" 9.

Oophora meridionalis.

" 10.

Synemosyna noxiosa.

" 11.

Attus retiarius.

" 12.

" sinister.

" 13.

Microminata subinflata,

" 14.

" pinicola.

" 15.

My gale fluviatilis.

" 16.

Katadysas pumilis.

Ocp3s. P;i| o-is Bc:st Soc. IMat. Hist.
VOL VI,

I (

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P L A r E XVIII.

1. iMicroinniata serrata.

2. Attiis derails.

3. " hebes.

4. " iiiger.

5. " siipercilio-;us.
f>. " canon icus.

7. Clul)iona pallens.

8. " gracilis.

9. Proflidomus rnfu<.

10. Kpeini hortonim.

11. " gibberosa.

12. Linyphia coccinea.
1.3. " neophyta.
14. 0.\yopes viridans.
1.5. Attus rosens.

16. Clubioiia obesa.

17. " pallens.

18. " celer.

19. " saltabunda.

20. Epeira pentagona.

21. " alba.

22. " mitrata.

2.3. Linyphia marmorata.

24. " costata.

25. Epeira labyrinthea.
20. Attus capitatus.

27. " nubilus.

28. " puerperus.

29. Clubiona piscatoria,

30. Epeira placida.

31. " spicnlata.

32. Clubiona albeiis.

33. Mimetus interfector.

34. " syllepsicus.
3-5. Attus falcarius.

36. " castaneus.

37. " rufus.

38. •' sinister.

39. Thomisus aleatorius,

40. " piger.

41. " asperatus.

42. " parvulus.

43. Clubiona agrestis.
44.. Epeira corn igera.
4.5. Agelena plumbea.

46. Epeira obesa.

47. " prompta.

48. " nivea.

49. " hamata.

50. '■ foliata.

51. " dis[licata.

52. " infumata.

53. " heptagon.

54. " caudata.

55. Dolomedes sexpunctattis.

56. Micrommata itlarmoratai

p-ig. 57.

Attus gracilis.

" 58.

" sylvanus.

" 59.

Epiblernuni faustum.

" 60.

Thomisus caudatus.

61.

Phillyra riparia.

" 62.

Epeira sanguinalis.

" 63.

Attus fasciolatus.

" 64.

" viridipes.

" 65.

" auratus.

" 66.

" c.vaneus.

" 67.

Synemosyna scorpiona.

" 68.

" ephippiata.

" 69.

Thomisus fartus.

" 70.

Epeira sutri.x.

" 71.

Linyphia autumnalis.

72.

Epeira heptagon.

" 73.

Doloinedes albineus.

" 74.

Attus fauiiliari-;.

" 75.

" tripunctatus.

" 76.

" mvstaceus.

" 77.

Thoiuisus vulgaris.

" 78.

" celer.

" 79.

" Duttonii.

" 80.

Cyllopodia cavata.

" 81.

Epeira hebes.

" 82.

Attus coronatus.

" 83.

Thomisus ferox.

" 84.

" tenuis.

" 85.

Clubiona tninqnilla.

86.

•' inclnsa.

" 87.

" immatura.

" 88.

Epeira trifolium.

" 89.

" stellatu.

" 90.

Oxyopes salticus.

" 91.

Lyssomanes viridis.

" 92.

Attus auratus.

" 93.

Epeira labyrinthea.

" 94.

" spiculata.

" 95.

" sutrix.

" 96.

'• caudata.

97.

Linyphia autumnalis.

98.

Micrommata undata.

" 99.

Attus taniiliaris.

" 100.

Thomisus caudatus.

" 101.

" tenuis.

" 102.

Clubiona tranquilla.

" 103.

Epeira trifolium.

" 104.

Linyphia communis.

" 105.

Micrommata uiarmorata

" 106.

Attus tripuuctatus.

" 107.

" gracilis.

" 108.

" sylvanus.

" 109.

Epiblemum faustum.

" 110.

Tegenaria medicinalis.

" 111.

Phillyra riparia.

Occas. Papers Bost. Soc.Naf.fTist.
Froc.BosT.Soc.S'atHistyol.II pp. 103-11.

Plate 18

tienfa's Araneides of the U, States.

Fig.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

PLATE XIX

Attus cristatus.
Theridion subulatum.
Synemosyna ephippiata.
Linyphia conferta.
Epeira caudata.
Theridion trigonum.
Linyphia communis.
Attus mystaceus.
Oxyopes scalaris.
Epeira riparia.

" rugosa.

" domiciliorum.

" labyrinthea.
Theridion globosum.
Phyllyra mammeata.
Mimetus interfector.
Theridion raorologum.

" I'oscidum.

Linyphia scripta.
Theridion trigonum.
Epeira caudata.

" labyrinthea.
Oxyopes viridans.

Occas.Papers Bost.Soc.Kat.Hist
I'roe.Eost Soc.gat.Hisf .VoII]. pp.lOS-Il.

Plafe 19

Henfz's Araneides of fiie U. States.

P L A T K XX.

Fig. 1. Dysdera interrita, palpus of d .

" 2. Pylarus bicolor, foot.

" 3. Lycosa carol inensis, palpus of cf.

" 4. Micrommata carolinensis, d", ?, and palpus of J.

" 5. Attus familiaris, palpus of J.

" 6. " tripunctatus, palpus of <J .

" 7. " inystaceus, palpus of d*.

" 8. Epiblemum faustum, J, ?, and palpus of d,

" 9. Synemosyna furaica, palpus of cf.

" 10. Thomisus vulgaris, palpus of cf.

" 11. " Duttoni, palpias of d.

" 12. Clubiona obesa, palpus of cT.

" 13. " palleus, palpus of cf.

" 13«. " *' " "

" 14. Herpyllus alarius, palpus of cT.

" 15. Clubiona saltabunda, palpus of cf.

" 16. Herpyllus ater, palpus of cf .

" 17. " variegatus, palpus of cf.

" 17a. " " " "

" 18. " descriptus, palpus of cf.

" 19. Tegenaria medicinalis, palpus of cf.

" 20. Agelena ntevia, palpus of cf .

" 21. Cyllopodia cavata, cf, 9, palpus of cf , and culamistrum.

^^^^^^^s^^^fe-^ ^

^^^^'^^^^^^^

EMERTON Del

t'LATE XXI.

fig. 1. fepeira riparia, cf , and palpus of c?.

" 2. " fasciata, cf , and palpus of d*.

" 3. " insulariS) palpus of d".

" 3rt. " " terminal joint of palpal orgarli

" ab. " " " " " "

" 4. " vulgaris, palpus of cT.

" 5. " displicata, palpus of d".

" 6. " gibberosaj palpus of c?.

" 7. " caudata, palpal organ.

" 8. " spinea, d, and palpus of <^.

" 9. Linyphia communis, palpus of d.

" 10. " marmorata, palpus of d".

" 11. " costata, palpUs of d'.

" 12. Theridion vulgare, palpUs of d'.

" 13. " boreale, palpus of d".

" 14. " trigonum, d', and palpUs of c^.

" 15. Linyphia autumnalis, palpus of d".

" 16. Theridion marmoratum, palpus of d*.

" 17. " sphffirula, palpus of d'.

" 17rt. " " " "

" 18. Pholeus atlanticus, palpus of d.

r!?.to %}

EMERTON Del

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