liiiigiiiiiiiilliiiiil?! ,..;i:;:.l::t;i:-;i y.'.vh •f *fi. r ^•V v^ ; ^ f x'J;Vr^ -V.,r*V.T^^ ;■¥. S'*.. l- H K BUTTERFLIES EASTERN UNITED STxVTES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL BEFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. Vol. II. ^.^5^ PORTRAII OF .MA.IUU JUllN LECUNTE. From a iniiiiaturu in tlie possession of tlie family. Reproduced by photogravure and |)rinted from three stones by .hilius Bion >>i Co., after a photograph by John M. Hlake. THK BUTTERFLIES OK THE |':astern united states and Canada WITH SPECIAL KEFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. BY SAiMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDEK. IN THREE VOLUMES. Vol. II. LYCABNIDAE, PAPILIONIDAE. HESPERIDAB. CAMBRIDGE: PUBLISHED BY TUK AUTHOR. 1H89. Fkintkd itY W. H. Wheei.ek, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vol. II. FAMILY LYCAENIDAE 767 Subfamily Iiemoniiuae 772 Gcuus Calophc'lis 783 ExcLRsrs XXV. The Names of Bullerjlies 785 Caleplielis borealis 788 Subfamily Lycaeniaae 791 Tribe Theclidi 798 Geuus Strjnion .- 802 ExcCRSCS XXVL Ilypermelamorphosis in Butterflies 80i Strymon titus 809 Genus Erora 816 Excursus XXVII. The Beit Localities for Collectors ; Favorite Butterfly Haunts . 817 Erora lacta 819 Genus Incisalia S23 ExcuBsus XXVIII. Habit as a Guide in Classification 826 Incisalia uiphon 829 Inci.salia irus 834 Incisalia augustus 842 Genus Uranotcs 846 Excursus XXIX. The Procession of the Season* 849 Uranotcs melinus 850 Genus Mitura ' 836 Excursus XXX. The Adornment of Caterpillars 859 Mitiim damon SCI x'l vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Paoe Genus Tbccla ' ■ 868 Excursus XXXI. Seiual Ditersiti/ in Legs, IVings, and Scale Arrangement . . . 8?2 Tliccla outario 875 Thccla liparops 877 Tliccla calanus 885 Thecla edwardsii 892 Tliccla acadica 898 Tribe Lycaenidi 902 Geuus Evcres 905 Excunsus XXXII. Length of Life in Butterflies 909 Everes comyntas 911 Genus Cyaniris 918 Excursus XXXIII. Digoneutism in Butterflies ; Intensity of Life in America . . 923 Gyauiris pseudargiolus 927 Genus Nomiades 948 Excunsus XXXIV. Origin of Varieties in Butterflies, Possible and Probable . . 950 Nomiades couperi 953 Genus Rusticus 957 Excursus XXXV. The Friends and Associates of Caterpillars 962 Rusticus scudderii 964 Tribe Chrysophanidl 970 Genus Clirysoplianus 972 Excursus XXXVI. The Distribution of Butterflies in New England 975 Chrysophanus tlioe 977 Geuus Epidemia . . 982 Excursus XXXVII. Ucal Butterflies 984 Epidemia epixautlie . 985 Genus llcodcs 990 Excursus XXXVIII. Psychotogiad Peculiarities in our Butterflies ... 995 Heodes hyi)ophlaeas 908 Genus reniscca 1009 Excursus XXXIX. Periodicity in the Appearance of Butterflies 1014 Feniseca tarquinius 101 FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE 1027 Subfamily Pierinae 1033 Tribe Rhodoceridi 1040 Genus Callidryas • 1043 Excursus XL. Aromatic Butterflies 1047 Callidryas eubule 1053 TABLE OF CONTENTS. \ii Gcnns XouUiidin lOCl Excursus XLI. The ColvHitation of Sfw Engtaitd W,\ Xaiitliidin iiicip|>c lOGG GcDui Eurciim 1073 ExcUBSrs XLII. The Sirarminff and Mii/ra/ioiis of liutlerfliea 1077 Eurcnin li^« 1087 Gcmis Eurvnms 109ft Excursus XLIII. Color Prr/ereiieo of Butterflies; the Origin of Color in Butterjlies 1101 Euryiiius interior 1105 Eurymus pluloJicc 1111 Euryiniis eurytbcine 1126 Tribe Anthocharidi Ii;i7 Gemis Antliociiaris 1139 ExcUBSUS XLIV. Protective Coloring in Calcrpillars 114:5 Aiitliocbaris gcuutia 11J7 Tribe Pieridi 1154 Genus Pontia 1156 ExcUKSvs XLV. Cosmopolitan Butterjlies 1160 Poutin protodicc ... 1163 Genus Pieris 1171 ExcuKSUS XLVI. The Spread of a Butterfy in a new Region (witli a map) . . . 1 1 75 Pieris oleracea 1191 Pieris rapne 1205 Subfamily Papilioninae 1219 Genus Laertias 1230 Excursus XLVII. A Study of Certain Caterpillars 1234 Laertias pliilcnor . . 1241 Genus IphicUdes .... 1252 EXCTBSUS XLVIII. The Butterfly in Ancient Literature and Art. Bj C H. B. . 1257 Tpliiclides ajnx ... 1264 Genus Jasoniades 1280 ElCTmsus XLIX. Melanism and All/inism 1285 Jasoniades glaucns ...... 12S8 Genus Euphoeadcs .... 1305 ExcxTBSUS L. Deceptive Derices among Caterpillars ; or, the Defences of Caterpillars 1310 Euphocades troilus 1313 Genus Hcraclides . 1327 Excursus LL Southern Invaders 1332 Hcraclides crcsphontcs . . ... 1334 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS. Paoz Genus Papilio 1345 Excursus LII. The late of Suffusion in Butter/lies 1350 Papilio polyxenes 1353 FAMILY HESPERIDAE 1365 Tribe Hesperidi 1373 Genus Eudamus 1378 EscuESUS LIII. Effect of Cold on Development 1383 Eudamus jjroteus 1386 Genus Epargyreus 1393 ExcuKSUS LIV. Odd Caterpillars 1397 Epargyreus tityrus 1399 Genus Acbalarus 1112 ExcuKSUS LV. Variations in Habit and in Life according to Locality and Season of the Year 1415 Achalarus lycidas 1418 Genus Tliorybes 1423 ExcUESUS LVl. Some Singular Things about Caterpillars 1427 Thorybes bathyllus 1432 Thorybes pylades 1436 Gruus Tbauaos 1445 Excursus LVII. Nests and other Structures made by Caterpillars 1454 Tbanaos lucilius 1458 Tbanaos persius 14C8 Tbanaos juvenalis 1476 Tbanaos boratius 1486 Tbanaos terentius 1490 Tbanaos martialis 1493 Tbanaos ausonius 1498 Tbanaos brizo 1500 Tbanaos icclus 1507 Genus Pbolisora 1514 Excursus LVIII. The Perils of the Egg 1518 Pbolisora catuUus 1519 Genus Hcsperia 1527 Excubsus LIX. Anomalies in Oeographical Distribution 1531 Ilesperia montivaga 1536 Hcsperia ccntaureae 1542 Tribe Pamphilidi 1540 Genus Ancyloxipba 1551 Excursus LX. A Budget of Curious Facts about Chrysalids 1554 Ancyloxipba numitor 1558 TAIU.E OK CONTENTS. ix Paoi Genus Pninphila 15(J3 Excursus LXl. H%it Families 0/ PUmU are preferred by CatfrpHlanf . . . . 1507 Panipliila n\aiidau 1509 Genus Amiilyscirtea I575 EsciRsls LXII. Color Rfltitioiu 0/ Chrysalids to their SurroundiHgt 1578 Anililvscirtcs violis 15S2 Amblyscirtes soniosot 15Sn Genus Poaiics 1592 EltCCBSls LXIII. Buttrrjliea as Botanists 1594 I'onncs nmssasoit 1597 Genus Phjcannssa lOOd Excursus LXIV. Postures at rest and asleep 1602 Phycanassa viator ICO'i Genus Atn-tone 1607 Excursus LXV. The Enemies of Butterflies 1610 Atrytone logan 1611 AtrytoQc zabulou 1017 Genus Hylepliila 1625 Excursus LX\1. Seasonal Dimorphism 1627 Hylepliila pliylacus 1630 Genus Erynnis 1634- Excursus LXVII. The Costal Fold and Discal Streak of Skippers . ..... 1039 Eryuuis sassacus 1611 Erymiis manitoba ] 1-6 Erynnis metca I60O Erynnis attains 1053 Genus Atalopedes 1656 Excursus LXVIII. Flight in Butterflies 1059 Atalopedes huron 1661 Genus Anthomastcr 1067 EXCUBSUS LXIX. Butterfly Fision 1609 Anthomastcr Iconardus 1073 Genus Politcs 1078 Excursus LXX. Sexual Diversity in the Form of the Scales 1081 Politcs peckius 1683 Genns Thymelicus 16S9 Excursus LXXI. The Act of Pupation 1693 Tliymelicus actnn 1090 Tlivmclicus brettus 1701 Thymelicus mystie 1705 X TABLE OF CONTEXTS. Paox Genus Limochores 1711 ExcUBSUS LXXII. The Lam of Colorationat Pattern 1715 Limochores bimacula 1718 Limochores manataaqua 1720 Limochores taumas 1725 Limochores poutiac 1732 Genus Euphyes 1735 Excursus LXXIII. How Butterflies suck 1737 Euphyes metacomet 1739 Euphyes verua 1742 Genus Calpodes 1746 Excursus LXXIV. Odd Chrysalids 1749 Calpodes ethhus 1750 Genus Oligoria 1757 Excursus LXXV. Monstrosities 1759 Oligoria maculata 1761 Genus Lerema 1763 Excursus LXXVI. The Coloring of Butterflies as related to their Distribution . . 1766 Lerema accius 1768 Lerema hianna 1771 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vol. II. PORTRAIT OF JOHN LeCONTE Frontinpiece. Paqb A Series of Figures suowing tue Cdaiiges during Pupation i.\ Astuo- cuAKis GBNUTIA. (Lent by Mr. W. H. Edwards.) 1152 Map suowdig the Progressive Distribution op Pleris rapae in Ajierica BETWEEN- 1S60 AND 188G (folded) Opposite page 1\%% A Series of Figures illustrating the Construction of the Median Girth IN THE Pupation of Eupuoeades iroilus. (By Dr. C. V. Riley.) . . . 1324 A Series of Figures illustrating the Mode op Fixation of tub Cremaster of the Curysalis in tue Pad constructed by the Caterpillar of DIFFERENT BUTTERFLIES. (By Dr. C. V. Rilcy.) 1694 II. FAM 1 L V I A CAEN IDAE. OOSSAMER-WINGBD BUTTERFLIES. Uur»lf!< Kabr. ; Uiiricolos Walik.; Kurnlia Eryciiiicns Bliimli.-Briilli!; Eryeiiiii Liio.; Clniv. Ervfiniilap Swains. Pli-bcii riiralos Linn. Onisiifornios N'lwni. Lycacniilap Kennie. TnnOis qu'un papillon, Ics deux niles en fleur, TeinliPKAKE.— ioi'e'if Luhour's Lost. Imago. Uf small size. Henil rather small; front always hlf;her than broad, nsually half a.s hiifh a^ain as broad; vertex separated, sometimes partly, sometimes wliolly, from occiput by a transverse sulcation; eyes neither prominent nor projecting beyond the general contour of the head. Tongue inserted below the middle of the lower half of the eye; papillae of tongue very long and slender, polyhedral, equal, the angles terminating at tlie truncate or hollowed tip in acicular points, the central process exceedingly slender, blunt tipped ; they are attached close to the outer edge of the tongue, conllncd to the apical tenth or thereal)outs and arc always separated from each other by at least half their own length. .Vntcnnae inserted in distinct pits, so far at the side as to infringe upon the eyes, the middle in direct continuation with the sides of the front; the club straight. Labial palpi very slender, cylindrical, of nearly uniform diameter. Prothoracic lobes reihiced to a mere lamina. Thorax moderately slender, not much compressed, the upper surface moderately arched, sometimes a little less so above; mesoscutellum pretty large. lozenge-shai)cd, forming about a right angle between the halves of the mesoscutuin into which it docs not greatly |irojcct, the suture between the two slight, the two pieces together forming posteriorly a reversed l)lunt cone; metathorax only sli^litly separated from tlio nicsothorax. Wings almost always broad anil sliort, the fore wings almost invariably simple, the hind wings fretiuently with thread-like tails. Fore wings : costal nervure terminating at from a little less than half to about two-thirds the distance from the base to the apex of the costal margin; sub- costal ncr^'ore with two or three superior and one inferior branches ; all simpleexcept- Inj; the last superior which is frequently forked ; at least one of tlie superior branches Is emitteil before the tip of the cell, ana>-e. Illml wIul's: costal 768 TIIK IJUTTKUrLlES OF NEW ENGLAND. nerviire terminatin.'r at or near the midcUe of the apex of the costal margin, sometimes emitting upward from near the base a curved precostal shoot ; subcostal nervure with three branches, itself not reaching the border, the third nervule connected at its base by an exceedingly slender vein, such as closes the cell; median nervure with three branches, itself not reaching the border; submedian nervui'e terminating at or just witliout the anal angle; internal nervure terminating generally near the middle of the inner margin. Fore legs of the female Ukc the other legs, although with less profuse armature and with nalied tibial spines ; of the male shorter, and either the armature and joints as in tlie female, excepting on the last joint, where all the apical armature is wanting and in their place generally a single, triangular, slightly curving median hook ; or the tarsi are one-joiuted and entirely devoid of armature. Eighth dorsal segment of male alxlomen entire on posterior margin, the upper organ mesially cleft and the sides variously developed, but usually much expanded, with a pair of slender, tapering, elbowed or strongly arcuate arms attached to the base, and with no median hook; clasps forming .slender and elongated or else tapering blades, sometimes bristled at the tip, the intermittent organ long and slender, often to au excessive degree. Egg. Tiarate or oblate spheroidal in shape, more or less deeply and densely re- ticulate, the angles of the reticulations often filamentous or spiny, the micropyle frequently sunken in an abrupt pit. Caterpillar at birth. Head generally smaller, never larger than the succeeding segments, smooth, generally with few liairs on the lower half and none on upper, the posterior margin encroached on by the softer integument behind so as not to extend behind tlie summit of the head in a downward curve. Body cylindrical or subcylin- drical, generally largest anteriorly and tapering from the very front backward, fur- nished witli long, longitudinally ranged, tapering, spiculiferous, cuticular appendages, sometimes as long as tlie body, and with a larger or smaller number of longitudinally ranged, larger or smaller chitiuous annuli or smooth lenticular elevations. First and last body segments, and sometimes others, with a corneous dorsal shield. Mature caterpillar. Head smaller, generally much smaller, than the body, oblique, the mouth being thrust forward, with only few hairs on minute papillae, without tubercles or spines, with scarcely any or no posterior contractions of the cranium, often completely retractile within the segment behind. Body oniscif orm or subonis- ciform, never elongate, often long-ovate, the sides sometimes tectiform, furnished with longer or shorter pile, among which are sometimes longer, longitudinally ranged, hairs or bristles; never spined, but occasionally furnished with fleshy or filamentous processes longitudinally arranged or confined to the first thoracic or eighth abdominal segments. Legs and prolegs generally short. Chrysalis. Fastened by a silken girth around the middle and by cremastral hooks to a silken pad at the tail, in almost any position, but with the head never lower or much lower than the tail and always in close embrace of the surface*. With rare possible exceptions (Bar), never enclosed in more of a cell than the loose attachment of the flaring edges of a leaf might give. Short, stout, compact, rounded, with no angular and few rounded prominences, in front bluntly rounded, though sometimes feebly emarginate, the ventral surface almost perfectly flat; head wholly upon the ventral surface, invisible from above; prothorax large. General characteristics of the family. This family is far more richly developed in tlie tropics — especially in those of the New World — than in the temperate zones. In the north temperate regions of the Old World, liowever, it forms a very considerable proportion of the butterfly • A few instances are known among tlie position (generally, perhaps always) very membcrsof the higher subfamily in which the similar to what they would have if closely chrysalis is held without a girlh, in a rigid girt. riir, lAMii.v i.vi ai;mii.\i;. 769 fniinit, ultlii>ii<;li i'.\liiliitiiiii tlu' wotfrii count ; c'Ii*c- wlu'fi' it is liifiicly outnuiulx'n'd liotli h\ ilic \\iii|iliali(lae and llie Hi'.H|icridac'. Till' l)iittorliii's 111' tlii'* jiroiip as a iidi' arc snialiri- iliaii lliu.-c of any otliiT family, not r.\cf|)tin<^ tlic II('B|H'rida('. from wliicli ilny arc i|iiickly distin>;iiislii'd l>y tht-ir nioiT vivid colors and el\('s of their small head, extensible neck and oldiijwe position of the mouth, to burrow into pods, seeds and fruit. The clirysalids aiv broad in propor- tion to their length, seldom, and then \erv slightly and roundly, angu- hited and are not only attached by the hinder extremity as those of tlie previous family, but tightly girt by a silken cord, passing aromid the bodv near the division between the thorax and abdomen ; their infei-ior surface is nearly straight, and closely pressed against the surface to which thev are attached. In one or two instances they secure a similar position by the tail fastenings alone, probably from the length of the cremastral area and the rigidity of the abdominal joints. Division of the family. In the lists and other systematic papers that I have pulilished wiiiiin the last ten or fifteen years, T have ventured to depart from the ordinary custom of entomologists by considering the Leni- oniinae and Lycaeninae as subfamilies of one great group, instead of classing them as distinct families ; but my reasons for this conclusit)n have never been fully stated. In brief, it may be said that these two groups bear to each other almost identical relations to those ])orne to each other by the Pierinae and Paj)ilioninae. Those who consider these two latter groups a.-* members of a single family slioidd regard the Lycaenidae as • fioilman ami .Salviii linvc rei'cnlly «l»- rliininnticm uf llio claws" lins "iifviT liccn 8crllM>n.'e provi'd hy future observations. In the [)erfect stage, we also find important I'haraeters common to these two groups and distinguishing them from the rest of the hutterHy world. Their small size and delicate structure would at once be remarked ; the front of the head between the eyes is much narrower than high, which is not true of any other group ; the eyes are not in the least prominent, and they are notched on the inner margin above to give room for the antenna! sockets, which the narrowness of the head between the eyes here renders necessary. As all these are characters which concern the funda- mental structure of the head and arc not found elsewhere, they must he regartled as of considerable taxonoinic weight. The antennae, including the club, are invariably straight, w ith none of the curves so common else- where, and especially in the lower groups. Both of the subfamilies agree with the Xymphalidae in the sligiit separation of the nicso- and meta- thomx. The ncuration of the wings is extremely simple. The struct- ure of the front legs has been so often insisted upon that it is not necessary to more than mention it, but it should be borne in mind that the ditference between the two subfamilies is comparatively slisjlit, while they both differ from all other buttei-flics in the broad fact that the front legs of the male are, and those of the female are not, aborted ; in no other group, excepting in the single aberrant subfamily Libytheinae (on that account placed hereby Bates), are the legs sexually heteromorphons, while here it is universal, though varying in degree. The difference between the two subfamilies is that of degree ; the difference between the family and other families is one of independent character. Add to this the unique character of the abdominal appendages of the male shared by both the subfamilies and we liave a totality of characters drawn from all stages, held by these two groups in common and in distinction from others, which cannot be exceeded by any other combination of eubtamilies in a homogeneous whole. Table of subfamilies of Lycaenidae, based on the egg. Convrrglng septae cxtondlng from the walls of the rclJs toward tlicir cent re... Lemonlliiue. Xo con verging septoo thrown off from walla of cells Lycaeninae. 772 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Table of subfamilies, based on the caterpillar at birth. Body with cliitiiious .lorsal ami substigmata) shields on every segment, to which the haired pa- pillae are eoiiliiied. and only sul)dorsaI annuli Lemoniiiiae. Body withehilinoiis dorsal shields of greater or less extent and distinctness only on first tlio- raoio and last abdominal segments, no snbstigmatal shields, and with anmili on the sides of the body Lycaeiiinae. Table of subfamilies, based on the matttre caterpillar. Head at least half as broad as the middle of the body; the latter scarcely onisciform Lemoniinae. Head less, generally far less, than half as broad as the middle of the body ; the latter more or less onisciform Lycaeninae. Table of subfamilies, based on the chrtjsalis. Body elongate, sparsely clothed with long hairs Lemoniinae. Body contracted, sparsely or densely clothed with short hairs or other dermal appendages Lycaeninae. Table of subfamilies, based on the imago. Labial jialpi minute, only theminuti' a])ical joint surpassing the face; fore wings proviilcd with a distinct internal nervure; hint (luul all North Amcrlrnn) ({enira. the i-ostal norviiro emllns In the niUhlle of the io>lal nuirf;ln, the innir mar- gin hardly ehannelled. Fore lesis of male -.'rently aborted, nilnnte. very nineh shorter than the otlier le(;8, entirely without armature, hnt clotlied with lon^ Imlrs, the tarsi conslsthifr of a single iinaniied joint. Middle tibiae longer than the hind pair. Male abdondnal appeiidajjes : n|i|ii-r or;:an eonslstin;: of annate lateral »lati<>n.s nnlti-d meslally ttiron:;h most of their length, but often leavinj; a notili between theni, together formlni; a hood-like plate, and bearlnj; l>eiiealh slender, taperinj; arms directed at llrst downward and then backward and somewhat inward. Intennltlent orsian not so hl;ihly developeil as In the next subfamily, not apicnlly expanded. Clasps variable In form, not dltTerlnft much from those of Lycaenlnae, as far as I have seen, but aeeompanlod above by a baekwani ilireeted. lonir and slender, basal tinner whieh appears to be ipilte wanting In Lyeaeninae. Egg. Kehlnold or tlarate in shape, mueh broader than lii-tli, domed aljove.the sum- mit witli a lariie.deep. central depres>ion. more or less al)rupt; the surface delicately reticulated; the cells either inconspicuous or very deep, the boundiu!; walls sharp, bearing at every angle of reticulation a delicate erect tllament. and sending toward, but not to. the centre of each cell less elevated delicate septae. Caterpillar at birth. Body tapering from in front backward ; the head as large as the tlrst segment, by which it Is partially covered or to which it is closely attached ; botly snb-cyliudrical : all the segments bearing a dorsal and, sometimes at least, a .sub- stlgmatal chitinous shield from whicli arise all the hairs and bristles of the body ; these are long, more or less arcuate, nniiutely spiculiferous; the body is also provided with chitinous annnll arranged longitudinally in tlie dorsal region; the spiracles of the eighth segment not hiuher than those i>f the rest of the body. The young caterpillars of Lemouiiuae ditler (so far as can be judged from an exam- ination of alcoholic specimens of a single species or two of North American forms, winch I owe to the favor of Mr. W. H. Edwards) from those of the Lycaenlnae in the possession of thickened chitinous shields on all the segments of the body, from which arise the spiculiferous hairs, seated on papillae. In the species examined (Chrysobia mils and vlrgidti) there is a broad and short dorsal shield entirely similar to what we are accustomed to see on tlie tirst tlioracic segment of Hesperidae. but much shorter than the same on Lycaenlnae. broken narrowly at the dorsal line to give better play to the dorsal vessel beneoth ; tliere is also a small snbstiginatal roundish shield from which a cluster of papilla-based hairs arise. The spiracles are situated between these two sets of chitlnons shields anti are not higher on the eight abdominal segment tlian on the others. There is a single subdorsal series of minute annuli on either side, extending the wiiole length of the body. In form, the structure of the head poste- riorly and Its relations to the segment behind, tliere is no distinction from Lycaenlnae, so that the peculiarities of the earliest larval stage lend countenance to that view of the Lcmoniinae which would regard them as a subfamily of Lycacnidae. Mature caterpillar. Head large, as broad as the segment posterior to it, to widch it is connected by a membrane w hlch is attached to the summit of the head : the lat- ter deeply emarglnate In the middle above and w ith no posterior declivity, provided with numerous long hairs but never with spines; body nearly er)ual, sub-cylindrical or sub-onisclfonn, short, being rarely more than three or fonr times as long as broad, fre<|uently covered with dense pile, and in addition, or in its place, ranged hairs or still' tlianieuts or fascicles of hairs arranged in longitudinal rows. Chrysalis. Hather short and plump, well rounded, with few prominences, but frenuently enlarged and to a slight degree angulate at the base of the winirs. largest on the abdomen; the anterior extremity formed of the large and broad protliorax ; the head bent over entirely upon the ventral surface ; the prothorax frearehiae, I lelieonii, \yni|iliales, etc. (^\'est- wood, liitrod. chissif. ins., ii : 2."i7). ".More than any other hutterflics," says Wallace (Trans, entom. Soc. Lund. [2] ii : H'y'I-S), writing of the fauna of the Amazons, these insects »ro the inliiibitaiits of the virgin forest, In wliosc dark recesses many of the rarer and lovelier species arc alone to be fonnd. The ftreat mass of the species have a very peculiar habit of Invariably selllin^ and reposinj; on the iimler surface of leaves with tile Willis expanded, bat there are some striking; exceptions to this nile. Nymi)ld- diuni always expands its winjjs in repose. Ciiaris [very closely allied to our C'alepiie- Is] always exposes itself on tlie upper surface of leaves. Tlie Erycinas lly as strongly and as rapidly as the Ilesperidae. Eniesis and Nyraplndinm are also rapid tlyers. . . . Most of tlie other genera are weak but ratlier active fivers. De Niceville states that the Indian species "all have an extremely rapid flight, so fast, indeed, as to l)e very difticidt to follow with the eye, but seldom for more than a few yards, when thev settle ajrain." The eggs of this group arc very imperfectly known, hut j)robahly will be found to agree in being of a tiaratc form, rather higher in proportion to their breadth than in Lycaeninae, with more or less distinctly reticulate siirtace, often with short, tapering filaments at the angles of the reticula- tion. The caterpillars, very few of which arc known, arc rather more varied in appearance and structure than those of the succeeding group ; and, like the perfect insects, are closely allied by structure to the Lycaeninae, while they often appear to ontwanlly resemble distantly related groups — particularly the Ilesperidae and Mor|)hinae. They are rarely so strikingly onisciform as the caterpillars of Lycaeninae, and are sometimes furnished with tufts of short hairs, and even, on the first thoracic segment, with long spines. The first segment of the body is not enormously developed, nor is the head retractile to the extent that is found in the Lycaeninae, Very little is known of the earlier stages of these insects or of their trans- formations. The ehrysalids closely resemble those of the ne.\t subfamilv, but are more elongated (as the caterjiillars usually are) and remarkable for the long, somctiines very long, and usually very scanty hairs with which they are clothed ; they have a less flattened ventral sui-face than the Lycaeninae. and arc usually much more variegated in color. Some are girt as in the Lycaeninae, others hang by the tail alone, but in some of these cases, perhaps all, stiffly, so as to hug the surface to which they are attached, and not to hang freely as in the Nym]>lialidae. I add, for the better ex- planation of the statements in this paragraph, a general review of all that can be Iearneieh he elsewhere speaks of as "not flattened beneatli. and secured rigidly by tlie tail in an inclined position without jrirdinir."' Stoir, indeed, figures tlie transformations of Stalachtis calliope ; he represents the caterpillar as cylindrical and slightly depressed, of uniform width throughout, about three and a half times longer than broad ; the head is hardly more than half as wide as the body, rounded and hairy ; the first thoracic segment bears a semilunate shield as wide as the head, and a similar though smaller shield is found upon the last segment, with bhu'k points on the intermediate ones ; the segments are distinctly moniliform and apparently are elevated at the base of slender hairs, longer than the segments, which appear to be clustered to a certain extent in fascicles and which are accompanied, apparently at the substig- matal fold, by a stouter bristle, as long as the width of the body on each segment ; besides this the body is covered with a shorter pile. The chrysa- lis is represented without attachment, but in a perpendicular position head downward, and is described by Stoll' as being attached to a leaf stem by its hinder extremity only by means of a stiff bristle (poll roide), "hang- ing perpendicularly with its head toward the earth, like the spiny caterpillars of the tetrapod butterflies" : the chrysalis has a form very similar, indeed, to that of Nemeobius, similar also in its markings and in being very sparsely covered with long hairs ; a dorsal view is given and the anterior extremity is apparently terminated l>y the prothorax. Finally, we have the far more satisfactory illustration of Chrysobia, in the figures given by Edwards, and here we are also able to draw upon our knowledge of the species from specimens kindly sent us for examina- tion by Mr. Edwards. The eggs of two species are figured and described by him, and these as well as those of the third, L. virgulti, he has kindly per- mitted me to see. They are flattened spheroids, broadly domed above, delicately and finely reticulated and bear at each angle of the sharp hexagonal reticulation a delicate filament no longer than the width of the cells. In nais these filaments are more pointed than in palmerii, but do not otherwise essentially difter, though figured and described differently by Edwards ; in virgulti they are as in nais. Such reticulation is common in the Ly- caeninae, but the cells of the reticulation have apparently one distinguishing quality in Chrysobia, which is that from the walls of the cell toward, but hardly to, the centre run low, sharp septae, reminding one very strikingly of the similar feature in coral polyps : very probably this may prove true of all Lemoniinae ; while, as far as I have seen, in the eggs of the Lycae- ninae there is no such radiate arrangement of the walls, though in some, especially in the Lycaenidi, the centre of the floor of the cell may be thick- ened and the thickening run in a radiate direction toward the walls of the o 782 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. cell without reaching tlicin. The mieropyle rosette, which I have seen only in nais, is a deep inf'undiijulif'orm pit at the very centre of which is a secondary minute puncture. That of palmerii is figured by P^dwards as forming a very broad, cratcriform, abrupt pit. The caterpillars at birth have been excellently figured by Mr. P^dwai-ds, but as I have already ofiven the characteristics observed in specimens they need not be re])i'ated licre. Mr. Edwards has kindly sent me a caterpillar of Chrysobia ver- gulti in its second stage, which is the only one of the later stages of the caterpillar 1 have seen in this tribe : but Mr. Edwards figures that of Chrysobia nais in an excellent manner. In this it appears that the cater- pillar is strictly cylindrical, nearly equal, tapers very gently from the middle of the body backward, more rapidly at the extreme tip, scarcely tapers forwards, and has somewhat abbreviated legs and prologs. The head, which is constructed precisely as I have described that of Nemeo- bius, is relatively lai'ger, being about three-fourths the greatest width of the body, and therefore not greatly narrower than the segment imme- diately posterior to it; according to Edwards, it is "partly covered" by this but not retractile ; the posterior border is dorsally emarginate as in Nemeobius, and long hairs are found upon it up to the summit. The body is covered with longitudinal rows of spreading fascicles of short hairs, two upon either side besides a stigmatal series of longer hairs ; some long arching hairs are also found at each extremity of the body, and the first thoracic segment is covered with a divided dorsal shield not conspicuously more corneous than the other parts of the body, bristling with hairs. The chrysalis has a shape precisely like that of Nemeobius, excepting in being slightly longer, and like it is attached both bj^ the tail and by a girdle round the middle ; the ventral surface is nearly flat, with a sinuate curve ; the body is sparsely covered with not very long hairs and the cremaster, while completely independent and protruding, is not pointed but apically truncate. We think that it will appear very clearly from this review that the structure of the early stages and the transformations of the Lemoniinae are not widely different from those of the Lycaeninae, by no means sufiiciently so to support the separation of the two groups as distinct families. There is, indeed, no more difficulty in harmonizing the somewhat curious differences one sees in the larval and pupal forms of the Lemoniinae than there is in those of Lycaeninae ; there is no more difficulty in retaining any one of them within the group than there is in retaining among the Lycaeninae such forms as Sjjalgis, figured liy Moore, or Curetis, figured by Horsfield, or our own Feniseca. On the other hand the subdivision of the subfamily suggested by Godman and Salvin would seem to be borne out by the characteristics of the early stages. For it would appear that we may even be able to separate these two groups by characters drawn from the early stages. It LEMONIINAE: THE GENUS CALEPHELIS. 783 would seem as if in tlie Ncincohiidi tlic eggs might be characterized by being nearly smootli witli shglit reticulation ; the caterpillars as densely clothed with pile, conspicuously so in certain definite regions, especially at the two extremities of" the l)ody ; and the chrvsalids would appear to be always girt round the middle ; while on the other hand in the Lemoniidi, as far as we yet know, the eggs are deeply reticulate and filamentous, the caterpillars are provided with fascicles of hairs definitely arranged in longitudinal series along the body, giving them the appearance, as Bar expresses it, of a Liparis ; while the chrysalis is usually not girt around tiie mi 790 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. very slight curve, its concavity outwards ; tlic upper lialf is the most nearly continuous ; there is a narrow, straijrlit, submarfiinal stripe of steel colored scales, distant by lialf an interspace's width from the outer border, edged with a few discontinuous blackish scales on the inner side and occasionally a few on the outer side; following it inwardly is a series of black dots like those of the upper surface; fringe as above. Hind wings with four series of black streaks like those above and similarly situated, the first indistinct; the fourth commences in the costo-subcostal interspace, just beneath the tip of tlie costal, crosses the upper subcostal interspace by a full interspace's width further outward, resumes its former course in crossing the lower subcostal and again leaps to the same extent outwardly at the subcosto-median and upper median interspaces, after which it again returns to its former direction and con- tinues interruptedly but with a uniform direction to the middle of the inner border; there is a transverse series of moderately slender, interruptedly continuous, steel col- ored lunules, scarcely bordered with black, one in each interspace, in the same rela- tive position as the transverse series of lunules in the fore wing; as tliere also, the scries is Ijent at the middle median nervule and the general direction of either half is a slight curve, its concavity outwards ; a submarginal steel colored stripe, followed inwardly by a row of black dots, just as in the fore wing; fringe as above. Abdomen above blackish mingled with grayish scales, below briglit saffron. Male abdominal appendages (34: 10, 11) with the lateral arms of the upper organ bent strongly, the basal portion stout and swollen, the distal tapering with great regu- larity to a fine point, bent slightly upward. Apical half of clasps bent about the middle so as to be directed straight backward, instead of slightly upward and inward as previously, the tip Ijlnnt and rounded ; basal finger about as slender as the distal portion of the lateral arm above, but bluntly pointed. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Length of tongue, 6 mm. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. 13.25 7.25 1.75 4.5 hind tibiae and tarsi. . fore tibiae and tarsi.. Described from 2 S . Secondary sexual distinctions. On the upper surface of the wings I have found, in the male and not in the female, a very few untoothed scales so closely re- sembling others in similar situations in the lower Nymphalidae that I think it prob- able they are androconia (46: 17); they are of a quadrangular form, scarcely enlarging apically , three times as long as broad, the apex truncate with rounded angles, the basal lobes distinct, broad, well rounded; they measure .15 mm. in length or are slightly larger than the normal scales. This very rare butterfly has only been recorded from two or three localities, but these are so widely distant that we may hope for its detection at any point within tlie limits marked on our map (22 : 8). It was first discovei'ed by Messrs. Grote and Robinson in Coldenham, Orange Co., N. Y., and has since been taken in Michigan (Austin in coll. Univ. Mich.), the township of Ohio, 111. (Morrison), New Jersey (Edwards) and Coalburgh, W. Va., a single specimen or two (Edwards). I have also seen specimens from Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, Mus. Bost. soc. nat. hist. ) which seems indistinguishable and which in all probability is Godman and Salvin's laverna, an uncharacterized species, which they rc|)ort from Mexico (Presidio), Honduras, Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, TBE STBFAMILT LTCAEyiX-iJEL 791 Calobre. Lioa Hil> Oiknbia. YcBeneb aaii E^nL K k be die suae oar species Ins eenabdr a wide lao^. aod ia aa^ ereafi is e» be looked fiir na New M«xn». eaetem C<>Iorkl>. Kaa^a^ and Xecnt^ka. or iBdeediiia]]BoecaBTpanoctkeDatt>HiBS»s«ppcJtt&crki:. Tkkea in Johr. fibe BEomk apeamenf ^iLtv 7. > j coo^wikoB vitb i&e soocbem species. C eaeoevs*. m is pcvbaJrK puTr- goaennr: boc beroad ^BfwebaTe aAknMrbn^ewbaBsoertr- :^t»c7. F' -—^ ~' ■*■ -^"cenuBa: tbe Bfe, bdbie aad ^tributwa c: i..-^ ..^csertfjr E >. . an«i ^ the DHxe de£Bnl>£e staee ^b« is tbe anlj Kpte- smcatiT« ot' the sdl^unflr in tibe BwcAerm UiuBed Sc30». Ic vooM be esp«ctallv DKnresOB^ n> kaow m «iax wsj tb«; ' - ^ sa^eaiaL Tbe allied spenes. P. caeaeos. b> so cv^mmoa ia tc :bac tke deter- miaatioa of all g^n^rie ieanns iadieearhrsc3^:e$oa^^i»c t» beififici^. This IS dte mosc oapoctaat iKvaa ia oar kaovled^ of die uaatfim MMEwag ot' Xonb AmefieaB battisffies tbat remaii^ to be £Ked. iiST or iLLrsTSJ.TW'ys.—CAr. xpfmr f>' Boxx.ir.r< gkfiwmf. '- "•'. 11^ ybus lixioaaaai. i^gvouasKS. PI. C ^. 2. Mate. iMdi .iis. --f Itoki smi a^pinii^tas ".4."--?. Tlbe sub;. -- . ^ CI ^e>rv& <>£ te: stciKmiM. SUBFAMILY LYCAENINAE. '>j_i»iiiiifri ITHhii BucsiL: LjvaeoRcie—V.t !.'»';«■ Vvuor. TemiftaB $ti)rp« Hurrf. TbMi&iae Swains. ; T^hjeianiK ?wi ;<. •,;•■.• <•• • . tniJivftOfc-M Bcafls - ■,«■, Tuagn H««>1 small: fcoat Ifcu or a I£ttiif nuuiii. ii:$tisUv tKvc: v ~' XH> taw ci«it> nuikrr liiistuivt^ l>w. from oi: -f tllwwtMfe uueoiHi: patptsImM'.- ^ - TtK>raLi vTiri*i>i<. tttou^fi ik'>« stwuIj. Ut $toa(a««>!$^ »»»«• »«y sci.>ttt^ $««t«C&iM«: « *T&t$ Hwvws ippntrs tu it»rtit«ra Fturiila ftHwU not nr<> Xar. lT-^$l; it vt; and Proc. Bosf. soc. nat. hist., xxiii : S.JT-SoS. 798 THE BUTTERFIJKS OF NEW ENGLAND. Table of tribes, based on the mature caterpillar. Head excessively small, not onc-foui-th, sometimes not one-sixth the width of the body ; dorsal shield of first thoracic segment wanting, or else covered with hairs as thickly as the neigh- boring ijarts Lycaenldi. Head modorately small, generally at least one-third, sometimes one-half the width of the body; dorsal shield of first thoracic segment distinct and naked or clothed nmch less abundantly with hairs than the neighboring parts. Highest portion of body segments lying behind the middle, generally next posterior edge; or if in the middle with the posterior slope more abrupt than the anterior ; head generally smaller than in Chrysuphanidi, capable of being extended two or three times its length beyond the body Theclidi. Highest portion of body segments at the middle or in front of the middle of the segments, the anterior slope the more abrupt; head generally larger than in Theclidi, not capable of special extension Chrysophanidi. Table of tribes, based on the chrysalis. Dermal append.ages formed of cylindrical, spiculiferous and pointed or apically stellate hairs. Dermal appendages tapering only at the tip, the spicules inclined at a slight angle. WTiole body shorter and stouter than in Lycaenidi, the abdomen especially being very short and full, rarely more than half as long again as broad Theclidi. Dermal appendages tapering throughout or apically stellate, the spicules, when present inclined at a right angle. Whole body longer and slenderer than in Theclidi, the al)domen especially being more elongate, generally nearly twice as long as broad.... Lycaenldi. Dermal appendages short, distinctly fungiform, without spicules Chrysophanidi. Table of tribes, based on the imago. Third superior subcostal nervule of fore wings simple; under surface of hind wings generally with continuous or subcontinuous markings Theclidi. Third suiierior subcostal nervule of fore wings forked; under surface of hind wings generally with discontinuous, though ranged markings. Stouter bodied, with colors of upper surface usually more or less violet; spines on under side of tarsi comparatively few and ranged in pretty regular series ; clasps tapering, apically pointed Lycaenldi. Slenderer bodied, with colors of upper surface more or less coppery ; spines on under side of tarsi numerous and clustered irregularly at the sides; clasps subequal, apically rounded Chrysophanidi. TRIBE THECLIDI. HAIRSTRBAKS. Papiliones subeaudati Wiener Verzeichniss. Theclides Kirb.; Theclinae Bull.; Theclidae Ephori Ilerbst. Guen. Armati Hiibner. Lass ab von mir, und licbe nur Die heiteren Sclimittirlinge, Die da gaukein im Sonneidicht — Lass ab von mir und dem Ungliick. Heine.— Xoss ab. Imago. Colors dark brown. Club of antennae usually increasing iu size through- out most of its extent, very long and very slender, from two to three times as broad as the stalk (occasionally a little more than that) and from five to eight times longer than broad. Patagia very long and slender, usually four or five times longer than broad ; third superior subcostal nervure of fore wings not forked ; tarsi armed beneath with an irregular mass of spines on either side ; fore tarsi of the male armed at tip with a pair of spines, only slightly larger and more curved than the others; parony- LYCAENINAK: TIIK TIUHK TIIIX'MDI. 799 tliln of other leijs simple; iiiilvillus .«imill hut prominent. I'ppcr orj;iiii of male nl)ilomliiitl ivppriiiliiin's with very hroml nliillon>i, expiuiili;il liitcriilly rntlicr than pos- teriorly : rliisps straljiht, nnnrnu'd, laporln;;. ;;eni'r»lly to a very delicate point; Intro- mlttent ornnn of exceptional length, aplrally llarin;;. Egg. Tlarale. about einlnciit i . or prrtir rrmiliirljr aixl conolilprmtily rnanttnl, iniwl |>r-!i)ia|>e«l Imt limailly tniiirato at tip, the Hlileit NlralKht, the aleni lonK. the lamina alioiit four tltiii-t »> Imii; n« hroail. Forr ' It foiir-rtft f tlie hlml tlhlae. the tarnl either «iiri>i«-"lnK (9>"r '•>■ terlii|;. anil only armed with the coi; ; of the rows of nplnex on the iniiler surface, and alM>ve with very short •nd deniie hair* In place of ncales ((f): In both ncxei the tlhlnl xplm-"! are nnknl, and excpptlnic In theite polntu and their dimlnlohed nltn they do not ilinv-r from tho!ie of the other legit Keiuora scarcely fringetl with halni, excepting on tin- fore Ic^^ of the male, where they are thickly clothed. Midillc tiblne anncd Ix-nenth with n (treat many rather recunilxMit. short ami rather >«li-iiilor spines, and at the llpwith rnther long anil stout spurs, clothed with scales nearly to the tl|i. Klp»i joint of tarsi a little longer tlian the three followliiu to);etluT. the socoml ami llfth nlmul e<|Uiil, and lonucr than the third and fourth, which are iijual ; amird lioneath on either side with rather long and slender spines, the apical ones of each Joint a little longer than the othcn ; under «nrfare, exreptlnit of the ba-sal Joint, devoid of scales. ClawK very itmall, conipreAsrd. Iwnl strongly close to the base, beyond nearly straight, tapering, the •pex very Rllghtly hookeent on the fle^hv ti»se-. pnlvlllus minute, projecting. ^' ulnal appendages; upper organ rnther small ; alatlons sulx|uadrate, scpa- rat- -p. tiMud notch, a.s In Thccla. not pointed ; lower edge produced to a bruad. roundiil lappet; arms long and slender, taperlii:; to a line point, strongly re- cur^etl. the apical portion straight ; cla.sps gibbous at luuc, beyond laminate, nttber stoat, tapering to a point. Bgg. Ecbloold shaped, much flattened below, above as In Uranotus or even more strongly convex. The surface covered with coarse, raised, roumled projections, each connected with those around It by a laminate ridge, much the lowest In the middle, and thus forming minute, triangular cells. Inferior surface, except exteriorly, smooth ; aK ■•nddenly stop at t! ■. sunken micropylc, cumpoiied of del -. with slight raised i ucen. CaterpUlai at btrth. Dody shapeil much na In Incisalia. with no sulcation of the dorsal area. Tlie last compound abilomlnal segment somewhat elongated but rounded at the tip. The latcroilopMil series of splcnll f erous hairs consisting of two on each abdominal segincnt, the larger central, the smaller posterior and out-slde of thl-t; the longer hair Is scarcely so long as the height of the iKMly, strongly curved, sweeping upward I •r half the length of one of the segments of the bocbiiu'tterlinge, tunimelt eueh. Von Zwoig zu Zweig 3Iit unsrer Schaar zu spielen Ini kiiblon, Im sauselnden Gestraucli ! ScnuLZE. — Liedder Voglein. These be the pretty genii of the fiow'rs, Daintily fed with honey and pure dew. rioon.— 77(6 Plea of the 3Iidsummcr Fairies. Imago (6: 24, 26). Head covered with moderately long, blackish brown hairs, varied by narrow streaks of wliite scales and hair.s ; eyes encircled with a moderately narrow border of snow white scales, which reach the base of the antennas in front, but fail of reaching it, by the diameter of the bas.il joint, behind : those of eitlier side are nnited by a transverse, slightly curved band of similar scales just above the base of the tongue; the compressed and slightly elevated tuft of hairs on the summit of the head has a median line of slightly longer white or dull white hairs. The b.Tsal joint of the antennae is tightly encircled by a cup of scales, snow white externally and above, dark brown elsewhere; antennae covered with blaclc scales, annulated, on the lower fourth of each joint of the stalk and on the basal three or four joints of the club, with snow white scales ; the edges of tliese annulations are rather even at base, very irregular at apex ; club black with a bronze tinge on the upper surface, mouse brown, most delicately flecked with very short minute gray hairs on the under surface of the male, the Iiase of each joint more or less distinctly banded witli yel- lowish brown, which sometimes expands so as to occupy nearly or quite all of the lower surface ; the whole basal portion of the under surface of the club is profusely flecked with white scales, which run u]) liighest on the outer side ; the terminal three or four joints of both sexes are entirely honey yellow, sometimes slightly infuscated, but at all times have a fulvous appearance to the naked eye. Palpi covered with snow white scales on the inner face and under edge of ba,sal and middle joints, on scarcely so much as the lower half of the outer face of the middle joint, on the base of the upper and sometimes of the inner portion and on the extreme apex of terminal joint, elsewhere with very dark slate brown scales. Tongue luteo-fuscous, edged ex- 810 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. ternally with fuscous, the tip slightly paler; the papillae (61:51) slender, rod-like, slightly largest in the middle, each separated from its neighbor by nearly its own length, about five times as long as broad and shorter than half the maxilla breadth, with six or eight vertical ribs terminating above in long produced points or bristles, as long as the central filament. Thorax entirely covered above with very long, mouse brown hairs, those of the pro- thoracic lobes and patagia tinged faintly with olivaceous, those at the posterior portion of the thorax still more slightly with faint bluish ; beneath covered with sil- very gray hairs. Femora covered with irridescent pearly white and dark brown scales, the former greatly predominating, the latter more prominent next the lower edge; this edge is rather broadly fringed with very long mingled grayish white and brownish hairs, mucli longer on the outer than on the inner half, and decreasing in length toward the apex ; tibiae covered with pearly white scales with intermingled blackisli brown scales, scattered especially upon the upper siirface and forming a rather large patch near the apex; spines black; spurs reddish, tipped with black; tarsi similarly covered above and on the sides with white scales, occasionally relieved by black scales, wiiich, on the upper surface and sometimes on the sides, form black spots situated at the base of each joint and near the apex of the basal joint; they are so large as to leave only a narrow, transverse band of white scales; under surface yellowish brown ; spines black ; claws reddish. Wings above uniform, blackish brown in bred, grayish slaty brown in captured specimens; either with the faintest possible indication of one or two small, submargi- nal.duU orange spots next the anal angle of fore wings (' sod, .\n' second brood must, therefore, appear late in June and in July, and the early appearance of the first brood indicates that the insect probably hibernates in the chrysalis state. As to the haunts of this insect, all (unless the New Jersey specimen, and pei'haps the London, be exceptions) seem to have been taken in mountainous regions. Mr. Saunders took his specimen in a wood ; Mr. Edwards one of his at the bottom of a freshly dug j)ost hole near a hop vine. Mine was taken on a road into a mountain ravine, just before it entered the woods from partially cleared ground. Desiderata. Manifestly we know so little about this insect that every fact about it is desirable; first of all, as a guide to the rest, the food plant of the larva and the number of broods annually. I did not hesitate to sacrifice my specimen to obtain eggs, and placed the creature over wild cherry, where she lived many days without laying, though her abdomen was full of eggs. The distribution and haunts of the insect make it probable that it will be discovered in a line across the country not far from our boundary with Canada, and in the Cordillera region north of Ai'izona. LIST OF ILLUSTBATIONS.-EBOBA LAETA. General. PI. 14, fig. 9. Female, Ijoth surfaces. PI. 23, fig. 2. Distril)utiou in North America. 39 : 17. Neuration. Egg. 55:2. Side view witli head and appen- Pl.Oo, fig. 8. Plain. dages enlarged, and details of the jiniifiQ structure of the legs in the fe- Pl. U, fig. U. Male, upi)er surface. '"''''^- LYCAENINAE: THE GEXUS INCISALIA. 823 INCISALIA MIXOT. Incisniin Miii., ScucUI. syst. rev. Am. Itutt., 31 Lycus (pars) HUbii. Verz. schinett. 74 (1816). (1ST2). " Thecla (pars) Auct. Tupe. — Licus niphon Jfubn. Upon his painted wings, the Ijutterfly Koani'd, a gay blossom of the sunny'sky. Willis G. Clark. Imago (55:1). Mead small, di-nscly clothed with scales and long hairs, arching forward or curving dow-nwaril. Front nearly tlat, very little swollen, but beneath a little tumid, barely surpassing the front of the eyes; above hollowed in a broadi sliallow chaiuiel ilown the front; as broad as the eyes on a front view and varying in height from somewhat less to scarcely more than half as high as broad ; upper border forming a distinct ridge in the middle, its angles considerably hollowed in front of the antennae ; lower border strongly and rather squarely arched. Vertex almost per- fectly flat, with a slightly raised ridge at the outer hinder portion of each antenna, and separated from the occiput by a very conspicuous, straight, transverse channel, deepest in the middle. Eyes rather large and full, rather densely pilose with moderate hairs, .\ntennae inserted with their hinder edge in the middle of the summit, separated by a space equ.al to or rather larger than the diameter of the second antenna! joint, the basal joint nalced ; considerably longer than the abdomen, composed of thirty-two or thirty-three joints, of which from fourteen to sixteen form the club, which is elon- gated, cylindrical, depressed a little, nearly equal for most of its length, increasing in size only at its first two or three joints and on the last four or five diminishing rather gradually to a bluntly pointed apex, the apical joint being exceedingly minute ; it is fully throe times as broad as the stalk and about five times as long as broad. Palpi slender, about half as long again as the eye, the terminal joint about three-quarters as long as the penultimate and clothed with recumbent scales and a few hairs, the other joints furnished profusely with large, long scales projecting on the under surface but surpassed by a moderately heavy fringe of long hairs, all compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia small, exceedingly long and slender, arched, and, excepting next theboi-ders, tumid, a little more tlian three times as long as broad, the inner border nearly straight , the basal half narrowing slightly, the apical half equal, less than half as broad as the broadest portion, and terminating in a well rounded apex. Fore wings (39 : 13) about three-fourths as long again as broad, the costal margin roundly and pretty strongly bent at a short distance from the base, beyond that straight, very slightly curved l)ackward at the tip, the outer angle scarcely rounded ; outer margin very slightly and regularly rounded, just above the middle of the wing a little full in the J , its general direction at an angle of about sixty or seventy degrees with the middle of the costal border; the inner margin straight, its outer angle slightly rounded; costal nervure terminating a little beyond the tip of the cell; subcostal with three superior branches, the first arising at or a little beyond the middle of the upper border of the cell ; the second, two-thirds the distance from there to the origin of the third, which arises just before the apex of tlie cell ; the main vein beyond the origin of the third is curved downward to meet the cross vein, either slightly and then continues in a straight course ( ? ), or pretty strongly and then springs back to resume its former straight course ($) ; the cross vein is very feelily developed es- pecially below ; cell a little less than half as long as the wing and about three times as long as broad. Hind wings with the costal margin strongly convex next the base, beyond nearly straight, outer angle varial)le, outer margin well rounded, very slightly prominent in the naiddlc of the median region, at least in the ? , the tips of the middle and lower 824 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. median iicrvules more or less slightly ami roundly iiroduced. Inner border rather stron-rly and regularly rounded, just before the tip considerably and roundly cniargl- nate, leaving a rounded lobe at the tip, directed inward. Sul)niedian nervure ter- ininatinj^ on tlie outer border, just beyond the anal angle ; internal nervure terminating just beyond the middle of the inner border. .■Vndroconia ril)bon-like, neai'ly equal throughout, with truncate apex, rounded at the angles, the base slightly lobed and tlie stem very short. Fore tibiae about llve-sLxths the length of the hind tibiae, the tarsi equalling or exceeding the tibiae In length; the last tarsal joint either resembles the same part in tlie other legs ( ? ) ; or It Is small, tapering, curved and bears at its tip only a p.air of nearly straight spines, the continuation of the row at the sides and is covered above with very short and close hairs {S ) \ otherwise, and excepting that in both sexes the tibial spurs are naked, these legs agree with tiie others. Femora ratlicr thinly (fore femora tliickly) fringed with very long hairs, especially in the male. Middle tibiae scarcely or not at all exceeding the hind tibiae in length, armed at the tip with a pair of rather long spurs, clothed with scales nearly to the tip. First joint of tarsi equal to the rest together (that of the hind leg tumid In the male), the others nearly equal, the second and fifth largest and equal, armed profusely on eitlier side beneath with rather long, not very slender spines, the apical one on either side of each joint a little longer than the others; under surface of all the joints but the Iwsal devoid of scales; claws small, compressed, strongly bent, with a curve at the middle, tapering, finely pointed ; paronychia simple, nearly as long as the claw, broad and heavy, nearly equal ; puhillus minute, projecting. Male abdominal appendages : upper organ rather large, but the alations rather small, separated, as viewed above, by a deep notch which is scarcely pointed at the extreme base ; neai'ly circular, furnished with strongly recurved lateral arms which scarcely taper excepting at the finely pointed tip ; clasps nearly straight, conical, rather rapidly and regularly tapering to a very finely drawn point, their lower edges sub- connate nearly throughout. Egg. Very depressed, echlnold-shaped, as broad at summit as at base, studded pro- fusely with prominent tubercles, each connected by six raised ridges to the neighbor- ing prominences, disposed with considerable regularity in rows, but confused above, and with cells of lesser size. Micropyle rosette sunken but very little, rather large, composed of nearly uniform cells divided by slightly raised lines. Caterpillar at birth. Head pretty well rounded, broadest and scarcely angular at the middle of the upper two-thirds, slightly broader than high. Body largest on the thorax, nearly equal on the abdomen as far as the posterior third, where It tapers to a rounded tip; flattened beneath a great deal, above flattened or hollowed a very little, the sides apparently sloping or even hollowed, the lower margin laterally pro- duced; abdomen furnished with a laterodorsal series of very elevated slender warts, nearly uniform in thickness, two on each segment, emitting very long, erect hairs, curving pretty strongly, the convexity forwards, tapering and very minutely splcu- liferous, giving the hair a frosted appearance under the lens; In the same series, im- mediately below. Is an anteriorly placed small wart, one on each segment, bearing a backward directed stout hair, rather short, equal or a very little larger at apex that at base, the apex rounded and the apical half minutely splcullferous. On the second and third tlioracic segments all these hair-bearing warts become more and more distant from each other and are placed side by side Instead of in a line ; and on the second segment there Is also a similar subdorsal pair. In addition, on the swollen basal fold of the body, there is another compound ventrostlgmatal series of similar but not quite so elevated warts, bearing straight, tapering, smooth, laterally directed hairs; tliere Is flrst a row of shorter hairs placed anteriorly, one to each segment; next and very close to it a row of hairs as long as the dorsal ones, one to a segment, placed centrally, and close to it a row of long hairs, two to each segment placed at equal distances from the edges of the segments ; these are continued thickly all around the edge of the last abdominal segment. Besides tlie hair-bearing warts there is a LYCAENINAE: THE GENUS INCISALIA. 825 series of lateral orsupralatoral leiiticlcs of a pretty larjrc size though but little elevated, two to n segiueiit, oue larger anterior ami a little higher than the other; the first tho- racic segment bears a transverse anterior row of ten or twelve warts emitting long curving hairs and a laterodorsal pair of similar ones, all about half as long as the abdominal dorsal ones. Legs not very long, pretty slender, tapering regularly, the claws moderate in Icngtli, tapering, very little curved. Chrysalis. Viewed from above tlie outline of the body is slender, sul)pyriforra, hardly twice as long as broad, scarcely and very broatUy lioUoweil along the posterior half of the thorax, the basal wing promineiues scarcely perceptible, very broadly rounded in front, still more so behind. Viewed laterally, the hollowing between thorax and abdomen is very slight and gradual ; the thorax is highest and equal on the posterior third, the front portion curving downward in the arc of a circle whose rsidius is about half as long as the body; the abdomen is highest and slightly higher than the thorax on the third segment, though scarcely higher than those in front on the suc- ceeding two, their curve being very broad and low ; behind, the abdomen falls in a very rapid curve, the whole of the eighth and nintli segmiMits being nearly perpendicular, making the posterior curve of the body much more abrupt than the anterior. Trans- versely the middle of the thorax has an elevated arch, the sides obliquely compressed above and scarcely hollowed, the ridge well rounded; transversely the abdomen is very regularly arched, forming a nearly exact semicircle perhaps a very little com- pressed; half of the tongue exposed, the Inner sides of the legs separated by it; basal wing prominence consisting of an exceedingly slight, low, broad, roundish elevation. Whole body covered equally with an interlacing, delicate, but very distinct network of raised lines, their points of intersection not raised but frequently enlarged and form- ing small round warts, similar to those wliich in the cells support the short spiculif- erotis hairs ; the latter are of equal length over all the body. Hooklets short and very slender, the stem nearly equal and slightly curved, the expanded portion four times as broad as the stem, transversely ov,l><><); iil|ibuii Iiuiiit(It (lUrrt*); lomlnl rldii cicuililrr); lli" plnr Tn. AilK l'>-|inl, |.! " : " ■ '■ M li., .-■ iMil. Sjul. rev. 1 . . S. Y. - \ '.!•., Dniw. Iii>. <»»., IT:i-t:'>: xs\: »l, tali. ; .. iiij .Can. ver. III. K. A. L«p., pi. 18, M m:., k. I'. I"-. I ■ I.-. ., !■' Ii. II ■•. lMi-r. Whalliaiiil woulil enuli the ullkrii-wlnirml flr, I • ■ ■ • ^• • ■ Ititoiii. r. \\ loiiiiiiloniir Nul (111. SlIKI.I.KY. An Piiilx^iiol i.n< /I- It i'i:i> . Silts. IlKMAN.t. ImjiKO f 6 : SI . i.\ ; 13 : I ' . Ilcml rovf-ntl with nixt-rctl xcaloti niul hair*, the occlpnt .. ■ I v... I.y -"line <'! lliv l>n...Al »iit<-iiiinl Joiiii, III)- two lij n imrrow lliio of tiilii;;li-il wliUc \-: > 'lilt of aiitonnnc hInrkNh lirowii. iinkiMJ, <>xposiMl : Htnlk ...,. .. .til ycllowlBh l)r«iw II. t-ncli Joint ciirlrcli'il very nnrrowly >v white !icalo!t, which on the under Inner slili- expand Into a con- S-i'ty blackluli l>r<>%vn. the lant three or four Jnlntii ^ Ith ferriiKlnou.H. nnil nt the lin.->e fuml^iheil with nn Ills iif pnlpi uniformly coviT' K n|{ and delicate dnti ntlraccoiis xreeii hnirs, brownish on |Mir portion, the patoffla incontiplciiou.ilr odi;c4l with wliltUh ' ' ■• •• T'lornx N profini'ly cloilied ^li niid fernit!iiioii?i liairs. ] ' ■ ' V •niiti . claw!t Inli-on.t, black tlp|»-d. \V ...■^ ^.--y brown witli a ferniulnouul I oinirai k»ni that It «»'••> t.i.i...|. 830 THK HUrrERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. edged with black, the iierviiles frequently black tipped; the fringe of the fore wings is blackish brown, interrupted .at the middle of the interspaces with dull white, toward which tlie blackish scales become lishter colored ; the fringe of the hind wing is longest and blackish at the nervule tips, elsewhere dull white, overlaitl on tlie basal two-fifths with dark Ijrown scales, sometimes tinged in part, especially in the female, with ferruginous ; inner edge of hind wings with intermingled slate brown and pale hairs. Discal spot on the fore wings of male very small and very inconspicuous, nearly obovate, the ends not quite fully rounded, 1.5 mm. long, twice as long as broad, dark grayish brown. Costal margin of hind wings straight, the outer angle broadly rounded, the outer margin regularly rounded, the rounded projection of the lower median nervule scarcely larger than that of the middle nervule, both distinct. Beneath : /ore lOinf/.s yellowish brown, fuliginous beneath the median nervure; two transverse bars of dark cinnamon brown cross the cell, the inner slightly bordered interiorly with black, tlie outer edged with a few white scales; an irregular, broken, dark cinnamon brown band, edged externally by a slender line of black scales, bor- dered conspicuously with white, crosses the wing, with a general direction subparallel to the outer border, at less than half the distance from the middle to the outer edge of the wing; from the costal border to the median nervure it is irregular in direction and has a slightly inward course, striking the latter just beyond the middle of the upper branch ; in the median interspaces it consists of two lunules opening inward, the inte- rior border of tlie upper arising beyond the exterior border of the upper portion of the band, the exterior border of the lower generally starting from the interior border of the upper; when the band crosses tlie medio-submedian interspace, which it seldom does, its upper extremity is distant from the lower end of the lunule above by the width of the interspace at this point; a sul)marginal row of small black sagittate spots, one in each interspace, is situated in a slender stripe of cinnamon scales, between which and the cinnamon line forming the border, the space is filled with pearly roseate scales, interrupted, beyond the middle, by an inconspicuous, irregular, cinnamon line, outside of which the scales are more pearly than roseate, and inside of which more roseate than pearly; some of the scales in the upper half of the wing, between the sagittate spots and the median band, and even sometimes as far as the inner discal bar, are tinged with roseate; these markings vary a good deal and are frequently blurred by a general sufl'usion of colors ; fringe like the upper surface, with the white more conspicuous. Hind unngs with an exceedingly broad, dark cinnamon brown band, generally much darker toward the edges, crossing the wing before the middle; exteriorly it is narrowly bordered, on all the transverse portions of the boun- dary, with black, surmounted by white; the interior border crosses the wing irregu- larly, anterior to the first divarication of the median nervure, and is broken at the subcostal nervure ; the exterior border crosses the wing in an exceedingly irregular course : starting at the costal border but a short distance beyond the first divarication of the subcostal nervure, it crosses the next interspace, between the subcostal nervules, midway Ijetween the divarication and the outer border; in crossing the two succeed- ing interspaces it turns inward again, until it reaches the median nervure; here it again turns suddenly outward and crosses the two median interspaces in a straight line at right angles to them, and reaches the lower nervule at a point midway between its origin and termination ; here the band suddenly diminishes one-half in width and the border crosses the remaining two interspaces in two undulations, the latter ex- tending furthest outward. Within the band the vein closing the cell is bordered on eitlier side by a line of black scales, sometimes confluent, inconspicuous when the Imiid is uniformly dark; inwardly the base of the wing is filled with a mixture of black, l)rown, dark orange, white and roseate pearly scales, forming irregular, dark and roseate patches ; outwardly the band is bordered by another much narrower but consitlerable band of dark fulvous and pale roseate scales, the latter predominating, giving it a gray appearance; its outer limit is marked by an extremely zigzag, some- times slender, sometimes conspicuous line of black scales, most conspicuous and ex- tending nearest the border in the median interspaces, in each of which it forms a a- LYCAKNINAK: IXCIS.VLIA Ml'IlOX. 831 Beyond this the wins is ilark ciiuianioii 1'1'1. II, tig. 8, incd. "So Spring returns, and, with her, Love, Whom small sweet larks in heaven ahove, Coy huttei'tly, coo-cooing dove, Fund youth and maid; Ay, all glad hearts are telling of, But nnne," he said. Gkwrs.— The Cliffs of Olendore. Pretty flower that .June remembers Blossom that July forgets. A. R. GROTB. Imago (6 : 19, 22). Head covered above and behind with long, overarching, coarse, brazen t.awny hairs, with a few scattered white ones ; in front with black scales, inter- spersed sparsely with dark brownish red hairs ; a rather broad band of snow white scales encircles the eye and basal antennal joint, excepting the back of the antennae; it is slender in front of and above the antennae, and the two are nearly connected by a similar band just above the tongue. Basal joint of antennae naked, blackish; stalk and base of club black, conspicuously annulated with white at the base of each joint, more broadly beneath than above, extending in a confluent, angulated streak over the whole under surface of the base of the club, and sometimes prolonged delicately to the colored tip; rest of club dark velvety brown, the terminal two or three joints luteous. Basal and middle joints of palpi gr.ay, with intermingled black and white scales, greatly elongated into a tuft, frequently with an infusion of long, luteo-ferru- ginous scales, the black scales the longer; above, and also the terminal joint black, with but few intermingled white scales ; extreme tip white. Thorax covered above with exceedingly long, fine, tow-colored hairs, sometimes tinged with a very pale greenish blue, the patagla with very pale brown, dull hoary and a few scattered dull ferruginous scales ; beneath, covered profusely with moder- ately long, hoary hairs, with some interrupted, short, brownish ones. Legs blackish or dark brown, the femora almost entirely concealed by a profusion of snow white scales and tufts of rather long, white, and testaceous hairs on the under border, the tibiae with a similar covering of white scales, especially on the inner side, but less frequent, the outer side having generally one or more distinct dark patches ; tibiae above with a slender annulation of white scales at the tip of each joint and a few scattered scales in the middle of the upper surface of the basal joint ; beneath yel- lowish brown ; spines black ; claws dark reddish yellow. Wings uniform dark, glossy, slate brown, with a very faint olivaceous reflection; either occasionally the base of the costal border of the fore wings, more or less of the anal angle, and sometimes the tip of the lower median nervule of the hind wings tinged delicately and faintly with ferruginous {$)■■, or, occasionally, the base of the costal border of the fore wings, and more or less of the centre of the outer half of both wings (on the hind wings especially toward the anal area) tinged distinctly but rather delicately with tawny ferruginous, the veins blackish ( $ ) ; fringe dark brown, with a central whitish line, most conspicuous near anal angle of hind wings, the darker parts sometimes interrupted with whitish at the interspaces, and especially on the upper half of fore wings ; internal border of hind wings with a fringe of pale browTi hairs, tawny at the anal angle; discal spot of fore wings of male very long (1.75-3 mm.), three or four times as long as broad, subfusiform, rounded at either end, blackish brown. The upper half of the cross vein connecting the first and second in- ferior subcostal nervules of the fore wings is bent strongly inward In passing upward, partaking to a certain extent the downward curve of the veins at this point, seen in the male. Costal margin of hind wings slightly concave, its outer angle abrupt, scarcely rounded, the outer border slightly and roundly angulated in the middle, even 836 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. in the male, the projection of the mkUllc median ncrvnle exceedingly slight, that of the lower median nervule distinct. Beneath; /ore wings lighter or darlicr grayisli tawny brown, made up of a mix. ture of tawny, very i)ale greenish and dark violaceous brown scales, tlie last predominating next the base, the first upon the apical lialf, the pale scales mainly scattered among the tawny ones ; below tlie median nervnre it is duller colored ; there is sometimes a faint dusky bar at the extremity of the discoidal cell; about tvvo-Ofths the distance from this bar to the outer border, subparallel to the latter, and extending over the brighter part of the wing is a narrow, transverse, irregu- lar, white and black stripe (the inner side black, the outer white), which is some- times continuous, but below the tipper median nervule is usually broken into short streaks, each crossing an interspace, and placed alternately a little within and a little without the geiier.al direction of the stripe; there is a narrow marginal, deeper cinna- mon tawny baud, occasionally made hoary by abundant pearly scales, often enclosing small, darker spots or longitudinal streaks in the interspaces, followed by a slender, indistinct line of paler scales, and again by a Ijand similar to the marginal band, but narrower, not so dark, and surmounted in each interspace by a small, often obsolete and usually indistinct, blackish, sagittate spot; fringe white, interrupted broadly at the nervure tips with black, edged at the extreme base with bluish black scales. Sind icings witli a very broad, nearly uniform, very dark reddish brown band in the basal half of the wing, composed of very dark purplish brown, ferrugiuous and violaceous, or pearly, or even occasionally bright green scales, the first predominating; tlie inte- rior edge of the band is always inconspicuous and frequently obliterated ; when pres- ent, it is indicated bj' the slightly paler base and occasionall.y l)y a line of darker scales, sometimes parti.ally lined with whitish ; it starts from the inner border, mid- way between the exterior edge of tlie baud and the base of the wing, and extends in a line parallel to the border as far as the median nervure, where it beuds at right angles, and terminates on the costal margin : the exterior limit of the band is more irregular, but preserves the same general direction ; it is marked by a narrow edging of white scales, which is sometimes wholly or partially obsolete, especially in the middle por- tion, and sometimes is preceded inconspicuously by a slender line of black scales; it starts from the costal border at about threc-tifths tlie distance from the base of the wing, crosses the first interspace at right angles to the border, and is almost always bordered more conspicuously with white at this point ; here it is broken and crosses the upper subcostal interspace in the same direction, but farther removed from tlie base of the wing by about the width of an interspace at this point ; the succeeding interspace is crossed in continuation of the primary course of the band and the line is then usually bent at an angle, with a straight course, but sometimes curved or even bent toward the tip of the lowest median nervule, where it reaches its greatest out- ward extension in crossing at right angles the upper median interspace at about three- fifths tlie distance from the base of the wing; from here it passes toward the inner border over the two succeeding interspaces, usually in a scries of descending steps; and then by a slight outward curve reaches the inner border a little before the tip of the abdomen. Beyond this is a paler band, as broad as the interspaces, made up of a mixture of pale slate and tawny scales, the portion on the lower half of the wing usually more or less brightened by an admixture of white scales ; the outer border of this baud, especially on the upper half of the wing, is ill-defined, but when most dis- tinct consists of a row of blackish or dark reddish brown zigzags in each interspace, sometimes reduced to a series of spots or dots, subparallel to the outer margin of the wing; th.at in the interspace next the inner margin consists of an oblique dash edging the upper portion of the angular excision on the inner margin of the wing and is met by a similar one edging the lower portion of the same, and which is limited exteriorly bove by a few long white scales. Beyond this b.and the wing is dark reddish brown, made up of dark tawny scales, frequently with a few intermingled green ones, and obscured and rendered hoary by cloudy, scattered pearly scales, which are almost confined to the lower two-thirds of the wing, but are usually absent from a small spot LYCAENINAE: INCISAI.IA lULS. 837 In the lower submeil inn iiitorspjioc, ami partiiiUy so in a sorics of obscnre marginal spots; frequently the lioary iiiarkinjrs of the posterior half of thewinjr are limiteil by a nearly straight line, formed by the lower half of the outer margin of the broad band and its continuation; outer edge marlw pine trees ; but Mr. Lintncr, who has found it so abundant near Albany, says it can be swept from its rest on the hot sandy road, though "the nude was often taken while resting on bushes by the road side." In Hight it is ordinarily the least active of tlie Theclidi, for, though when alarmed or aroused by the presence of a companion of its own kind it can show as great activity as any, its ordinary movements, along the sandy roads it loves to frequent, are ratiier sluggish than brisk and nervous, and in keeping with tliis it hugs the ground or Hies just on a level with the tops of the low whortleberries ; and even when disturbed rarely rises above one's head. When quiet, the wings are elevated and closely appresscd ; the wings arc very apt to be a little inclined, the bent j)ortion of the hind pair rest- ing flat upon the ground. Like the other species of the genus, it rubs the hind wings together, but when completely at rest, all the portion of the fore wings below the lowest median nervule is concealed by the hind wings. The antennae are straight, — excepting the vertical bend at the base, — almost parallel with the body, but turned slightly downward and divergent at an anfflc of about 100.° Desiderata. Our know-ledge of the distribiition of this insect, espec- ially in the west and along our northern boundary, leaves nnich to be desired, especially in view of the captures at Canmore and Vancouver. Considering the length of time the female is upon the wing, we need to enquire especially during how extended a period the eggs arc deposited ; and the time when the larva matures is equally unascertained for the north. We need further notes upon the haunts of the buttei-fly and the variation of the larva, as well as a full knowledge of its fooil plants ; it is hardly probable that it is confined to plum, and the indications of Abbot and Lintncr should be regarded. No parasites are known. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— INCISALIA IBUS. General. Chrysalis. PI. 23, fig. 4. Distribution in North America. PI. 84, fi^. 2G. .Side view enlarged. Effff. 32. Dorsal view. PI. 65, fig. 9. Colored. 33, 34. .Side views. 10. Plain. Imago. 61^ : 8. Micropyle. PI. C. fig. 19. Male, upper surface. Caterpillar. 22. Female, both surfaces. PI. 75. figs. 22. 23, 28. Full grown. 34:22. Male abdominal appendages. 79:42. Front view of head, first stige. 46:25. Androconium. io6 842 TlIK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. INCISALIA AUGUSTUS— The brown elfin. [The brown eltin (Scudder); brown streaked butterfly (Maynard).] Thecla augustus Kirb., Faun. bor. amir., Incisalia aurjustus'}iUn.,ii<:\iA>i. Sy.st. rev. iv:29S, pi. 3,figs. 4-5(1837);— Morr., Syn. Lcp. Amer. butt., 31-32 (1872) ;— Scudd., Geol. N. N. Aiuer. 103 "(1862) ;— Harr., Ins. inj.'veg., 3d H., i ; 356-357 (1874) ; Butt., 129-130, 308, fig. 123 ed.,flg.l08oup.279 (1862);— G rote-Rob., Tran.s. (1881). Anier. ent. soc, i: 175-176 (1807);— Fern., Thecla auyustinim Westw., Gen. diurn. Butt. Me., 81-82 (1884) ;— Frenrh, Butt. east. U. Lep., ii : 4.86 (1852). S., 272 (1886);— Mayn., Butt. N. E., .36, pi. 5, Thecla irioides Boisd., Ann. Soe. ent. fr., figs. 44, 44a (1886) ;— Fyles, Can. out., .\i.\: (2) x: 289-290 (1852);— H. Edw.,Pac. coast 147 (1887). " Lep., 130 [27: 2] (1878). Thecla augustus var. irioides Scudd., Bull. Bufl'. soc. nat. sc, iii: 104 (1876). Figured by Glover, 111. N. A. Lep., pi. 28, Thecla augustus var. cmesinides Scudd., figs. 12, 13; pi. 38, fig. 8, ined. Bull. Buft'. soc. nat. sc, iii: 104 (187G). These gay idlers, the butterflies. Broke, to-day, from their winter shroud, These soft airs, that winnow the skies. Blow, just born, from the soft, white cloud. Bryant.— TAe Neio and the Old. When daisies pied and violets blue And lady-smocks all silver-white And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight. Shakespeare.— ioije's Labour's Lost. Imago (6 : 25 ; 13 : 3). Front and summit of head covered with rufous hairs, those upon the summit slaty brown at base; eyes encircled, except at summit, by a slender row of white scales, intermixed with some slate brown scales, extending in front to the summit of the basal antenual joint and sometimes terminating behind in some rufous scales ; these rows arc not connected above the mouth by a similar band. Basal joint of antennae reddish brown, with a few white scales posteriorly ; stalk of antennae blackish, with snow white annulations at the base of each joint, especially broad beneath, where they occupy nearly half of the joint; at the base of the club, beneath, the white scales coalesce and form a large patch, extending about one-third w.ay up the club; club blackish or blackish brown, the apical and penultimate joints honey yellow and sometimes one or two of the following joints are partially discolored with the same. Bas.al and middle joints of palpi tufted with a grayish mixture of white, rufons and blackish brown elongated scales, the first predominating; terminal joint clothed with blackish brown scales, and excepting upon the upper surface, with a few scattered white scales, especially on the inside. Tongue pale testaceous at base, dusky beyond. Thorax covered above with long, soft, delicate, dark mouse brown hairs; patagia with scales and hairs of similar color mingled with some of a pale tint ; beneath, the tho- rax is covered with grayish hairs, intermingled at the sides with many rufous hairs _ Femora covered on either side with pearly scales and beneath clothed with long gray and brown hairs, the latter most abundant on the hind pair; tibiae and tarsi covered with dark brown scales having a purplish reflection, the tibiae with a few inter- sprinkled white scales especially on the fore legs, on the inner side of which they pre- dominate, and on the outer side of which they form two transverse lines crossing the leg at the middle and apex of the tibiae; the tarsi are also banded conspicuously with white at the apex of each joint; beneath they are yellowish brown ; claws dark reddish. Wings above dark soft slate brown, with very slight and delicate, dark, brassy green reflections, especially in sunshine, either occasionally ( J ) or usually ( ? ) with a slight LYCAKNINAK: INCISALIA AUGUSTUS. 843 tinge of dull fcrriisiiioiis next the anal angle of the hind wings; the female also pos- sesses a few bright ferruginous or orange scales jnst beyonil the apex of the discoidal cell of tlie fore wings, ami has the wliole upper surface of the wings occasionally tinged in the very slightest possil)le degree with dull ferruginous; wings all edged delicately with black; liind pair freiiuently witli a line of greenish pearly scales seated upon tlie outer margin, from the tip of tlie lower median nervule to the anal angle; basal half of the fringe blackish brown, apical half pearly white on the fore wings, Interrupted at tlie nervure tips with blackish brown ; on the hind wings similar, but with the white scales extensively supplanted by blackish ones. Discal dash on fore wings of male of medium size, 1.9 mm. long, obovate, broadly rounded at the tips, fully twice as long as broad, composed of blackish brown scales. Costal border of hind wings straight or slightly rounded, its outer angle very broadly rounded, the enter border rather regularly rounded (scarcely less so in the female), the projections of the median nervules very slight. Beneath : base of the fore iriiiys, as far as tlie transverse stripe, reddish tawny with a few dull slate brown scales scattered near the subcostal nervure; the parts covered by the hind wings dull slate colored; beyond the transverse stripe ocliraceous, a few paler scales scattered upon the upper half. The transverse stripe crosses the wing subparallel to the outer border, at about two-thirds the distance from the base to the outer border and consists of a narrow band of blackish, or very dark reddish brown scales, sometimes bordered exteriorly, more or less distinctly, with white; it is irregular in direction and varies considerably in different individuals; usually it is nearly straight with an angular bend inward between the subcostal and median iier- vnres ; about midway between it and the outer border is a series of blackish inter- spaceal dots. Mind icings crossed in the middle by an irregular line of blackisli scales, preserving a general course subparallel to the outer border, occasionally, and espec- ially near the margins, bordered exteriorly with white; it starts on the costal margin at about three-fifths the distance from the base and crosses the first interspace in a straiglit line ; next it follows the nervure outwardly for an equal distance and then crosses the next interspace at a right angle ; from here it sweeps around by a deep inward curve to an equal distance outward at the upper median nervure and, having crossed two interspaces at right angles to the nervures, is bent considerably inward again and seeks the inner border, where, after sometimes suffering a slight outward bend, it terminates at about the tip of tlie abdomen; within this median line the wing is filled with blackish purple and bright cinnamon red, the former predominating next the median line and upon the outer lower half and frequently bordering the extremity of the cell, the whole specked with scattered very pale purplisli scales ; out- side of it, broadly toward the costal, narrowly toward the inner margin, the wing is ochraceons next the stripe, merging gradually into reddish tawny, with which the outer margin is broadly bordered, especially next the anal angle; the whole of this space is also sparsely flecked with very pale purplish scales, and contains, midway between the median line and the outer border (nearer the median line on the lower half) and mostly or entirely in the ochraceons space, a series of minute interspaceal blackish spots, which are frequently seated upon paler ochraceons spots and normally form sagittate cappings to thera ; In the middle of the excision of the inner border, at the very margin, are a few wliite scales and the marginal row of white scales seen on the upper surface next the anal angle is repeated beneath; the outer margin is deli- cately bordered by a broken line of blackish scales; fringe of both wings very similar to that of the upper surface, blackish purple at the anal angle; the excision of the inner margin of the hind wings is fringed with long white hairs. Occasionally the whole under surface of the wings is suflused with a purplish light. Abdomen covered above and at sides with purplish brown scales, mingled with some pale slate brown scales next the thorax; beneath with grayisli hoary scales. Edges of the notch of the upper organ of male (24 : 32) separated; the alations slightly sinuous ; lower posterior angle of alations produced to a sharply pointed inconspicuous triangu- lar lobe; b.asal half of upper edge of clasps a little rounded. 844 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Measurements iu millimetres. MALES. 1 FEMAI-BS. Length of tongue, -l.So mm. Siuiillest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. 11.75 6.3 12. 6.3 i. 2.5 13. 6.75 11.75 6.75 12.5 7. 4. 2.5 13. 7.25 hind tibiae :iml tarsi., fore tibiae and tarsi.. Described from 29 3 , in 9 . Secondary sexual peculiarities. For the male stitjraa, see the description of the fore winss. The scales (46; 24) found in the stiarma are much longer and slenderer than in the other species, Ijeing about six titnes longer than broad, nearly equal, with slightly rounded quadrangular ends. Geographical variation. The form I. a. irioides, found on the Pacific Coast and looked on by many as a distinct species, diHers but slightly though with apparently constancy from the eastern type. It is slightly the larger, never has the median stripe of the under surface of the hind wings bordered with white, and lacks generally the depth of tint upon the basal half of the under surface of the Mud wings found in the eastern type; while the male has a slightly smaller discal stigma and the female nearly the whole upper surface of the wings distinctly suffused with dull ferruginous. Caterpillar. Last stage. "Carmine red, covered with very short hair, each seg- ment involute above, with deep double foveae" (H. Edwards). Length, 12.7 mm. (Nevada specimens). Chrysalis. "Pitchy brown, covered with very short bristly hair; ... wing-cases paler." Length, 10 mm. (H.Edwards). The chrysalis differs strikingly from I. nlphon in the absence of piceous blotches covering nearly the whole ground. In place of these are a few small, circular, blackish fuscous spots sparsely scattered over the body, on the abdomen accompanied on each side by two rows of slightly larger and more distinct spots, an infralateral central row and a laterostigmatal post-central row, each with one spot to a segment. The tracery of raised lines is obscurely fuscous, more delicate than in I. niphon. The hairs are black and rather more sparsely dis- tributed than in I. niphou, and the spiracles inconspicuous from being concolorons with the surroundings. (Nevada specimen.) Distribution (23:5). The distribution of this insect seems to l)e somewhat peculiar, as our map makes clear. Apparently reaching its maximum of development in New England, it occurs also in the Canadian fauna even as far as Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan, nearly in the centre of the continent, and has been described from California as a dis- tinct species of the Pacific coast ; it has also been found in Arizona (P>lwards), Utah (Palmer) and even in Colorado. Notwithstanding its occurrence in California and Colorado, it has not otherwise been reported in the United States west of New York (Albany, Lintner), but it follows the Appalachian chain to West Virginia. A specimen in the Yale Col- lege museum. No. 17G2, is credited to the District of Columbia (Dodge). North of our boundary it occurs as far east as Halifax, N. S. "not uncom- mon" (Jones) and has been taken at Quebec (Bowles), Bergerville (Fyles), Montreal (Caulfield), and even at London, Out. (Saunders) ; the western type occurs on the Saskatchewan as stated and at Vancouver Island (Fletcher). In New England it is widely distributed and will probably be found in al)iiiidance over all tiie wilder portion. The northernmost point from LYCAENINAK: INCISALIA AUGUSTUS. 845 wliieli it li;isi been n!j)orted is Norway "very coiiiiiioii" (Siiiitli), anil it it* also toiiiul at Orono, Me. (Fertiulil). It liay l)eoii taken in Milt'ord, N. II. "ratiier coniuiou" ( Wiiitney). In Massacliusettfi it has been found by many ol)servers in several j)Iaees near Boston, and is by no means rare ; it has also been taken in Andover (Merrill, Alcott, Sanborn, Scudder), Mount Tom and other rocky liills near Springfield (Dimmock), Middle- boro (Ilambly) and East Fabnonth on Cape Cod (Fish) ; a sinule male was taken at New Haven, Conn. (Smith. Mns. ^ ale College;, and 1 liave found it abundant on Nantneket. Food plant of caterpillar. The t'ood plant is unknown. Mrs. Ed- wards found her speeiiiiens ••crawling n[)on bare granite rocks, near patches of Seduni." I am satisfied that the caterpillar found by me on Vaccinium and formerly referred to this species does not belong here. Haunts. The l)uttei-fly ])refers rocky heaths where Vaccinium and other low shrubs grow in patches. It often flies in company with Cyani- ris pseudargiolus lucia, and is fond of alighting upon rocks or upon dead twigs lying on the ground. Mr. Faxon also says it is partial to the mouse ear ( Antennaria) . Life history. The butterfly is single brooded and generally makes its appearance toward the end of April or very early in ]May : in northern localities, about the middle of May; it always precedes I. irus by a few days in places where both occur ; occasionally it is found shortly after the middle of April and generall}' begins to be abundant during the first week in May ; it continues to fly during this month and rubbed specimens are occasionally found during the first half of June. ]\Ir. Bowles has even taken it in Quebec late in June. It lays its eggs in the latter half of j\Iay, and the caterpillar probably attains maturity in the latter part of June ; ]\Irs. H. Edwards obtained two fully grown on July 12 at Summit Sta- tion in the Sierra Nevada, which went into chrysalis July 15 and 17 ; the chrysalis then remains unchanged until spring. Habits, flight and postures. It invariably flies very low, even thougii alarmed, seldom rising inor(^ than a foot or two from the ground. Its natural movement is rather feeble, slow and fluttering ; it flies onh » ' a short distance and frequently alights. But when two come together, their flight is quite bewildering, circling about each other as they do with such rapidity tiiat the eye can scarcely follow them. It is very fond of alighting u[)on dead twigs, and one can but notice at such a time how closely the colors of the under siu-face, as it sits with erect wings, resemble those of a dead leaf or stick ; indeed, the apj)ear- ance of the butterfly when the woods are still bare of leafage seems to render such a protective resemblance the more important to it. On alighting, the butterfly at once begins rubbing the upraised hind winis backward and forward over each other, their extremities moving 846 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW KX(iLANI). over a space equal to about a f'ourtli or a fif'tli of their w idtli ; the insect frequently sidles about — even during this action — witli a twitching move- ment, as if seeking a suitable place of rest, though this is done Avithout reference to the sun. Desiderata. This insect has never been reared and the egg and early stages of the larva as well as its habits arc quite unknown. Even the food plant has yet to be found, for the only caterpillars we know were found full fed on the rocks. One should watch the action of the females during June, especially about Ericaceae or Ilosaceae, which are perhaps more likely than other plants to prove its food. Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the butterfly leaves much to be desired, for on account of its early flight and easy disguise it has, no doubt, been over- looked in many localities where it occurs. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.—INCISALIA AUGUSTUS. General. P]. 34:32. Male abdominal appendages. PI. 23, fig. 5. Di3tril)Htion in North America. 46, fig. 24. Androconiiim. Imago. 65:1. Side view with head and appen- Pj. 6, fig. 25. Female, l)Oth surfaces. dages enlarged, and details of the struc- 13:3. Both surfaces. ture of the legs. URANOTES SCUDDER. Uranotes 8cudd., Bull. Buft'. soc. nat. sc, iii: Theela par.s Auctorum. 107 (1S7G). (Not Calliparaea Bon., 1851.) Callipareus Scudd., Syst. rev. butt., 30(1872). Type.—Strymonmelinus Hubn. The dandy Butterfly, All exquisitely drest, Before the Daisy's eye Displays his velvet vest : In vain is he arrayed In all that gaudy show ; What business hath a maid AV^ith such a foppish beau? Sutton.— r/ie Daisy. Imago (54:9). Head rather small, densely clothed with scales, which above are greatly elevated and curve forward, and on the upper part of the front moderately supplied with rather long, coarse hairs. Front scarcely tumid below, sunken above, especially in a short and broad shallow groove down the middle, in no part, except- ing below, advanced as far as the front of the eyes ; nearly half as high again as broad, neai'ly or quite equalling the eye in breadth as seen from the front: upper bor- der not raised in the middle, but infringing on the more elevated vertex, the corners considerably liollowed in front of the eyes; lower border very strongly arched. Ver- tex slightly tumid in the middle, higher than the summit of the front, forming, on either side, pretty large, gradually swollen buttresses to the bases of the antennae, and separated from the occiput by a straight, broad and rather deep, transverse channel. Eyes rather large and full, sparsely pilose, excepting on the posterior fifth, with mod- erately short hairs, longer beneath. Antennae placed in the middle of the anterior half of the summit, or a little in advance of it, and separated by a space fully equalling the width of the second antennal joint: considerably longer than the abdomen, con- sisting of thirty-two joints, of which thirteen or fourteen form the club, which is nearly four times as broad as the slightly compressed stalk, increases very gradually LYCAKNINAK: THE (JKNUS URANOTES. 847 ill size to near the tip, wliore it eiul^i in a Ijliiiilly romuleil yet slightly angulated apex, four joints enttM'iii!; into the diniinntion of size; it is nearly Ave times as long as broad, and rather strongly depressed. Palpi sliiiht, nearly half as long again as the eyes, the terminal joint a little longer than the penultimate and scarcely clothed with scales, while the other joints are furnished on the under surface with a considerable mass of long scales and a few hairs, all compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia exceedingly long and slender, scarcely arched and not tumid, but with a longitudinal, transversely rounded ridge, a little removed from the inner border; four or live times as long as broad, the basal half tapering slightly, the apical half cciual, half as l)road as the base, the apex bluntly rounded. Fore wings (39 : 12) scarcely more than half as long again as broad, the costal bor- der expanded somewhat at the very base, beyond straight three-fourths of the way to the tip, which is then curved slightly backward. Outer border roundly and slightly bent at the tip of the upper median nervule ((J), or at the tip of the lower subcost.al nervure and a little more prominently (?), the general course of the border being at an angle of about 45° with the middle of the costal border; inner border straight, the angle rounded. Costal nervure terminating scarcely beyond the tip of the cell ; sub- costal with three superior branches, the first arising a little beyond the middle of the upper border of the cell, the second halfway between tliis and the third, whicli arises just before the apex of the coll. the main br.anch tlex^'d downward in the least possible degree between its origin and the cell termination ; veins closing the cell very obscure throughout. Cell slightly more than half as long as the wing and fully four times as long as broad. Hind wings with the basal half of the costal border pretty strongly bowed, beyond nearly straight, and then curved liackward to the tip of the upper subcostal, where it joins the curve of the outer border with a well rouuded, regular curve ( ? ), or with a rounded, somewhat abrupt angle ((J) ; the outer border is a very little convex, more so in $ than in ) . This widely spread species will probably be found in every part of the United States, excluding Alaska. Strange to say, I have not received it nor found a single notice of its occurrence north of our boundary, excepting that it occurs rarely near Montreal (Lyman), and is found at Vancouver Island (Fletcher) ; yet along this border it is known in most of New England, at Albany, N. Y. (Lintner), Cleveland and Rockport, Ohio (Kirtland), northern Illinois (Worthington) , Wis- consin common (Hoy), Dallas County, Iowa (Allen), Dakota and Mon- 854 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. tana (Edwards). It is abundant in all the southern states, occurring in Florida as far south as Indian River (Palmer), Capron and Enterprize (Schwartz) and in Texas at Waco (Belfrage) and tlie Rio Grande (Lint- ner, Aaron). It is even recorded by Doubleday as an inhabitant of Venezuela. Godman and Salvin give it from Mexico, Guatemala, Pan- ama and Venezuela and Godart from the Antilles. On the Pacific coast it is found in California, at least in tlie counties of Contra Costa (H. Ed- wards) and Shasta (Butler), and also in Nevada, near Truckee (Mc- Glashan) and in Arizona (Edwards). It is not only found everywhere in the great interior of the Mississippi Valley, but apparently in the elevated plateau region, having been brought from Georgetown (Mead), Manitou and Eugleman's Caiion, Colorado (Snow) and St. George, Utah (Pal- mer). In New England it is more abundant in the south than in the north, but has been found as far as Norway (Smith) and Ilallowell, Me. (Miss Wadsworth) ; in New Hampshire, at Dublin (Faxon), Milford (Whitney) and Suncook, N. H. (Thaxter) ; while in Massachusetts it has been taken in such elevated places as Mt. Toby (Sprague), Amherst Notch and Princeton (Scudder) and the top of Blue Hill (Scudder), besides numer- ous lower and more southern localities. Food plants and habits of the larva. In the north this caterpillar appears most frcrpiently to be found on the hop (Humulus lupulus Linn. ) , devouring the heads and causing much injury (Harris) ; indeed in some places, farmers have on this account abandoned all attempts to raise the plant. In the south Abbot states that it feeds on "parsley haw" (Crat- aegus coccinea Linn, is figured, and C. apiifolia is mentioned in Boisdu- val's notes), pine and snap beans (by which Dr. Chapman says common garden beans are meant). According to Boisduval and Le Conte — on Abbot's authority — it lives on Hypericum (H. aureum is the species men- tioned on the original) , and hence they named the species hyperici. Fi- nally Mr. A. C. Sprague found the larva in central Massachusetts, on Cynoglossum officinale. Such a variety of food plants seems extraordi- nary ; each belongs to a separate family and the Ilypericaceae and Coniferae are nearly at the antipodes of exogenous plants. The ciiterpillars found on Cynoglossum were very active when young, stretching themselves out in walking so as to be very slender and then con- tracting so as to be little more than an eighth of an inch in length. They feed upon the pods of the plant. Life history. It is the only one of our Theclidi which flies almost con- tinue >u.sly from May to September, being apparently rather long lived ; as far as we can judge it is double brooded, the insect wintering in the pupal state ; it first appears in the early days of May and may be seen through- out this month and part at least of June ; a new brood makes its advent LYCAENINAK: UltANOTES MELINUS. 855 early in July, ur even by tiiu very last of »Juiie, and Hies not only through July, wiien the wings become rubbed, but also through August and occa- sionally cMU until the middle of September. Mr. F. II. Spi'ague has even taken one October 10, at Wallaston. iMai<8. The caterpillars found by Mr. A. C. Sprague on Cynoglossum wore taken at the end of August in all stages. Some of them changed to chrvsalis toward the end of September, so that it is probable that it hiber- nates in the pupal state. In the extreme south, judging from Dr. Chap- man's extensive memoranda and other notes, the butterfly is seen from the middle of March to the middle of November and luiless the broods follow each other with such rapidity as to become entirely confounded, his statements would seem to indicate three broods, appearing about the mid- dle of March, the middle of June and the middle of September, undoubt- edly overlapping and growing successively more numerous in individuals ; but specimens taken by Palmer at Indian River, Florida toward the end of March were rubbed and ragged, so that in central Florida it probably aj)pears by the first of March. The duration of the chrysalis state is fourteen davs, according to a single observation by Abbot. The butterfly may be found about bushes and hop vines, and on Les- pedeza ; it is very common in the south, and not infrequent in the north. In South Carolina I found it in little companies of five or six, dancing rapidly in and out among Coniferae, six or eight feet above the ground. Parasites. One of the chrysalids raised by Mr. Sprague on Cyno- glossum gave birth to a parasite, Anomalon pseudargioli. Desiderata. Oin- knowledge of the seasons of this insect in all its stages and of the exact apparition of the successive broods of the butter- fly, either in the north or south, can by no means be considered as satisfac- tory ; the time of deposition of eggs, their duration and that of the pupa (in the north) are wholly unknown ; even the condition in which the insect hibernates is not proved. We liave then scarcely a single satisfac- tory datum whereon to build the history of this insect. Its habits, haunts and flight equally need investigation and a description of the young larva 8 most desirable. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— URANOTES MELINUS. Egij. Imago. P1.65, flg.5. Surface sculpture. P1.6, fig. 20. Female, both surfaces. 6. Side view of egg. 14:13. Both surfaces. 68:3. Micropyle. 34:20. Male abdominal appendages. Caterpillar. 39:12. Neunition. PI. 75, fig. 21 . Full -rown caterpillar. ^4 : 9. Side view with head and appendages Chrysalis. PI. 84, fig. 39. Side view. enlarged, and details of leg structure. General. PI. 23, fig. 6. Distribution in North America. 856 THE BUTTEHl-LIKS OF N'EW ENGLAND. ^^TUKA SCUDDER. Jlitura Scudd., Syst. rev. Am. butt. 31 (1872). Thecla pai-s Auctorum. Type. — Thecla smilacis Bnind.-LeC. Malheur, papillon.? que j'aiiue, Dijux ciiiljli'uic, A vous pour voire beauU!! . . . Uu doigt de votre corsage, Au passage, Froisse, h^las ! le velouti ! . . . Uiie toute jeune fille, Au eoeur tendre, au doux souris, Pergant vos coeurs d'une aiguille, Vous eontemple, I'oeil surpris : Et vos pattes sout eoup6es Par I'ongle blauc qui les mord, Et vos anteunes crisp^es Dans les douleurs de la niort 1 . . . De Nerval.— ies Papillons. Imago (54 : 10). Head rather small, densely clothed with scales, which are longer above, and rather abundantly furnished with moderately long, curving hairs, both above and in front. Front rather full, the middle longitudinal half being tumid, and increasingly so from above downward, considerably surpassing tlie front of the eyes throughout and especially below; at the upper extremity a short, narrow groove down the middle; the piece is slightly less than half as high again as broad, and fully as broad as the eye on a front view; the upper margin is raised to a scarcely per- ceptible transverse ridge, the corners considerably hollowed in front of the eyes; lower margin strongly and rather broadly convex, subquadrate ; vertex nearly flat in the middle, not higher than the front, at the sides developed into broad, tumid en- largements behind the antennae, and separated from the occiput by a broad and deep, straight, nearly uniform, transverse channel, with a small, central, circular pit. Eyes rather large and full, very sparsely pilose with not very long scattered hairs, becoming longer below and wanting above. Antennae inserted in the middle of the anterior half of the summit, and separated from each other by a space equalling the width of the Ijasal antennal joint; considerably longer than the abdomen, consisting of twenty- eight joints, of which eleven or twelve form the rather strongly depressed club, whicli is scarcely three times as broad as the stalk, about five times as long as broad, Increasing in size very gradually and mostly on the outer side, tapering more rapidly over the last four joints, the last bluntly rounded. Palpi scarcely half as long again as the eye, moderately .slender, the apical joint about three-quarters the length of the penultimate, and furnished with recumbent scales, the other joints heavily clothed with moderately large and long scales, and provided besides, along the under surface, with a thin fringe of rather long, coarse hairs, all in a vertical plane. I'atagia very long and slender, a little arched and tumid, nearly four times as long as broad, the basal half tapering slightly, the apical half equal, half as broad as the base, the apex bluntly rounded. Fore wings (39 : 14) fully two-thirds as long again as their width, the costal margin strongly bent a little way from the base, beyond straight, at the very tip bent slightly backward, rounding ofl' the outer angle, the outer margin very broadly and regularly curved, the inner margin straight. Costal nervure terminating a little beyond the tip of the cell ; first superior subcostal branch arising a little beyond the middle of the cell ; the second either half way ( ? ) , or not over one-quarter way ( (J ) , to the tip of the cell ; the third, either at the tip of the cell ( ? ), or very shortly beyond the second ($); the main stem either straight beyond the origin of the first branch ($), or curved downward pretty strongly beyond the origin of the second branch, slightly upward again beyond the apex of the cell, and then straight ((J) ; cross vein closing LYCAENINAE: THE GENUS MITURA. 857 the cell either nearly transverse, the two halves scarcely bent and very feeble, except- insr next the main branches, striking the subcostal opposite the origin of the last superior branch ($); or strongly bent, the lower half transverse and feeble, the upper oblique and strong, striking the subcostal nervure farther beyond the origin of the last superior branch, than that is beyond the first ( and a butterlly ; yet your butterfly was a grub. Shakespeare. — Coriolanus. Ix this section we propose to speak of the variety and style of coloring found in caterpillars without reference to the meaning or origin of their mai'kings, which we shall discuss separately on a future page. The colors of caterpillars are by no means so various nor the patterns so com- plicated as is the case with the winged butterflies themselves. But it is nevertheless true that as a general rule the different species may be sepa- rated from one another with considerable certainty by their markings and colors alone. With caterpillars the variety of the dermal appendages goes far toward making up tlic general appearance of the creature, and by their aid, combined with the colors and [)atterns, the separation of species may probably in all cases be tolerably sure. But excepting in so far as their tints are concerned we have here nothing to do with the appen- dages attached to the body, but only to the surface of the head and body themselves. The vast majority of butterfly caterpillars are green, though but exceedingly few of them, if indeed any, are uniformly green throughout. Most of them are longitudinally striped either with lighter and darker shades of green or with yellow or various shades of brown. Many of them have the additional adornment of points of brighter or darker colors, which are almost invariably confined to the little papillae with which the body is almost always studded. Such arc the vast majority of the Satyri- nae, the Pierinae, the Ilesperidae and the Libytheinae. These longitudi- nal stripes are by far more common than elsewhere in the middle of the back, where they mark the course of the dorsal vessel, on the lower portion of the sides, where they mark the allignment of the spirflcles, and midway or about midway between these two ; when most variegated the stripes are multiplied, especially upon the upper half of the body, and often show a greater degree of intensity at the extreme anterior or extreme posterior end of each segment. Other green caterpillars are marked with oblique stripes, which gener- 860 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. ally part from the chu-ker mcdiodorsal line at aliout such an angle, as Lubbock remarks, as the ribs of a leaf part from the main stem. These oblique stripes almost invariably run down the sides from in front back- ward, fjcnerally cross two or three segments, and may or may not join a stio-matal line below or the dorsal line above. Such markings are found almost exclusively among the Lycaeninae and here are extremely com- mon. Some shade of dark greenish brown is a ■Ncry common ground tint for the catei-pillars of butterflies, and these are often longitudinally striped, as is the case with the larger part of the Argynnidi, Vanessidi, etc. Here as before the stripes are more common in the neighborhood of the stigmatal line and the dorsal vessel. But they are more commonly broken by the varying intensity of the colors, and ai'e frequently accom- panied by an edging, which is but the ground tint intensified at their border. A considerably greater variety is also seen here from the more or less definite arrangement of the diflferently colored papillae in trans- verse lines across the body, so that by the combination of these two forms of transverse and longitudinal markings almost any conceivable pattern may arise, and one which may be highly complicated. Thus a bright colored spot marks each segment of the abdomen above in Euvanessa antiopa, giving it a very different aspect from the pepper-and-salt coloration of its near ally, Hamadiyas io of Europe. Then there are those caterpillars which, upon a bright green or olive ground, find all their conspicuous markings in dark stripes encircling or almost encircling the body, and generally especially conspicuous upon the upper surfixce. Such is notably the case in the genera Iphiclides, Papilio and Anosia, and less so in Cinclidia and Euphydryas. Or the lighter and darker colors of the body may segregate in a more massive way and exceedingly conspicuous broad bands follow the length of the body, as in some of the Melitaeidi of Europe ; or they may congregate in large dorsal, saddle-like patches, as in all our species of Basilarchia and in several of the Papilioninae, either in tlieir earlier or later stages. Indeed it is in the Papilioninae that we find perhaps upon the whole the most striking and extraordinary freaks of coloring to be found among buttei-flies, the great variety even among the few genera found in North America being only an intimation of what may be found in tropical regions, where the subfamily is so much more fully repi-esented. The eye-like spots of the swollen anterior segments, colored in such an extraordinary and admirable manner, the opalescent and jewelled dots which besprinkle the dorsal surface, the brilliant fleshy appendages which sometimes adorn the sides, the frequent contrasts of such colors as bright orange and velvety black, not to mention the curious diflTerences in the markings between the earlier and later stages, i-eveal the possibilities of natural selection in the LYCAENINAK: .MlirKA DAMON. 8G1 adornment of catcrpillart*. Tliese brilliant colors arc perhaps only possi- ble i)y tbeir possession of protective osmateria. We have spoken only of the body ; yet the head should not be over- looked, for though generally, if not black, of nearly the same color as the body, or of some tint which harmonizes well with it, it not unfrerpiently has attractive colors and markings of its own which merit a single word. The frontal triangle is one point around which the colors seem often to be sym- metrically disposed, and next in importance arc the crowning points of the hemispheres into wiiich the lieail is laterally divided. If important papil- lae are present, these are frequently colored in some striking contrast with the surface itself, and the surface, sometimes glistening, sometimes dead, is often punctate or rugulose with delicate tracery. Nor should we omit to mention the ocelli, which under the lens are often seen to have colors of striking beauty, and almost always are contrasted with their ground in some striking way by rings of pigment peculiar to them. MITURA DAMON.— The olive hair streak. [Green hair streak butterfly (Abbot) : aiilmni Thecia (Harris); the olive hair strealj (Scud- der); green strealied butterfly (Maynard).] Piii and reaches, on the nervule dividins the median interspace, its greatest proximity to the outer border — from two-thirds to three-fourths the distance from tlie base to the outer margin of the wing ; having crossed the lower median interspace as a strongly bent crescent, opening outward, it is again bent abruptly, crossing the next interspace, as near the base as the band at its origin, as a bent crescent, opening outward, and the last, a little more distant from the base, as a curved streak, opening .and directed inward ; the l)and terminates near the tip of the abdomen. Near the base of the wing are two streaks, colored like the extra-mesial band, but with the position of the colors reversed, one above the subcostal nervure and one in the discoidal coll ; the llrst is parallel to the initial portion of the extra-mesial band and is from one-third to one- half the distance from the base of the wing to the band ; the second is irregular in position and direction; usually it is bent at right angles, the lower limb nearly obsolete; sometimes it is merely a straight stripe, eitlier parallel to or bent away from the base at an angle with the first streak ; it is always situated considerably further from the base than the first and usually approaches the inward curve of the mesial band so as to be separated from it by only the width of an interspace. A very little beyond the outermost point of the extra-mesial baud there Is a row of four or five small, usually transverse blackish spots, distinct only in the median and submedian interspaces, lying subparallel to the outer border, each spot narrowly annulate with white atoms ; in the lower median interspace, a little beyond the spot of this series, there is another similar one, the space between filled with obscure orange ; and, similarly situated, next the inner border, is a white spot, often bisected transversely by a black line ; the outer margin of the wing Is distinctly bordered with white, interrupted at the nervure tips; upon this, as far as the row of .spots, often partially enveloping them, and lessening toward the anal angle (where it is often supplanted to a greater or less extent by ferruginous scales) the wing is gray with blackish or ferruginous scales, largely sprinkled with snow white atoms — the latter color often predominating in annuli as broad as the interspaces, giving the appearance of obscure large spots seated on the outer margin ; nervure tips on the lower half of the wing bordered with black ; extreme anal angle with a minute black spot; basal half of fringe dull ferruginous, middle faint milk white, tip pale brown; tails black, white-tipped, the longer with some ferruginous scales at base ; inner edge with brownish red and pale yellowish hairs. Abdomen dark brown above, at sides with scattered brownish yellow scales, beneath grayish yellow. Male appendages (34 : 28) ; alations of upper organ pretty regularly and broadly rounded, furnished with a slight, angular lobe at the upper base of the lateral arms ; the inferior edge rather broadly angled; clasps a little sinuous, produced to a needle-like point, the whole as long as the upper organ. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Length of tongue, 3.5 mm. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. 10.6 5.20 Average. Largest- 12. 12.35 6.5 4.25 3.25 12.75 7. 12.8 6.25 4. 2.75 14 2 fi. 6.75 hind tibiae and tarsi fore tibiae and tarsi Described from 20 3 , 19 9 . Length of longer tails, 1.5 to 3.25 ; aver. 2.25. Varieties. In one specimen, the portion of the extra-mesial band of the seconda- ries, which crosses the medio-submedian interspace, separates Itself entirely from the rest of the band, and forms an independent, longitudinal, slightly curved streak, almost connecting the lower basal streak with the extra-mesial band. A single specimen from the south differs from all otherwise similar specimens from the north in having the wings above of a uniform brown color, lighted up by no red- dish tints, and in having the longer tail of the hind wings 5.5 mm. long, or fully twice the length of the average northern specimens — in all which it agrees with the illnstra- 864 THE BUTTERFLIES (JF NEW ENGLAND. tioii ■^ivfu by Boisduval and LeConte. The basal spots oa the uiulcr surface of the hind wings are also reduced to two small, rouiidisli spots. A single female from Long Island (Graef) has the upper surface entirely l)lackish brown with no tawny scales, excepting a very few iucouspicuously scattered near the hind margin of the hind wings; the tails are of the usual length, and the extra-mesial band of the under surface of the hind wings is less tortuous thau common. Length of fore wing, 13.," mm. Secondary sexual peculiarities. The discal stigma of the male is described under the fore wing; the scales (46:23) found in it are remarkaljle for tlioir large size and breadth, as they are less than two and a half times longer than broad, with scarcely convex sides, and a general quadrangular shape, the basal lobes distinct but not prominent. Egg (65:-l). Prominences gi'anulose, .11 mm. apart, and .049 mm. broad; surface of shell more or less covered with rugosites. Micropyle rosette .22 mm. in diameter, composed of a central circle .00425 mm. in diameter, surrounded by sis oval cells, their longer axes directed toward the centre and .025 mm. long, the shorter .017 mm. long; outside of these are angular cells of scarcely larger size, averaging about .034 mm. in greatest length. Color pale bluish green. Height, .32 mm. ; breadth, .G2 mm. Caterpillar. First stage (71 : S) . Head pallid yellowish green, slightly iufuscated above ; ocelli black. Body Ijelow yellowish green ; sides (at least late in this stage) with a liroad, faint, reddish brown stripe, its lower edge next the upper limit of the lateral fold, narrowing anteriorly ; and a narrower dorsal baud of similar color but not so distinct, merging into the other posteriorly, and, anteriorly, fading out so as to be wholly absent from the thoracic segments. Hairs Ijrown. Seco)id stage. Head pale greenish luteous, the clypeus pallid and the labrum tinged with pink ; ocelli pale, in a black Held ; mouth parts pale green. Body pale, dull, lemon yellow, most conspicuous on lateral fold, the markings of the preceding stage repeated with slightly deeper colors. Whole body also bristling with numerous and tilmost equally distributed brown hairs, scarcely longer thau the middle segments of the body, coarse and slightly tapering at tip, Ijut equal elsewhere, microscopically spiculiferous. Legs and prolegs pale green. Spiracles pallid. Length, 1.75 mm. Last stage (75 : 30, 31). Head (79 : 27) pale green, incisures brown, clypeus white, labrum testaceous ; basal joint of antennae white, rest pale testaceous ; other mouth parts pale testaceous ; ocelli in a small circle, pale, with a basal black annulus. Body rich, dark velvety green, of exactly the color of juniper leaves, covered not very profusely with short, brown or brown tipped, whitish pile. The most conspic- uous markings are supralateral, broken rows of slightly oblique, white, sublunate dashes on each of the abdominal segments, more or less tinged with green, and gen- erally broadest in front ; and similar, but straighter, slenderer and more continuous streaks forming an infrastigmatal band; midway between these, on the posterior edges of the segments, is a line of faint, olilique, greenish white lines, far less con- spicuous. All these markings are found also on all the thoracic segments, but the upper two series on the first and second segments are merged into a large, transverse, and somewhat obscure spot, on the first segment sometimes cuneiform and dull orange. There is a slender, dorsal thread of pale green, marked at the incisures )jy a dark green dot. Spiracles white. Legs pellucid green, iufuscated apically ; prolegs, green, the claws black. Length, 15 mm. ; breadth, anteriorly, 3.0 mm. ; posteriorly 3 mm. Chrysalis (84:30,31). Rich wood-brown, the head, thorax aud appendages tend- ing to a faint, greenish luteous, the abdomen to ferruginous; after death or eclosion becoming dull yellowish brown, with a decided reddish tinge, heavily marked, espec- ially on the under surface aud the whole abdomen, with vermicular blotches of black- ish fuscous. In front of the abdomen, above and on the sides, these markings are mostly confined to roundish or transverse blotches, irregularly and variably disposed, but not occupying more than perhaps an eiglith of the surface ; on tlie abdomen they are no more regularly but more uniformly distributed, and occupy nearly or quite half LYCAEXINAE: MITURA DAMON. 865 the surface, in a very coarse, irresular reticulation, in wliicli may witli dilliculty lie recognized a ceuti-al, iufralateral series of roundish spots, and a postero-central, .suprastigmatal scries of similar spots !j;ro^vini: sonle^vllat ol)scurc posteriorly; and sometimes a macular, infrastiiimatal stripe; stiijmiita liriirlil luteons, the lips white. Tlie network of interlacinir riilges is concoloro\i> with the ground, the ridges distinct but delicate, low and equal, forming tolerably large cells, the lloor of which is minutely punctate, the punctae ovate. Tlie sparse, dark brown pile consists of hairs which are less than a third as long as the abdominal segments, tipped with blackish fuscous, minutely spiculiferous, and seated on very inconspicuous papillae. Spiracles testa- ceous, with white lips. Length. 9 mm.; breadth in middle of tliorax, 3.1 mm.; In middle of abdomen, 4.75 mm. ; height of thorax, 3 mm. ; of abdomen, 4. .5 mm. Distribution (23: 7). Tliis hutterHy is a menihcr of hotli the Caroli- niiin and Alleglianian taiinas, bcinsr tbimd in all the Atlantic state.s from northern Florida to Massachusetts. We know very little of its western extension as it has been seldom expressly recorded, but as it is found in the south as far west as nortlnvestorn Texas and in the north to Dakota (Mor- rison), it probably everywiiere extends to the Great Plains. Worthing- ton says it occurs in Illinois. .Saunders records it from Point Pelee in southern Ontario, and Dimmock took it at Cumberland Gap, Kentucky. In Xew England it occurs only in the southern portions and seldom in any great abundance. Its most northern known locality is the vicinity of Boston where it has been taken in West Roxbury, Hyde Park and Dor- chester "quite abimdant" (Faxon), Lynn (ISIcrrill), Quincy (P. S. Sprague), AVyoming (Morrison), Cami)ridgc anil Alilton (Harris), Blue Hill (F. H. Sprague) and Walpole, ]\Iass. (Guild). It has also been found at Springfield (Emery), Mt. Tom (Dimmock), Holyoke Range (Parker) and Holyoke, Mass. (Stebbins) ; and at New Britain (Dim- mock, Hulbert. .Scudder), Guilford (Smyth — Yale Coll. Mus.), Farming- ton (Norton) and New Haven, Conn, "'abundant" (Verrill, Smith. Harger — Mus. Yale Coll.). Haunts. The butterfly ma}' be found about red cedars and will hardly be found where these do not occur. The imder surface of the wings of the butterfly so closely resembles the color of the leaves of the red cedar that when it has once alighted upon this tree one can only disco\er it by jarring the trunk and startling it again to flight. Oviposition. The eggn are laid near the tips of the blossoming twigs of red cedar, a large number being found I)y ISIr. Hidbert and myself on these spots, while the less forward twigs vs-ere sought in vain for a single egg. They were generally tucked in or near the chinks of the overlap- ping scales but sometimes with no attempt at concealment. The female lays with wings erect, first rubbing together the hind wings slowly for a time, then raj>idly, immediately after which she hedges aliout as if to get into a good position, extends and lowers iier abdomen, deposits the Ggg, withdraws the abdomen and then flics away. The sight of the process suggested that perhaps the rubbing of the wings may here be the 109 866 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. mere result of the correllated action of muscles with those working to force the egg downward in the oviduct. The duration of tlic egg varies, but averages about a week. Food plant. Boisduval and LeConte, on the authoiuty of Abbot, state that this caterpillar feeds on Smilax — hence the name they gave ; but in the north it occurs only where Smilax does not grow, and it is the univer- sal opinion of those who have sought its haunts that here it feeds only upon red cedar (Juniperus virginiana Linn.). It has always been observed in the close vicinity of this tree, and independent notes to the same effect have been contributed by Messrs. Merrill, Verrill and Faxon. Mr. Faxon has for many years obtained specimens flying about an isolated cedar in the vicinity of Boston, and within a year or two Mr. E. M. Hul- bert and I obtained eggs in abundance from this tree, where indeed we saw the butterfly ovipositing and on which we have since raised it. Habits of the caterpillar. The color of the caterpillar is so exactly of tlie same rich green as the plant on which it feeds that it is admirably protected. It feeds on the tips of the sprigs, covering the head with the first thoracic segment as with a cowl while feeding, so that one would not know it was at work but for the regular muscular movements of the body. The excrement is of remarkably large size, the pellets of tlie full grown larva measuring a millimetre in diameter. It takes the catcr])illar a little more than five weeks to grow to maturity. Life history. This insect is double brooded, the earliest butterflies appearing about the first of May — sometimes not until the 7th or 10th ; they become abundant by the 15th or 20th and continue on the wing throughout June. The eggs, which they begin to lay about the middle of May, hatch in about a week, and the caterpillars take five or six weeks for their growth, so that they begin to go into chrysalis toward the end of June ; some of these chrysalids, in the opinion of Mr. Plulbert who has raised them in Connecticut, remain unhatched until the following spring ; others hatch in about a fortnight, and the second brood appears about the 20th of July and continues into August, much less abundant than the first. The chrysalids from the eggs laid by this brood pass the winter. In the south, Abbot bred larvae which changed to chrysalis and emerged in thirteen days in April, so that the butterfly there is probably triple brooded or polygoneutic. Habits of the butterfly. Dr. Harris observed that this pretty but- terfly was fond of the flowers of mouse ear, Antennaria plantaginifolia, in spring, and in August of those of the spearmint (^Mentha). Professor Parker also found it early in August on flowers of the mountain mint, Pyenanthemum incanum and Abbot says the butterfly "frequents black- berry blossoms in the neighborhood of Savannah." Sumac (Rhus) has also a great attraction for it. The butterfly is extremely active and when LYCAENINAE: MITURA DAMON. 867 playing with its mates or pursuing the female, may generally be seen around the tops of cedars, of a height of about twenty feet. Here each takes up position ready to have a scrimmage with the first one that ven- tures on the wing, and then three or four may often be seen whirling in circles about the tree-spires with wonderful rajtidity, a play which ceases almost as suddenly as it begins. Postures, ^^'hen walking, the body is inclined at an angle of about 20°, the tip trailing and the inner border of the hind wings parallel with the surface ; the wings are elevated, closely compressed and the hind pair scarcely at all concealed by the fore wings ; the antennae are spread at an angle of G5°-70° and viewed from above appear straight, but they curve a little downward and the clubs a little upward so as in general to droop a little below the plane of the body. "When at rest, the wings are held in the same po.sition, but the antennae diverge from 85° to 95°, and while retaining the same or a slightly less curve, are in general parallel with the body or even raised a very little above it ; the wings are often inclined from the vertical, sometimes as much as 45° ; on alighting, the butterfly, of whichever sex, often rubs the hind wings together. The action of the female in laying is described above. When at complete rest, the fore wings are dropped a little, although never farther than would bring the costal edge of the hind wings to the lowest median nervule of the fore wings ; the antennae then diverge as much as 95° and are raised above the plane of the body at an angle of at least 15°. Desiderata. The inland distribution of this insect, its food in the lar- val state in the south, the history of the second brood, the proportion of early chrysalids which hibernate, and the possible parasites of the insect are desirable subjects of investigation. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— MITUBA DAMON. General. Imago. PI. 23, fig. 7. Distril)Utiou in North America. PI. 6, fig. 17. Female, both surfaces. Enq, 18. Male, both surfaces. PI. 65 fl". 4. .Side view. ^ '• ^^- Male abdominal appeudages „ , .,, 39 : 14. Neuratiou. Caterpillar. PI. 17, fig. 3. Caterpillar at birth. 75 : 30, 31. Full grown caterpillars. 79 : 27. Front view of head, stage v. Chrysalis. PI. 84, fig. 30, 31. Side views. 46 : 23. Androconium. 54 : 10. Side view with head and appen- dages enlarged, and details of the struc- ture of the legs. 868 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. THECLA FABRICIUS. Thecla Fabr., III. Mag., vi : 286 (1807). Type— Pap. spini Wien. Verz. Meng SummervOgli schOner Art Eit uiitenii Bode wohl verwahrt; Es lift kei Chumincr uml kei Clil.ig, Uiul wartet u( si Ostertag ; Uml gangs au laiig, er eluiunt eiuol UikI sider scblofts unci 's isch em wohl. Hebel.— Z)er Winter. Imago (58:4). Head small, densely clothed with scales, and above with short hairs: (in the front the hairs are exceedingly short and sparsely scattered. Front not at .all ])rominent. .almost tl.at, barely surpassing the front of the eyes, slightly sunken down the middle above, below very slightly tumid ; twice as high as broad, or a very little less than that, from two-thirds to three-quarters the width of the eyes as seen in front ; upper border raised to a very slight ridge in the middle third, the corners considerably hollowed in front of the eyes, lower border strongly arched. Vertex a very little tumid in the middle, with a slight sign of a transverse ridge behind the middle, on either side forming a swollen buttress to the base of the antenna, and separated from the occiput by a broad, transverse furrow varying in depth, but always conspicuous. Eyes rather Large and full, very sparsely and very briefly pilose, excepting on the up])er third. Antennae inserted with the hinder edge of their bases just in front of the middle of the summit and separated from each other by three- quarters the width of the anteuual pit; about half as long again as the abdomen, con- sisting of from twenty-eight to thirty joints, of which from eleven to fourteen form the cylindrical club ; usually the latter is very gradually thickened, always but slightly, being scarcely twice as wide as the stalk ; it is, however, fully eight times longer than broad, and the tip is very bluntly rounded, four or five joints entering into the dimi- nution of size, but only the last two to any considerable extent. Palpi rather slender, fully half as long again as the eyes, the terminal joint aljout three-quarters the length of the penultimate and clothed with recumbent scales, the other heavily clothed, especially beneath, with long scales, closely compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia exceedingly long and slender, arched and very slightly convex, three or four times longer than broad, roundly shouldered on the inner margin near the base, the basal half, or a very little more than the basal half, narrowing regularly but slowly, the apical half, which is not more than half as broad as the widest portion, nearly or quite equal, terminating in a broadly rounded apex, the inner border through- out nearly or quite straight. Pore wings (39: 11) about half as long again as broad, the costal border pretty strongly convex and almost bent on the basal fourth, the middle half straight, the apical fourth very gently curved backward, the outer angle more than a right angle, scarcely rounded. Outer margin very gently and pretty regularly curved, apparently slightly more so in the ? than in the ^ , having a general direction at an angle of about 60° with the middle of the costal margin ; the inner margin straight, the outer angle rounded off. Costal nervure terminating just beyond the tip of the cell; subcostal nervure with three superior branches; the first arising at or a little beyond the middle of the outer four-fifths of the cell ; second midway or a little further between this and the apex of the cell ( $ ), or less th.an one-third the distance to the same ( white edging forming a continuous or crcnulate line calanus. These colors forming circular spots, generally completely encircled with white. Ground color of under surface slate brown edwardsii. Ground color of under surf ace pearl gray acadica. THECLA ONTARIO —The northern hair streak. [The northern hair streak (Scudder) ; Ontario streakeil butterfly Maynard).] Tkecla Ontario Edw., Trans. Amcr. ent. U. S., 265-266 (1886);— Mayn., Butt. N. Engl. 80C., ii: 209-210 (1868) ; Butt. N. Araer., i, The- 31-32. not the plate (1886). clttii, figs. 1, 2 (1869);— French, Butt. East. And darted up and down the butterfly, That seem'd a living blcssom of the' air. Bkyant. . . . I'll lead you about a round. Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier. SnAKi!SPEARK. — A Mtdsiimmer-NiyhVs Dream. Imago (6 : 15). Head blackish, the eyes encircled, excepting next antennae and the usual space in its vicinity, with snow white scales, narrowly interrupted beneath, con- nected by a similar transverse band just above the tongue ; a narrow longitudinal stripe of long, mixed white and brownish hairs on the vertex, connected by a similar but slighter line just in front of the antennae; basal antennal joint edged behind with ■white; antennae purplish black, aunulated with white at the base of the joints of the stalk, narrowly above, broadly beneath, forming by their confluence at the base of the club, a pretty large, white patch, with a few scattered blackish scales ; club velvety black above, slightly obscured with hoary beneath, the terminal two joints orange. Basal and middle joints of palpi white within and without; the upper outer apex of the basal and the upper outer margin of tlie middle joint blackish brown ; terminal joint blackish brown, the apex and extreme base white and a few white scales beneath. Tongue luteous at base, fuscous beyond. Thorax covered above with dark mouse brown hairs, the prothoracic lobes with blackish brown and the front of the thorax with greenish and bluish gray hairs; beneath, with pale bluish hoary and on the pronotum with grayish hoary hairs. Fe- mora covered with nacreous scales, flecked with dark brownish scales, especially along the lower, inner border, the lower edge well tufted with grayish pearly aud dark brown hairs, the former in excess; tibiae white, flecked with dark brown scales, which especially collect along the median line of the upper surface, which is broken subapically and terininates before the apex; tarsi bi,ack, broadly annnlated at the apex of each joint, and at the middle of the flrst, with white ; under surface f usco-lutcous ; spines testaceous, black tipped ; claws ferruginous, darker apically. Wings above lustrous blackish brown with .a very slight ferruginous reflection, the veins very slightly, the scales surrounding the discal spot of fore wings in the m.ale decidedly, black; outer edge of all the wings black, preceded, in the lower median Interspace of the liiud wiugs and below that, by a slender line of white scales; in the 876 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. same interspace, and, usually, to a lesser extent, in the succeeding interspaces, and also in the upper median interspace, there is an orange lunule. seated, at least in the lower median interspace, upon a small blackish spot. Basal half of fringe fuscous ; apical half in the fore wings and in the subcostal and median field of the hind wings grayish pearly ; beyond this fuscous or nacreofuscous, with a pale median line; tails black, tipped, and the inner edge of the longest one bordered, with white ; inner field of hind wings obscured by grayish hairs. In the male the origin of the second superior subcostal nervule is scarcely removed beyond the first and is midway between it and the third, the last being scarcely a fourth way from the origin of the first to the tip of the cell ; beyond the origin of the third the main vein turns abruptly downward nearly at right angles a fifth way across the cell, and then as abruptly resumes a course parallel to the last superior branch. The upper half of the vein closing the cell is here most remarkable, being not only distinct throughout the whole of its upper half but bent at right angles, one branch continuous with the deflection of the main stem, the other, excepting a slight twist at the union, with that of the inferior branch; below, the inferior branch is connected with the median by a feeble vein which strikes the median normally beyond its last divarication, but the inferior branch opposite the twist which unites it with its bent cross vein, normally of course, but apparently quite out of place. In this peculiarity of neuration it is quite unique among Theclae. Discal dash of fore wings of male 2.5 mm. long, obovate, the ends well rounded, slightly more than twice as long as broad, grayish slaty black in color, conspicuous from its edging of black scales. The outer margin of the hind wings above the longer tail straight, the latter about as long as the width of an interspace, the shorter tail almost obsolete. Beneath uniform slate brown, lustrous by reflection. Fore loings with a slender, interruptedly straight, scarcely curved, transverse, silvery white stripe, bordered interiorly with blackish fuscous, starting from just within the costal border at about the middle of its apical three-fifths and terminating at the submediannervure, distant from the outer border by less than twice the width of an interspace ; beyond this is a transverse series of continuous, moderately broad, submarginal stripes of obscure fuscous, parallel to the margin, becoming obsolete near the costal margin, bordered most inconspicuously on the inner side with a few white scales ; costal edge fulvous nearly to the extremity. Hind ivings with an extra-mesial stripe similar to that of the fore wings, but more interrupted and, in the lower part of its course, variable in direc- tion ; starting from the costal border at about the middle of its apical three-fifths. It has, up to the lower median nervule, a general direction toward the tip of the sub- median nervure, but an outward curve in the subcosto-median interspace; in the medio-submedian interspace it forms a ^, the limbs placed at an angle of about 65° to each other; and as it terminates in the last interspace by a long, slightly curving streak whose general direction is parallel to the upper half of the A' the portion of the stripe contained in the last three interspaces forms a very distinct W ; a distantly submarginal series of blackish lunules follows this stripe, growing successively more important away from the costal border and arranged only in a slight degree subpar- allel to the hind margin ; the lunules are edged interiorly with pale bluish scales, most conspicuous next the inner margin, and are followed exteriorly, especially in the median interspaces and below them, by orange lunules, seated, especially in the lower median and lowermost interspaces, upon blackish spots ; in the latter, separated from them, next the inner margin, by aminute snow white spot ; the medio-submedian interspace is mostly filled with a large, blackish field, profusely flecked with caerulcan scales; outer border marked by a blackish line, preceded by a pale line, brightening on the lower portion into white ; fringe and tails as on the upper surface. Abdomen above blackish brown, on the sides paler brown, beneath grayish hoary. .Vppendages of the male (34 : 15) with the alations of the upper organ broadly, deeply, and roundly emarginate above, the lateral arms exceptionally long and slender, sud- denly tapering near the tip ; clasps tapering throughout with considerable regularity, but with slightly less rapidity beyond the gibbous base, the apex very finely pointed. LYCAENINAi: : I'llKCLA MPAROPS. 877 Mensurcnieuts iu luilliinctres. MALKS. 1 FEMALES. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. Lcntrth uf (ovv wiiP's Kt.To 14.25 8. 4.4 3.6 hind tibiae ami tarsi .. fore tibiae ami tarsi .. Described from 2 $ ,1 9 ■ Longest tails varying from 1.25 to 3.65 mm. in length. Secondary sexual peculiarities. For the discal stigma of the male see the description of the fore wing; the scales from the stigma (46: 19) differ from those of all the others in being much moregrsulually tapering at the base than at the tip, so as not to be lobed at all, and to have the sides broadly curved throughout ; it is also slenderer, being nearly four times as long as broatl, with a well rounded tip like that of T. wlwardsii. This rarest of our Tlieclae is evidently a member of the Alleghanian faima (23 : 8) ; it has been found, however, in very few localities : — near London, Ontario (Read), Amherst (^lerrill) and Waltham, ^Nlass. (Thaxter) and riantsville. Conn. (Shepard, Yale Coll. Mus.). Mr. Read captured a male in July, Mr. Thaxter his on sumac "in the middle of the berry season," and these are the only recorded dates. Doubtless like the other species it is single brooded and to be looked for in July. No other butterHv confined to our fauna is so little known. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— THECLA ONTARIO. General. PI. 23, lig. S. Distribution in North America. Iinado. PI. 6. lig. 15. Male, both surfaces. Copied from Edwards's figures in his Butterflies of North America, vol. i. 34 : 15. Male abdominal appendages. 40:19. Androconium. THECLA LIPAROPS. The striped hair streak. [TheOgeechee brown hiiir streak butterlly (Abbot) ; streaked Thecla (Harris) ; white striped hair streak (Scudder); white bordered streaked butterfly (Maynard).] Thecla liparops LeC, Boisd-LeC. Li5p. Amfir. sept., 99-100, pi. 31, figs. 1-4 (18.33);— Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Amer., 96-97 (1862);— Sendd.. Bull. Bufl". soc. nat. sc, iii : 111 (1876). Thecla strigosa Harr., Ins. inj. veg., 3ded.. 276 (1862);— Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Amer., 101 (1862);— Edw., Butt. N. Amer., i, Thecla ii, figs. 3-6(1869); Syn.N. A. Butt., 51-52 (1872); — Saund., Can. ent., i : 99-100 (1869) ; Ins. inj. fruit, 176-177, fig. 187 (18.83) ;—P.i<-k., Guide ins. 267-268 (1869) ;— French, Rep. 111. ins., vii: 157-158 (1878) ; Butt. east. U. S., 266-268, fig. 74 (1886);— Middl., Rep. 111. ins., x: 92-93 (1881) ;— Fern., Butt. Me., 79-80 (1884) ;— Mayn. Butt. N. E., 32-33, pi. 6, figs. 38, 3Sa (1886). Fapilio Abb., Draw. ins. Ga., Brit., Mus. vi: 51, figs. 16.5-167 (ca. 1800). Figured also by Abbot, Draw. ins. Ga., Oemler coll., Bost. soc. nat. hist. 22;— Glover, 111. N. A. Lep., pi. B, fig. 4; pi. E, fig. 17; pi. G, fig. 2; pi. K, fig. 3, ined. . . . dead July, whose children the sweetpeas Are sipped by butterflies with wings astir. Todhunter.— /« August. O, let me, true in love, but truly write. SiiAKKSPr.Anv..— Sonnet. Imago (6:11). Head black, with intermingled brown scales, especially in the mid- dle of the front; vertex with a short, longitudinal, median stripe of white hairs; eyes encircled with snow white scales, extending from the lower anterior edge of the an- tennae down the front and around nearly to the anteunae again, interrupted narrowly 878 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLANTt. at the base of thr jialpi with brown scales; abroad, straight IkuuI just above the tongue, connecting tliese two. Antennae l)ronze black, the joints of tlie stalk rather broadly but irregularly annulated at the base with white; club velvety black above, beneath snow white at base, beyond obscure blackisli brown, sometimes faintly suf- fused with orange, the terminal four or Ave joints entirely orange both above and below. Palpi white, the outside of the extreme tip of the basal joint, the upper surface, the outside of the upper outer border (and sometimes the whole upper border), the inside of the upper inner border and a few hairs of the outer fringe of middle joint black or blackish brown; apical joint blackish brown, the apex and base and a few scales along the lower edge white. Tongue pale luteous on basal third, beyond infus- cated ; papillae (61 : 44) testaceous, equal, bluntly rounded at tip, with a slender, acicular, apical spine half as long as the width of the papilla. Thorax above covered in front with dark brown, elsewhere with mouse brown or sometimes grayish brown hairs, those of the patagia slightly tinged with greenish gray, the anterior scales of prothoracic lobes often pale gray; beneath covered with white hairs and scales, the latter mingled with grayish scales ou the sides; femora white with white liairs beneath, the sides speckled somewhat with blackish brown ; tibiae white, with a subapical, blackish brown, exterior patch and a similar obscure one in the middle of the basal two-thirds ; a few dark scales are also scattered irregu- larly ; tarsi black, the apices of all the joints and the sides and a medi.an annulation of the basal joint white; beneath luteous ; spines black; claws luteo-fulvous. Wings above uniform blackish brown, the hind wings softer, all the wings, but especially the front pair, with a very faint olivaceous retlection ; edged narrowly along tlie outer border with blackish, which is itself margined interiorly with a line of snow white scales on the lowest median and innermost interspaces of the hind wings; the hind wings occasionally with an obscure, submarginal orange spot in the lower median Interspace, sometimes followed in the succeeding interspaces by a few orange scales and usually with the greater distinctness just above the anal angle; these orange markings are always seated in the lower median and medio-subraedian interspaces upon an obscure blackish spot which is present even when the orange markings are obsolete ; fringe grayish brown on the fore wings and the upper part of the hind pair, merging into blackish brown toward the anal angle, and in this darker portion enlivened by a line of white, running through the middle; at the extreme anal .angle wholly white in a narrow space; inner edge of secondaries with long, grayish brown hairs, just above the orange spot in a minute space, white; tails black, tipped, and longer one edged on the inner side, with white. Discal stigma of fore wings of male oblong obo- vate, 1.8 mm. long, about twice as long as broad, at either extremity running in pro- jecting teeth along the nervures, obscure, dark grayish fuscous. Superior subcostal nervules of fore wings of female arising nearer the apex of the cell than in the other species ; the main stem of same not slightly flexed beyond the last superior branch as in the otlier species, but forming a very considerable angle with its previous course. Outer margin of hind wings pretty regularly curved, below the longer tail a little excised; the longer tail nearly half as long again as the width of an interspace, the shorter one nearly as long as the width of an interspace. Beneath dark brown, fresh specimens, especially of the female, with a very delicate, rufo-purplish slieen by reflection. Fore wings having the extremity of the cell marked by a large, very broad, quadrate, slightly darker spot — in fresh specimens often tinged with rufous — generally increasing in depth almost to black toward the outer and inner edges and then lined with a row of bluish white scales ; the spot is nearly or quite .as l)road as the body; outside of this is a very broad baud, only slightly nar- rower tlian this spot, colored and bordered like it, but broken and the parts removed successively inward to so great a distance at the uppermost and lowest median ner- vules, as to give the wing the appearance of being covered with a meaningless, irreg- ular scries of white stripes, wlience Harris's appropriate name. At the two points mentioned, the outer white border of the lower portion of the band is nearly or ex- actly continuous with the inner white edging of the upper fragment and the inner edg- LYCAENINAK: TURCLA MI'AROPS. 879 iiig of tlio portion embracod iti the nioiliau an'U is usually continuous with the outer eilaing of wliite scales of the discal spot; so that were it not for the darker fields of the band itself and its outer limits of black, we could not readily make the markinjis of this species accord with the sreneric type; the different parts of the band take the jTcneral course of the discal spot, but above the subcostal ucrvure it is curved rapidly inward to the costal border, or, more frequently, is broken into small fragments by each succeeding nervule and the inner edginj; of a portion comes nearly or quite in contact with tlie outer edsriufr of the discal spot again ; at the lower extremity of the whole baud, it usually narrows rapidly, sometimes abruptly, by the more or less gradual outward direction of the inner edging; outside of this l)and there is an inter- ruptedly continuous series of transverse, curving, outward opening, black lines parallel to the outer border and placed, in the upper third of the wing, midway between it and the outer border of tlie extra-mesial band, bordered interiorly with wliite and followed outwardly by a tint like that of the extra-mesi.al band, but often with a faint, pale stripe down the middle ; outer border with a distinct black line, edged interiorly with a narrower white line; costal border edged at base with dirty white; fringe of the tint of the wing. Hind icings with a discal spot and an extra-mesial band similar to those of the fore wings, but the discal spot is longer and the ijand more distinctly broken above, the uppermost fragment being in broken continuity (or nearly so) witli the discal spot, while the inner edging of the succeeding patch is, normally, in direct continuity with the outer edging of the patch above and of the discal spot, and its outer edge in continuity with the interior border of the succeeding portion of the band; below the submedian nervure, the band takes an entirely different shape, its two portions forming a broad V whose limbs, sometimes parted, lie at an angle of about 45*-' with each other and are broader at their extremities than at their junction; the outer edge of the first portion is proximately in broken continuity with the inner edging of the discal spot and both its extremities are often edged, partially at least, with wliite — a tendency which is shared by all the fragments of the band on the hind wings and to some extent on the front pair. Beyond this band is a series of curving black and white streaks like those of the fore wings, but to a greater or less degree forming lunules. followed by distinct, bright orange lunules in nearly or quite all the interspaces, but especially in the median and anal areas, edged very narrowly in the upper median interspace and above it, with bluish white, occasionally with black fol- lowed by white; they are seated, in the lower median and lowermost interspaces, upon a roundish black spot (the junction of whiaiulnl bair irtr>-ak fariiriil. Thenln fril'irer Boiwl^L^C., LiSp. ■ extit. fchiii<-tt., i, J>p. i. Pap. li. Gent, i, M-pt.. ;fi04, pi. 2<. fii'". l-ij (1>SB( ;- Buntid c. Armati 1). (it'i.. I-4(l«r)»j.l9>. .Syn. I>-p. X. An. Stnjinon c'llnnut I{ul• ~ ' Boc. nal. bij>t., .\ —Butt., 128, entuxa. ff... I:',. 30h, fl^'K. 122. li>J '1--1/;— M:-]'ll., Kcp. in*. ' '.au. <.-i)t,, ii : I'//- III., x:93 (1*11);— E.(i. [.i.4. fign. « Ca. 1*00). 40, *)3(1!*6). Fi-/ure'. ■ raiaeer God., Encycl. m^b., fi?. 5: pi. B, fig. 6: pi. E. figi*. 15,16; pi. I, tig. ix:(>' ;. 6. LA, Chacon d'eax, & M>n toar, Pa»»e. comine une j^enK-e De pt/fe»ie vu d'amour: t,. V.,,,-., ~r^. '.'jpOlons. But ir thf: ■ -nd. Ail :v.-^- ar ■>ELiKKspEABK. — Sonnet. Imago ^6 : 14 : 14 : 11). Head black, the sammit overarched by the projectinz Iiairs of the prothoracic lobes, and in front either tafted (^ j or covered with appressed scales ($) ; a broad l>and of snow whit« scales Ixtrders the ere in front and liefaind, connected, jnst above the tongue, br a transverse band of white scales and between the antennae by a narrow line of similar scales, intermingled with black hairs in front of I narrow line of w' ' ".• ' r; which iri covered w 1 r. ri tiie outside and po--terior iA.d-M'ir ■ji ' tac aijU;Qiia>i. i I :nt* of palpi covered with white scales. ' third of the i:. l above and ontside and a prolongation of the same downward apon the onter edge black : the black scales which break the continnity of the under portion of the white band encircling the eye form part of a broad band which crosses the base of the out- side of the basal joint; apical joint blackish brown, white-tipped and with a few scattered white scales. Antennae velvety black, sometimes with a pnrplish tinge: the joints of the stalk and of the base of the clnb ■ ■" -e. not very nar- rowly, with snow white scales, which extend nj. • in little points upon the outer and inner edge beneath: at the ba»e oi ti. - are a few additional scattered white scales, not forming a close p - .oward the tip of the antennae not more than a single joint further than above; clnb black, either covered beneath and at tip with exceedingly minute, scarcely paler olivaceous hairs ( ^ ) or, the terminal three or four joints and a narrow line along the under sur- face, or sometimes even the whole of the under surface and sides, bright fulvous ( § ). Tongue luteous. the edges faintly luteo-fuscous. Thorax covered above with bronze brown scalf-- 'g and del- icate, dark bluish zray and greenish gray hairs: with dark brown, pale-tipped hairs, posteriorly colored as '• .x; b-^ne^' .-ax is covered with soft mouse brown scales, mostly ' -jv pearly - .-» and hairs, having a bluish iridescence. Femora covered with dark brown scales, almost 886 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. or quite concealed by siio-vv white scales ; tibiae similar, Init alrove more or less tlecked with blackisli and having always a subapical dark patcli aud sometimes a patch in the middle of the basal half; tlie dark colors are most conspicuous on tlic liinil tibiae; tarsi bright Inteous beneath, above black, narrowly ainiulate with white at the apices of the joints aud In'oadly in tlic middle of the basal joint; spines black; claws dark reddish, brighter at base. Wings above uniform dark glossy, almost blackish brown, with the slightest possi- ble olivaceous reflection, the veins and outer edges blackish ; the hind wings softer from the presence of numerous greenish gray hairs on the lower half; basal half of costal edge of fore wings fulvous; hind wings fre()uently ( $ ) or almost never ((J) possessing in the lower median interspace a small, submarginal orange patch, seated on a blackish spot and in the next lower interspace a few orange scales ; outer border of hind wings in the same interspaces with a delicate line of pearly white scales seated njion the blackish edging of the whole wing; fringe of both wings light yel- lowish gray, blackish at base, excepting on the lower half of the hind wings, where between the tails, the fringe is pearly white, sometimes obscured with gray, blackish at base; below the lower tail it is blackish, narrowly pearly white at base; tails black-tipped, the longer fringed on the inner border with pearly white; there is a small patch of white scales at the excision of the inner margin, beneath which the fringe is blackish brown. Discal stigma (44:1) of the fore vvings of the male rounded obovate, nearly twice as long as broad, slightly darker than the ground color. Tlie portion of the sulicostal nervure of the fore wings (61 : 5) of the male which lies on either side of the second superior nervule curves strongly downward a little beyond the middle of the cell ; the vein connecting the inferior nervules to the main stem not transverse, but oblique; in these respects this species approaches P. Onta- rio rather than its other congeners, but is not greatly different from T. liparops. Outer margin of the hind wings above tlie longer tail nearly straight, the longer tail more than half as long again as the width of an interspace, the shorter very slight. Beneath uniform blackish slate brown {S) or dark slate brown (?), old specimens inclining to an ashy lute. Fore iBimjs with the extremity of the cell covered by a sub- quadrate slightly darker spot, usually widest above, the outer and inner borders edged with bluish pearly scales; the middle of the outer half of the wing is crossed by a moderately broad stripe of confluent quadrate spots, slightly darker than the ground color of the wing, and darkest next tlie outer border, distinctly bordered externally and frequently (J) or almost never {$) very faintly upon the inner side with bluish pearly scales ; the whitish external lining of each spot is usually more or less curved, opening inward, but is not infrequently straight; the direction of the band varies greatly ; its general course is : starting from a point close to but not upon the costal border at about the middle of its outer half, it passes in a rather regular and slight curve towaril the inner margin, gradually approaching the outer margin, as far as the lower median uervule and then turns inward again very slightly, aud terminates at the submedian nervure, at about two-thirds the distance from the lower outer angle that its origin had from the upper outer angle of the wing; usually, however, it is abruptly, though but slightly, broken at the upper median nervule, being removed inward slightly at this point ; the same thing usually occurs also at the lower median nervule; yet the band not infrequently continues on its course at this point and reaches still nearer the outer border at its very termination; occasionally the upper extremity of the l)and is bent abruptly' inward or outward and, linally, the spots may be so related that the outer white edging forms either a nearly continuous, gradually curving line, or a series of little curves, or a series of dentations or steps, the angle not in the middle but at the lower corner of each spot; the width of the band also varies, in some being three or four times as wide as in otliers; usually it is about the width of the eye; it varies but little in general location, although iu a few extreme specimens before me, it varies from the middle of the outer third to the middle of the outer two-thirds of the wing. Outside of this is a submarginal line of nearly or quite connected, delicate, transverse, l)lackish streaks, edged internally with white LYO.VEXIX.VK: T11K('I..\ (ALANUS. 887 soaU's, closoly pnriillol to the milor hurdor, hut ofti'H luiit linviinl nt tlio upper oxtreiiiltv ; It (loos not reach clllior Ixirilor: tlic whlto eilfiiiifi soiiii'tiiiR's foriu.s a coii- tlniious lino ami •ioinotiinos a -iorlos of tiroail s:i<;ittato stroaks; tJio ontor side of tlie blaok stronks are occasionally tliisliod dollcatoly, especially on the lower half of the will:;, with i>rans;e: the outer inar^iii Is cili:etl with black ami the frlufje Is dull fuscous, darkest toward base. Tiio extremity of the cell of the hind wiiii/s broadly bordered, as ill the fore wliiirs. with a sll;i;htly darker spot, but elon;;ate ipiadratc in shape, ileep- ost ill color at the outer and Inner bonier, where it Is edi;ed with bluish pearly scales; across the middle of the outer three-llfths of the wiiij; runs a stroiifrly ciirvluK, broken bauil. usually slightly narrower than tlie extra-iiicslal l)aiid of the fore wings, composed of partially continent ipiadrate spots, n little darker than the irronnd color, edged on tlic outsiiie illstlnctly. generally on the inside faintly, almost never on the upper or uniler sides, with bluish pearly scales : the whole band has a general direction closely jjaiallel to tlie outer border, but composed of partially independent spots, the upper outer angle of each of which, in the upper half of the wing, is usually placed a little outside of the lower outer angle of the one atiove. that next the costal border lying about mid- way between the coui-se of the band and that of the spot at the extremity of the cell; this rule never holds with the sjiot in the upper median interspace: tlie spots in tlie lower lialf of the band become elongate quadrate, tlial in the medio-sutimedian inter- space either straiglit or nearly so. directed upward and inward from the submedian nervnre. or is bent in the middle, the angle pointing inward ; the lowermost forms a Ions, straight streak, never bordered on the inner side witli whitish, running toward the liase at right angles to the previous spot when the latter is straight, or to its under half when It is bent. Xearerthe outer border of the wing than the outer border of this band Is a row of very narrow blackish stripes, slightly curved on the upper half, strongly curved, opening outward, on the under half of the wing, bordered narrowly on the inner side with bluish, pearly scales; that in the lowest interspace varies from this, being a straiglit streak, parallel to that in the extra-mesial band; the wliole of the medio-submedian interspace beyond this band is thickly powdered with bluish pearly scales ; in the lowest median interspace, and to a much less degree in tliose following it. sometimes even as far as tlie upper subcostal interspace, and also slishlly in the lowest interspace, this band is followed by orange Uinules, seated, in the lowest median interspace, upon a black spot ; the outer border is narrowly edged witli blackish fuscous, followed by a slender line of bluish pearly scales ; tails as on upper surface. Abdomen above and at sides blackisli brown, with a very dark, slight, violaceous rellection; at tip grayish yellow : beneath, white in tlie middle, dirty grayish wliite at the sides: alatioiis of upper organ of male appendages (34 : 24. 2.5) well rounded but apically slightly excise:est l,rf»iic»thof fore winir^ 14. 7.5 4.5 3. 15. 8. 4.8 3.4 13. 6.25 4. 2.75 10. 7J5 4.5 3. Ki 5 antennae* 7 5 bind tibiae and turtii... fore tildae and tarsi . . 4.T5 3.25 Desoribed from W) 3 , 26 ? Secondary sexual peculiarities. ¥ fore wing. The scales of the same (46 a little more than three times as long as with rounded and subequal angulations from those of T. edwardsil mainly in tl lobed than in any of our species excepti Egg (65: 3). Prominences high, nt times thickened, .04-.05 mm. apart, .025 Length of diseal stigma 2.5-3 mm. or the male stigma, see the description of the : 22) are slightly broader than in T. edwardsil, broad, both extremities very broadly rounded, ; the sides are almost straight. They differ e rounded form of the base, this being less ng T. Ontario. the tip rough or even denticulate, and some- mm. thick : the ridges arc less than half their 888 Tin; lu tterflies of new England. height, uiiiforra in elevation luul .021 mm. wide; the spaces between the ridges are circular pits, .021 mm. in diameter, tlie bottom of which is covered with a few thick- ened white points, all but two or three of which arc clustered around the periphery. Micropyle rosette (68 : 1) .06 mm. in diameter, composed of a central circle, .004 mm. in diameter, surrounded by four oval cells directed toward it, their longer axes .018 mm. long, and their shorter .0125 mm. Height, .47 mm. ; breadth, .7 mm. Color, accordin<; to Saunders, pale green. Caterpillar. Fourth staijc. Head pale greenish yellow, with a minute blacV; dot on each side; mandibles pale brown, with a faint whitish patch immediately above them. Body al)0ve yellowish green, streaked above with yellowish white, and thickly covered with flue, short white liairs; tirst abdominal segment of rather a darker shade of green than the rest of the body. .V dark green, dorsal stripe on the second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments, the full width of the dorsal crest; narrow on the four terminal segments, almost obsolete on those intermediate. A faint, whitish, dorsal line runs through the centre of this stripe. Dorsal crest edged with yellowish white, most apparent where it borders the darker portions of the dorsal stripe; sides of body with a few faint, oblique lines of yellowish white; substigmatal fold of the same color, whicli extends around the posterior segments. Under surface deeper bluish green, with a faint white bloom. Legs and prolegs concolorous. Ijcngth, 10 mm. (after Saunders). See also under uext stage. Last sta/je (75 : 20). Head very pale green, the base of the triangle a very little in- f uscated ; antennae pale, a fuscous spot at their interior base ; ocelli pale in a black field , labrum white ; mandibles reddish. First thoracic segment dull, pale, dirty green; behind it a dark, In'ownish green, dorsal stripe, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as posteriorly, almost blackish from the second thoracic to the first abdominal, and on the sixth to ninth abilomiual segments, bordered by a narrow, whitish liand on the second to fifth abdominal segments, placed a little oblirpiftly ; this is again bordered with pale, dull, roseate patches, narrow in front and broadening behind on each segment ; beneath this the sides are striped with narrow, oblique bands of whitish and greenish; the ventrostigraatal fold is pale bluish white, milk white on the seventh abdominal segment, and bordered w-ith roseate above, excepting at the very tip ; beneath bluish green ; body completely covered with minnte, white warts, emitting whitish hairs; spiracles white. Legs and prolegs bluish green; claws of former fuscous. Length, 13 mm.; breadth, 4 mm. ; height, 2.5 mm. ; length of long hairs, .48 mm. ; of short ones, .16 mm. Younger specimens, 9 mm. long (fourth stage?), sliow a more decided diflerence be- tween the length of the hairs, showing that the change in this respect from the juve- nile to the mature larva is gradual ; in these the longer hairs were .25 mm. and the short ones .04 mm. in length. These specimens also had the dorsal stripe entirely wanting on the second to fifth abdominal segments, and sometimes the bordering line and the lateral markings were obscured. Later in life, with no change of integument, the dorsal stripe may sometimes become uniform in color over the whole body. Other full grown specimens, taken at first both by Mr. Saunders and myself to be quite distinct, otl'er so many points of diflerence that I add a description of one of them in full ; it is the other extreme of the variation (75 : 26). Head very pale green- ish with a brownish tinge, the base of the triangle with a broad black band ; antennae with the Ixisal joint white, beyond very pale greenish brown ; ocelli white in a black field; labrum white; mandibles reddish brown. Body bright velvety grass green ; a faint, narrow, paler, dorsal line, from the middle of the second thoracic to the sixth abdominal segment, bordered by a darker line, more distinct posteriorly, and behind the sixth abdominal segment forming a not very broad dorsal band; this again is bordered, distinctly only on the posterior segments, witli paler green ; on the sides of each segment there is a narrow, indistinct, oblique, pale streak, bordered on either side, but more conspicuously below, with darker green; the ventrostigmatal fold is paler green, bordered above by a broader band of darker green; hairs reddish brown; spiracles pale brownish, the posterior half more dis- LYCAENLNAE: THECLA CALANUS. 889 tinctly marked. Legs vei'y pale greenish, the last joint a little infuscated externally, the tips of the claws reddish brown; prologs grass green, pale at tips. Length, 13 mm. ; breadth, 3.5 mm. ; height, 3 mm. ; length of longer hairs, .48 mm. ; of shorter hairs, 12 mm. See also Mr. Saunders's descriptions and comments (Can. ent. , ii:fiI-(!4). Chrysalis (84 : 25, 27). Thorax, wings and appendages dull, pale green, the thorax a little dusky and abundantly dotted with small, blackish fuscous spots, arranged to a cer- tain extent in streaks of varying disposition on the prothorax and the upper portion of the sides of the niesothorax, the former sometimes with a distinct, blackish, dorsal line, which becomes interrupted behind ; the wings with a few scattered dots on the upper half. Abdomen pale yellowish or reddish brown, sometimes with a dirty, roseate tinge ; a pale reddish, dorsal streak, marked irregularly, and sometimes centred with black and bordered by a pale, whitish band, obscured by yellowish brown ; sides profusely spotted with blackish fuscous, and bearing a lateral row of small, round, blackish spots, which connect below with some blackish fuscous spots, and thus form short, transverse streaks. The network of scarcely elevated, interlacing ridges is com- posed of rather larger cells than in most of the species, covering most of the body, and as distinctly on the sides as on the back, having no greater elevation at the inter- section ; the hairs are pretty abundant, pale yellowish, moderately long, nearly equal until close to the tip, where they taper to a tine point, fully half as long again on the front as on the sides ; they are very minutely and delicately spiculiferous, the spicules seldom visible as more than raised points, never exceeding one-fourth the diameter of the hair, directed well forward, distant from each other generally by the width of the hair. Spiracles pale green, with reddish lips, or reddish brown with pale lips. Length. 9 mm. ; breadth, 4.25 mm. ; height, 3.75 mm. ; length of hairs in front, .3G mm. ; length of haii-s on body, .23 mm. From specimens bred on oak and received from Mr. Sanndei'S. Another description. Greenish brown, more or less fuliginous, the raised tracery of surface more or less infuscated. There is an obscure dorsal stripe on the protho- rax and front of mesothorax, obscured by fuliginous; sides of mesothorax tinged with fuliginous. Abdomen above with an obscui-e dorsal stripe, most distinct and broadest on the third segment; and a series of dark, infralateral dots in the middle of the segments, which become large, oblique, blackish blotches on the foui-th to sixth segments; between this series and the wings, and including nearly the whole of the second segment, the abdomen is liglit yellowish brown ; spiracles faintly brownish fuscous. Wings dull, but pale Inteous, flecked with brown, the basal tubercle marked above with black. Eyes black, conspicuous; prothoracic spiracle pallid. Beneath wood brown, the apical halves of the appendages infuscated, the antennal clubs blackish; an infuscated, ventrolateral band on abdomen. Hairs straight, slightly tapering, bluntly pointed, faintly spiculiferous. Length, 10.5 mm. ; breadth of abdo- men, 3.5 mm. ; of front of mesothorax, 2.7 mm. ; length of hairs on thorax, .15 mm. Described from specimen bred on butternut and sent by Mr. Hulbert. Distribution (24: 2). Tliis is much more extensively distributed than the preceding butterfly, at least in latitude, being common to the Allc- ghanian and Carolinian faunas and even encroaching a little on tiie Canadian. Southward it occurs in Georgia "common" (Abbot), Alabama (Gosse) and Virginia (coll. Anier. ent. soc). Westward it reaches to Michigan (coll. Mich. Univ.), Wisconsin "not rare" (Hoy) and Iowa, — Des Moines (Austin) and New Jefferson (Allen) ; and even to eastern Nebraska (Carpenter), eastern Kansas rare (Snow), Colorado and New Mexico (Snow), and northern Texas. If Boisduval's auretorum be the same, as is probable, it even extends to California. Northward 890 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Mr. Saunders reports that it is "comparatively common" at Montreal* "where edwardsii is either unknown or comparatively rare" and it has also been found at London, Ont. (Saunders, Reed) and Ottawa, abundant (Billings, Fletcher). It seems to occur throughout most of New England, but has been taken in Maine only at Norway (Smith) ; in New Hampshire it has oc- curred at Walpolc "quite common" (Smith) and Milford (Whitney) ; in Vermont at Bellows Falls (Merrill) ; in Massachusetts at Andover (Treat), Woburn (Shute), Dorchester (P. S. Sprague), Wollaston and Quincy (F. H. Sprague), Cape Cod (Fish), Amherst (Parker), Spring- field abundant and Mt. Tom (Emery), Leverett, Mt. Toby and Montague (F. H. Sprague) ; in Riiode Island at Providence (Packard), and in Connecticut at Plantsville (Shepardin Yale Coll. nius. ) and New Britain (Hulbert). Food plant and habits of caterpillar. Mr. Saunders has bred this caterpillar upon oaks, and ]Mr. Abbot states that it feeds on red oak (Quercus rubra Linn.) and other oaks (in his British Museum manuscripts Q. falcata Michx. is figured) ; and he adds that it feeds also on hickory (Carya), a member of a neigiiboring family. Dr. Packard has found ()rc- sumably this species on Carya glabra Torr., and Mr. Hulbert has bred it on the allied butternut, Juglans cinerea Linn. Boisduval and LeConte, how- ever, state that it feeds on species of Crataegus, a genus belonging to another division of angiosperms, and this somewhat doubtful statement has been extensively copied without verification ; a sjjecimen of the imago in the museum of the Michigan University, however, is labelled "thorn"; and I find in Abbot's manuscript a statement that it feeds on "parsley haw," by which a Crataegus is probably meant. It devours the leaves by eating holes through them, not touching the edge ; it is rather slow in its movements, differing considerably in this respect from T. edwardsii. It is a cannibal, too, in its small way and when short of food has been seen to devour its younger and weaker brethren . The caterpillar varies greatly in markings, as may be seen by our il- lustrations, in which extreme types are represented, one being grass green and almost immaculate, the other of an impure color and marked with a broad and greatly interrupted dorsal stripe ; no one would at first take them to be identical. Seasons. The butterfly makes its first appearance toward the end of June, and continues to emerge from the chrysalis until after the first week in July — the females probably throughout July. It is much more abun- dant during July than subsequently, but occurs also during the whole of August and has even been taken in the first week of September, but *Caulficld says, generally rare, but abundant in 1874. LYCAENINAE. THECLA CALANUS. 891 wliether taken in June or September, all belong to one brood. The eggs, which I liiivc received from Mr. Saunders, are laid all through July and early in August, and perhaps sometimes remain unhatelied tlirougliout the winter. At other times, as in cases recorded by Saunders and A\'orthington, they hatch in a few days, but in each case these died. It is tolerably certain that if they hatch, they hibernate without eating (as the action of Mr. Worth- ington's caterpillars would indicate) , and that the egg may also hibernate,* as tliere is no indication of a second brood, even in the south. Kgg8 which I received from Mr. Saunders early in August did not hatch, and caterpillars found in the spring after the vegetation is out are only partly grown, again both in the north and in the south. It is usually not until toward the last of June in the north, sometimes not until July, that the larvae become full grown , and after passing fourteen to twenty days in chrysalis (Hulbert), emerge as butterflies. In the south, judging from the observations of Abbot and Gosse, the butterflies emerge late in April or early in May, after twelve days in chrysalis. Neither makes any allu- sion to a second brood. Behavior of the butterfly. In Georgia, according to Abbot, these butterflies are found in oak woods and frequent the blossoms of "Chin- quessin" [? Chinguapin, Castanea pumila Michx.]. In the west, Allen took them in company with T. edwardsii "on flowers of the Symphori- carpus which grew on the prairies, in hollows that were moist in the spring time. They were also found at the bottom of ravines, in a low, thick growth of timber." Caulfield finds them on blossoms of Asclepias and sumac. Lintner's specimens "were usually captured when resting on l)ushes after a short and rapid flight in the warm sunshine." Gosse, speaking of Theclidi in general, and of this species in particular, says (Lett. Alab., 37) "when at rest they often rub the surfaces of the hind wings upon each other, up and down alternately." It is not a little strange that, while out of nine specimens bred by Messrs. Saunders and Reed, seven were females, the proportion of males to females in specimens captured at large (out of ninetj-five examined) is as three to one. Is it possible that the females instinctively conceal them- selves in the thick foliage of trees ? Parasites. The caterpillars, although so small, are not free from the attacks of a dipterous parasite ; Exorista theclarum (89 : 17, 19) lays its eggs in the body of the larva, usually but one egg in each insect, although Mr. Saunders once obtained three Tachinae from one caterpillar. The puparium is of a "dark brownish red" color, 4.8 mm. long; one hatched July 11. Packard bred (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xxi:34) from this caterpillar in June a Tachina fly, and Mr. Hulbert found a maggot in * That the chrys-ilis in.!}- hibernate, as be- facts then published, but not noticed by him, lieved by Edwards (Can. ent., xiv:52), the abundantly disprove. 892 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. September in each of three chrysalids ho expected to liibcrnate : both of these may belong to the same species of Exorista. Besides this the cater- pillar is attacked by a species of Tetrasticlius, T. theclae (89:6) which once came from a chrysalis reared from some larvae sent me by Mr. Saunders ; only males were obtained. Desiderata. Is the larva ever found on thorn ? When do the eggs hatcli y and if in the summer, what do the young caterpillars do, or where betake themselves? What are the characteristics of the early stages of the caterpillar? In what terms shall we describe the flight and postures of the butterfly? Arc the males really more abundant than the females? Those wishing to obtain parasites may be sure that wintering chrysalids contain them. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— THECLA CALANUS. General. Imago. PI. 24, tig. 2. Distribution in North America. pi. g, ug. 14. Feuiiilc, both .surface.s. 89 : 6. Tetrastiohus theclae. a parasite. 14 ; 11. Male, both surfaces. 17. Exorista theclarum, a i.arasite; head. 34:24. Male abdominal appendages, side 19. Exoristatheclarum, a parasite; wing. view. Erjg. 25. The same, viewed from below in PI. 65, fig. 3. Plain. outline. 68:1. Micropyle. 44:1. Stigma of fore wing greatly en- Caterpillar. larged. PI. 75, tig. 20, 26. Side views. *6; 22. Androconium from the stigma. Chi-y salts. 61 : 5. Neuration, fore wing i . PI. 84, tig. 25, 27. Side views. ^- Neuration, fore wing ?. THECLA EDWARDSII.— Edwards's hair streak. [Edwards's hair strealv (Scudder) ; Edwards's streaked butterfly (Mayuard).] TAecifa etiwarfisu S.aund.,MSS., [see Trans. eutom. soc, i: 172-173 (1867);— Saund., Cau. Amer. eutom.soc, 1:172(1867); Can.eut.,i: ent., i : 98-99 (1869);— Middl., Rep. Ins., III., 98-99 (1869)] ;—Scudd., Proc. Bost. soc. iiat. x: 93(1881). hist., xiii : 272-276 (1870) ;— French, Butt. east. Thccla fahricii Kirb., Syn. catal. Lep., 654 U. S.,261 (1866);— Mayn., Butt. N.E., 33, pi. 6. (1871). figs. ,39, 39a (1886). „. , • r-i n. xr » i 1 t « ^ , ^, TT T ■ • n, , Figured m Glover, III. N. A. Lep., pi. I, tig. 27(.ecte faZncer Harr., Ins. iiij. veg., 3d ed., . • , 276 ,1862) ;— Grotc, Can. ent., ii : 165-168 (1870) ; ' '"""^ ' xix : 179 (1887). (Not Polyom. falacerGod. ; nor Rust. arm. Thecla calamis Grote-Kob., Trans. Amef. calanuslliibn.) The wild lice and the butterfly Are bright and h:i|ipy things to see ; Living beneath a suniiner sky. Eliza Cook. Sie tanzen und tanzeii wohl allzumal Um eiue Lindo im griiuen Thai. Kerner. Imago (6; IC). Head blackish brown, the summit overarched by the prothoracic hairs; a broad band of snow-white scales borders the eye in front and behind, con- nected, just above till! tongue, by a transverse band of white scales; a few pale scales are arranged along the median line of the vertex ; posterior outer border of the basal joint of antennae edged with white scales. Apical half of basal joint of pjilpi cov- LYCAENIX.VK: TIIKCLA KDWAKDSII. 893 ered with Onrk brown scaU's. llio cdiitiiiiiatioii of tliose \v1ir-1i break tlip coiiiiiuiily of the wliito Imiul iMU-irdin^ the eyes; outsiile of iiihhlle joint lialf white, half lilack, (llviilcd l)y II line, rnnnini; from the niiiUUe of the apical half of the upper odjre to the middle of the basal half of the lower edtre ; inside of basal and middle joints while with a few brownish scales; terminal joint black, white-lipped, and with a ftreat many white scales at the base, parlicnlarly above and beneath ; sometimes the basal half, cxceptin": the sides, white. Antennae blackish brown, each joint of the stalk and the basal ones of the club rather broadly annulated at the base, the white scales frequently conlluent and forming an clonjrate trianjrular patch at the base of the club, especially in the male, on either side of a Inteo-fnlvous patch (generally more or less obscureil with fuscous in the male) which extends over the whole under surface of the club, broadening; toward the tip ami occupy inj; the whole circumference of the termi- nal three or four joints. IV.is-vl half of toujiue luteo-testaceous. Thorax covered above with obscure mouse brown hairs, scarcely tinged with oliva- ceous; prothoracic lobes covered with dark brown, mingled with some pale and gray hairy scales, sometimes with a greenish tinge ; beneath, the thorax is gray with longer bluish white and shorter blackish hairs; femora covered with white scales, specked more or less with blackish brown, beneath covered with long white hairs with a few intermingled black ones; remainder of legs dull luteous, obscured above mainly with blackish brown scales and a few whitish scales (the latter especially at the ai)ices of the joints, and a subapieal patch on the tibiae), on the sides mainly with white, with scattered l)lackish scales ; spines black, claws lilackish. tinged with red. Wings above uniform dark grayish slate brown, occasionally almost l)lackisli brown, fresh specimens with an exceedingly slight olivaceous reflection, the veins, usually in the male only, and the outer edges blackish brown; basal half of the costal edge of the /ore wings indistinctly fusco-fulvous. Hind tcinf/s almost always (?) or usually ((J) having in the lower median interspace, very seldom also in the medio-siibmedian iu the female, a submarginal. generally small orange patch (when most distlTict, developed as a high lunule) seated on a blackish spot, the latter generally obsolete; outer edge of the hind wings with a line of pearly white scales as in T. liparops; diseal spot on fore wings of male oblong obovate, three times as long as broad, obscure dark grayish fuscous; subcostal nervule of the fore wings on either side of the origin of the inferior nervule considerably curved downward one-third way across the cell, at about the middle of the outer two-thirds of the latter; upper cross vein closing the cell transverse and in continuation of the lower; outer margin of hind wings above the longer tail straight, the latter but little longer than the width of an interspace, the shorter one very slight. Beneath uniform ashy slate brown, the extremity of the cell In each wing marked by a spot very slightly darker tlian the ground color of the wing, and agreeing in every other particular with the same spot in T. liparops; both wings are crossed by an extra-mesial band, the general course and position of which, in all its varia- tious, corresponds to the similar band in T. calanus; but it is made up of entirely inde- pendent, though closely contiguous and sometimes even partially confluent, spots of a blackish brown color, completely encircled, although less distinctly above, below and on the inner side, with white; the spots of the fore wings vary greatly in shape; usu- ally they are transversely short ol)ovate, the upper ones roundish, the lower often quadrate orreniform; on the hind wings those above the lower median nervule are roundish, with a tendency to become transversely short obovate. Outside of this band, on the fore wings, is a submarginal continuous stripe of slender, transverse, blackish streaks, closely parallel to the outer border, edged narrow ly on the inner side with white scales and followed externally by a delicate flush of orange, generally quite inconspicuous and often very nearly obsolete; a similar submarginal series on the hind wings formed of curved, or, on the lower half, usually of sagittate spots, opening outwardly, followed by more distinct orange spots, especially next the anal angle and in the lower median interspace ; in the medio-submedian interspace the orange is reduced to a mere edging, and the rest of the interspace is fdled with abun- 894 rilK lUITTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. dantly ^scattere(l caerulean scales on a dark Kroiiml ; outer border of both wings marked narrowly with blacki.sh brown, on the hind wings and often on the lower por- tion of the fore wings, followed interiorly by a line of white scales; a black spot at the extreme an.al angle, following the line of white scales on the lower median inter- space; fringe and tails as in T. calaniis, except in being of the general color of the wings. Abdomen above of tlie color of the upper surface of the wings; at the sides gray- ish and beneath dirty white; alations of upper organ of male appendages (34 : 14) well rounded, the lower edge almost straight; clasps straight tapering slightly beyond the gibbous base. Measurements in millimetres. MALE.S. FEMALES. Length of $ discal spot 2-2.6. Smallest. Average. 14.5 8.15 4.5 3.25 Largest. 15.25 8.5 5. 4.15 Smallest. Average. Largest. Len"'th of fore wings 13.5 7.75 4. 3. 13. 6.5 1 3.75 1 2.5 15.75 7.5 5. 3.25 17.25 antennae hind til)iaeand tarsi., fore tibiae and tarsi.. 8.75 4.5 3.6 Described from 62 (J , 38 9 . Longer tails varying in length from 1.75 to 3.25 ; aver., i 2.1, 9 2.75. Secondary sezual distinctions. See description of fore wing for the appear- ance of tlie male stigmi. Tlie scales found there (46:20) are ribbon-like, scarcely tapering, the sides being parallel, the tip well rounded and hardly angulated, while the base is angulated, equally on both sides; the lamina, exclusive of the stem, is a little more than three times as long as broad, and differs from that of T. c.alanus in its greater slenderness and the inequality of form of the two extremities. Egg (65:2). Prominences very high, smooth-tipped, .064 mm. apart, .025 mm. in diameter, the ridges rather slender, uniform, abrupt, .0085 mm. thick; pits angular, and .at most .025 mm. in diameter, the bottom marked as in T. calanus ; at the summit assuming much more the appearance of pits, occupying scarcely more than half the otherwise uniform surface. Micropyle rosette (68:2) .07 mm. in diameter, composed of a minute central circle, surrounded by four oval cells, directed toward it, their longer axes .03 mm. long and their shorter half of that. Height, .44 mm. ; breadth, .82 mm. This egg may be distinguished from that of tlie preceding species by the smoothness of tlie tips of the prominences and their greater distance apart; also by the nature of the interspaces, which are not circular pits, as in that species, but agree better with the similar parts in Incisalia. Caterpillar. Fourth stage. Head shining pitchy black, the base of the triangle with a white or pellucid narrow band. Body scarcely tapering in advance of the seventh abdominal segment, the extremity very bluntly pointed ; grizzly brown, marked with dull, dirty pale yellowish brown ; dor- sum of the first thoracic segment and a dorsal stripe, excepting on the anterior edge of the second thoracic segment, grizzly brown, the stripe distinctly bordered as far as the seventh abdominal segment, narrowing posteriorly ; the I'est of the body above dull dirty pale yellowish, the sides of each segment with a short and broad oblique streak of grizzly brown, the upper edge only of which is well deflned because faintly bor- dered with dirty whitish ; the ventrostigmatal fold is paler than the upper surface and is bordered above with a very indistinct band of obscure yellowish brown : under surface of body pale, dull, bluish green; warts blackish and their hairs pale brownish, giving the body a speckled appearance; the second and third thoracic and the first to third abdominal segments have each three blackish spinous hairs in the laterodorsal row, the middle tlie longest; the fourth to seventh abdominal segments have two each, of equal length; spiracles whitish encircled with dark brown; legs pale green- ish, iufuscated externally. Prolegs pale, dull bluish green. Length, 5.5 mm. ; breadth, 1.5 mm. Last star/e (75 : 25) not differing from the previous. Length, 9.25 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. LYCAENINAK: TUKCLA KDWAKDSII. 895 Mr. S!iuiuk'rs"s ilesiTiptioii diU'ers soiucwliat from mine iiiul particularly in that lie found the ilorsal baiul "enlarging: to an indistinct patch at each extremity, most prom- inent on hinder segments and having a series of spots along its centre from tlfth to ninth [Hrst to llfth abdominal] sognients Inclusive of dull greenish gray, the hinder ones being almost diamond shaped." His specimens were lo mm. long. Chrysalis (84 : "20). Dull yellowish brown, slightly glossy, with many small spots of a darlut. if not, then the insect nni8t winter as a young hirva. The caterpiUar Iieconics full grown in .June and the chrysalis may be looked for from flio middle of June to the middle of July ; its duration is unknown. Flight and attitudes. It is an exceedingly lively insect, and it is diffi- cult to follo\y one in its rapid, changeable flight. It is very ])ugnacious, one seldom stirring out without meeting and having a tusscl with a fellow ; it will dash out at every passing grasshopper. The male far exceeds the female in activity. When alighted the wings are held erect, the under pair covering half the lower median intersi)ace of the fore wings ; the antennae, curving forward at the extreme base, are straight, raised at about an angle of 20° \vitli tiic body and divaricate about 80°. AYhcn not 80 alert, in the shade, the antennae may divaricate as much as 100° and be dropped to the same plane as the body. In walking on a perpendicu- lar surface, it uses all six legs, but when it stops it withdraws to the breast one or both the fore legs. I have only once or twice seen them rub their hind wings, and it then appeared as if both hind wings were moved toijcthcr over the ftire winsrs, and not alternately. Parasites. Mr. William Saunders found some chrysalids of this butter- fly which he reai-ed infested by Tetrastichus saundersii, which hibernated in the chrysalis case and made its appearance after the butterflies of the following year were upon the wing. Desiderata. Our fii-st object must lie to raise this insect in order to prove that the supposed earlier stages are really its own, and to secure full descriptions of the earlier stages of the caterpillar; our next to determine in what stage it passes the winter. Notes upon the southern and north- western distribution of the butterfly are also desirable. Does its pai-asite attack other caterpillars? If not, and, as appears from above, it escapes from the chrysalis only after the next season's caterpillars are gone, what does it do with itself till they come again ? LIST OF ILLUSTliATIOXS.-rHECLA EDWABDSII. General. Imago. PI. 24, li;;. 3. Distribution ill Xurtb America. PI. 6, fig. IG. Male, botli surfaces. £nn. 34:14. Male abdominal appendages. PI. 6.5, fig. 2. Plain. 89:"- N''"tation. 68:2. Micropvle. ^^^^O. Androconiuin. Z . ... 54 : 8. Side view of head and appendages Caterpillar. , , .,,.., < », . . . „ , „. T, , . enlarged, witb details of the structure of PI. 75, fig. 2.5. Dorsal view. ., , ' ^ the legs. Chrysalis. PI. 84, fig. 29. Side view. "3 898 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. THECLA ACADICA.— The Acadian hair streak. [The Acadian l)air:itreak (Sciulder) ; the pale streaked butterfly (Slaynard).] Thecla acadica Edw., Proc. Acad. nat. sc. Tliecla snuheyan 'Whitii., Proc. Bost. soc Phila|iUMiiiusly with black. Siilx-oslal ncrvnle on either side of the cross vein elosln;; the cell curved n little downward. tlii)ii;;h not so nun-li as In the other species of the sienns; upper cross vein dosing tlie cell nearly transverse, ami in continuation of the lower. Fore wiiig.s scarcely so broad as in the other species ; outer niaririu of the hind wluij.s rejiularly curved, its longer tail scarcely loMjrer tlian the breadth of an interspace, the shorter very slight. Beneath uniform luslrous, rather dark pearl gray, with n faint lavender reflection — paler gray and without the lavender rellection iu old specimens. E.\treniity of the Cell of tlie/nrc irinijs marked by a transverse, stralglil, narrow black streak, usually longest aliove, entirely and narrowly encircled witli wldte; midway bet ween tliis and tile outer border ami sul>parallel to tlie latter is a series of eiglit small ronndisli black spots enclrcleil witli white, one iu each interspace above the lowest: the upper four are placed in a sliglit curve, tlie arc of a circle whose centre is at the base of the wing ; the fourtli to tlie eighth form a nearly straight series, parallel to the outer border, the llfth a little wltliin the line : the lifth and sixth are tlie largest, the llrst smallest and the rest nearly equal, about one-fourth the size of the eye; the seventh and the eighth are approximated, their white edging confluent. Beyond this band is a submarginal .scries of not very prominent orange lunules. often obsolete, excepting in the median inter- spaces, surmounted l)y lilackishaud tiiese by wiiite scales, the whole parallel to the outer border. The sjiace lietween this and tlie border is often more or less iiifnscated and the outer margin is narrowly edged with t)hick, surmounted in the median and sub- median areas by a slender white line, sometimes continued as a pale inconspicuous line along the whole outer margin. Extremity of the discoidal cell of the laud icings bordered as in the fore wings, but, necessarily, with a longer streak; there is also a somewhat simitar series of roundish spots and streaks, encircled with white ; the upper four are placed iu an arc whoso centre is on the inner border, next the middle of the abdomen ; the llftli and sixtli lie on a line with the flrst. parallel to the discoidal streak ; the seventh consists of a subreniforni spot, toward which the discoidal streak points and tlie direction of w liich it frequently shows ; the last is a long and slender, curving or bent streak, iu the lowest interspace, having a direction nearly at right angles with the general course of the lower portion of the series and extending toward tlie l)ase farther than the tip of tlie abdomen ; the roundish spots of this series arc nearly equal in size, the llrst a very little the largest; usually they are very little larger than the spots of the fore wings. There is a submarginal series of orange lunules varying greatly iu size, conlluent on the lower half of the wing, each surmounted by a black line, almost sagittate, edged with white, and followed by dusky spots, giving place in the lower median and lowest interspaces to small, blackish, triangular spots and, in the medio- submedian interspace, to a very large dusky spot, profusely sprinkled witii caerulean, which almost divides the otherwise eutirely conlluent orange spots; outer border delicately edged with black, surmounted by a slender line of white scales; fringe and tails much as above. Abdomen above like the upper surface of the wings, the tip and sides grayish, beueatli white, edged with grayish; alations of upper organ of male (34: IG) well rounded, but slightly angled at the upper distal edge, the lower edge produced to a triangular lobe, overlapping the clasps; the latter straight and nearly equal beyond the slightly gibbous base, with which the apical portion is bent at a slight angle. Measurements in millimetres. Length of ^ti},'nla of i 1.6-2.2. licngth of furc wings 12.75 aiitemiiie " "" hind lilii;ie and tarsi fore tiliiiicand tiirsi MALKS. Largest. FEMALES. Smallest.! Average. Smallest. Average. Largest. 12.75 15. 0.75 7.25 4. 4.5 2..-. 3.2 16. 7.8 4.6 3.6 16. 7. 4.5 1 3.5 16. 7.5 4.5 3.7 16.5 7.7 5.25 :5.3ij» DescribetlfromlSj 69- Length of longer tails $ 2.2-2.76; 9 2-3.23 •Both fore legs of this individual were of from some eau.se; they should h.ive been the same length : they must have been stunted at least oiie-flflh longer. 900 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAXD. Secondary sexual distinctions. See descriptiou of fore -vviiig for appearance of the stigma. The scales of the same (46 : 21) very closely resemble those of T. calaims, bcins less than four times as long as broad, subequal, broadly rounded at the tip, l)ut with the sides of the base slightly lobed. Egg (65 : 1). Closely resembling that of T. calanus, but scarcely so high, and with somewhat deeper micropylic pit: prominences slender, tapering, truncate, much farther apart than their own height, uniform in elevation, about .015 mm. thick at tip; the cells are subcircular, averaging .0-1 mm. in diameter, reckoning from the centre of the walls ; the micropyle pit is .06u mm. in diameter. Height of egg, .4 mm. ; breadth, .72 mm. Caterpillar. Last stage (75: Ifi-18). Head (79: 25) shining, very pale greenish brown, the lower half of the triangle fuscous; antennae with the basal joint white, the apical reddish; ocelli white in a blackish field: labrum and mandibles reddish brown. Body grass green, deepest on the dorsal area, more or less distinctly marked with whitish. First thoracic segment with two faint, pale greenish laterodorsal lines and on either side two oblique lines, inclined from above backward and downward, the upper as indistinct as the laterodorsal line, the lower tinged with yellow; behind this segment the body is similarly marked ; there is a pair of very distinct laterodorsal white lines, approximating a little at the anterior extremity but otherwise parallel, extending distinctly as far as the end of the seventh abdominal segment and indis- tinctly to the tip of the body ; there is a distinct lemon yellow, sometimes whitish, infrastigmatal line, commencing with the distinct band of the first thoracic segment and extending to the tip of the body ; on the sides of the body between these two lines there are on each segment two fainter, narrower, obliqne, whitish lines, the lower in broken continuation with the upper of the pi'eceding segment; beneath uniform green; hairs white or colorless, straight or slightly curved, the longer two or three times longer than the shorter, those of the first thoracic segment brownish. Spiracles pale brownish encircled with pale. Legs very pale greenish, the claws fuscous at tip; prolegs green, their apices colorless. Length, 16 mm. ; breadth, i mm. ; height, 3.75 mm.; length of lateral hairs .28-. 44 mm. ; length of other hairs, .16 mm. ; of apical bristle of antennae, .2 mm. In younger specimens the lateral oblique stripes are obscure and in the oldest ones there are sometimes three instead of two on a segment. Chrysalis (84 : 85). Upper surface dull yellowish brown, obfuscated with blackish brown spots which are scattered over the whole surface, collected into obscure dusky stripes on the sides of the abdoininal segments, which curve around behind the spiracles, and are wanting along the narrow obscurely yellow subdorsal lines ; a black dorsal line on the thorax and a dusky dorsal stripe on the abdomen. Under surface and wings greenish plumbeous, dotted abundantly with blackish spots, the posterior border more or less obscured ; the network of interlacing ridges is composed of ratlier larger cells than in most of the other species, covering most of the body, as distinct on the sides as on the back, and is furnished at all points of intersection with little wiirts ; the hairs are pretty abundant, moderately long, about one-half as long again in front as on the sides, bluntly rounded at tip, their spicules at the most not more than one-third of the diameter of the spine in length, and directed considerably for- ward so as to give the sides of the spine a sharply serrate appearance. Hairs erect on the thorax, somewhat recumbent on the abdomen; thoracic spiracle white, others yellowish brown. Length, 10.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.5 mm. ; height, 4.5 mm. ; height of hairs on front, .28 mm. ; on .sides, .2 mm. Distribution (24:4). Tliis butterfly apparently occurs in tlie east only iu the vicinity of the boundary line of the Canadian and Alleghanian fau- nas, l)ut principally in the latter, in a narrow belt stretching from the Atlantic to Montana. But it also occurs in a hardly distinguishable LYOAENINAK: TIIECLA ACADICA. 901 form on the Pacific coast from Vancouver's Island to southern California, Nevada and Arizona ; and I have seen in the British Museum specimens from Nicaragua which to all appearance also belong here.* On the eastern side of the continent it has been found in Montana and Dacotah by Mor- rison, Iowa (Parker), Wisconsin "coninKJu" (Hoy), northern Illinois ( Worthington) , Michigan(Mu8. Mich. Univ. ) , London, Ont. (Saunders — to whose indefatigable researches our princi[)al knowledge of the insect is due), Ottawa( Billings), Montreal "very rare" (Lyman), Bethlehem and Albany, N. Y. (Lintner) and Philadelphia (Blake, Edwards). In New England it is rather widely distributed, having been found in Montpelier, Vt. (Minot), Milford "very rare" (Whitney) and Nashua, N. H. (Harr. Coll.), Williamstown and Cape Cod, Mass. (Scudder) and Farmington, Conn. (Norton). Haunts. The butterfly occurs in wet places where willows abound (Saunders) ; mv specimens were taken about thickets fringing streams. Food plant and habits of caterpillar. The larvae feed on dif- ferent species of willow (Salix), eating the leaves from the edge inward. They are very supple in their movements, their body curving like that of a snail, as they pass from one leaf to another or from the upper to the under surface. They move slowly, and if kept in too close confinement are subject to a species of diarrhoea which often proves fatal. At such a time one refuses food, grows pallid and shrunken, and at its worst stands in an arching posture thrusting out and withdrawing the head. When thus stretched the front half of the body becomes flattened and the hinder half swollen while the head is sometimes so far advanced as to disclose a long neck, the mouth sometimes on the ground, sometimes curved over inwards so as almost to touch the prolegs. This is accompanied by muscular con- tractions of various parts of the body and spasmodic movements of the legs and prolegs, the creature meanwhile standing, as it were, on tiptoe. Pupation. The day before the first preparation for pupation, the cat- erpillar takes on a decidedly purplish tinge, and, by the time the girth is made, it becomes a purplish roseate, the oblique stripes a little paler and the subdorsal and infrastigmatal lines still paler. In twenty-four hours the body becomes much shorter and thicker, the back quite regularly arched behind the first thoracic segment and the sides regularly rounded. It measures at such a time 11 mm. long, 5.2.5 mm. broad and 4 mm. high. The girth passes considerably forward and crosses the middle of the second thoracic segment. It is about three days after the spinning of the girth that the final change occurs. First, the form of the chrysalis can be detected beneath the larval skin, the separation of the thorax and abdo- men being evident ; then the skin splits and apparently is withdrawn by the shrinkage of the membrane alone, which frequently remains covering • 1 do not find these noticed in Godinan ami Salvin's Biolopjia centrali-americana. 902 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. a part of the abdomen, but generally collects as a shrivelled lunn) at the tail. At the close, the girth is found passing over the second abdominal segment. Life history. The butterfly generally appears about the 10-15 July, altliDUgli it sometimes occurs as early as the very end of June ; it remains upon the wing until the end of the first week in August — perhaps longer ; the eggs are doubtless laid during the last of July and remain unhatched until spring ; the caterpillars become fully grown in the latter part of June, and according to Mr. Saunders remain eight or nine days in chrysa- lis ; my own observations upon this point were not so carefully noted as they should have been, but I tiiink specimens received from Mr. Saunders remained nearly fourteen days in the pupa. Desiderata. The distribution of this butterfly needs particular attention ; the time and place of the deposition, the season of hatching of the eggs and the duration of the chrysalis state are points which need investigation. We require also a description of the earlier stages of the larva and notices of the flight, habits and posture of the butterfly. No parasites are known. Has the larva any other food than willow ? LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— THECLA ACADICA. General. Chrysalis. PI. 24, fig. 4. Distribution iu North America. PI. 84, flg. 35. Side view. Effff. ^_ ^ Imago. PI. 65, fig. I. Side view. PI. 6, fig. 13. Male, both surfaces. 34 : 16. Male abdominal appendages. Caterpillar. i6:21. Androcoiiiura. PI. 75, fig. 10, 17. Dorsal views. 18. Partly dorsal, partly lateral view. 79 : 25. Front view of head, stage v. TRIBE LYCAENIDI. BLUES. PajMliones polyophthahni Wieu. Verz. Lycaenides Kirb. ; Lycacninac (pars) Butl. ; Cives (pars) Herbst. Lycaenidae(pars) Guen6e. Adoleseentes Hubner. Ciipididi Scudder. Hued like a rainbow, sparkling as a dewdrop, Glittering as gold, and lively as a swallow. Each left his grave shroud,"and iu rapture winged him Up to the heavens. Anon. Frail feeble sprites I — the children of a dream! Like motes dependent on the sunny beam, Living but in the sun's indulgent ken. And when that light withdraws, withdrawing then. Hoon. — Plea oj the Midsummer Fairies. Imago. Colors above principally violet ; club of antennae usually equal throughout most of its extent, long and slender, being about three times as broad as the stalk and from four to five times longer than broad. Patagia long and slender, usually about two and a half times longer than broad; subcostal nervure of fore wings with three LYCAENINAK: TIIK I'KlIiK LYCAENIDI. 903 superior branolios; tlic outermost forkoil, the iiervuro itst'lf nimiiiii; in a very iliroct course to just l)elo\v the tip of the wins ; auilroconia battledore-shaped, linearly beaded ; tnrsi armed benealh with only two or throe rows of slender spines ; fore tarsi of male armed at ti[) witli a sIultIc moilian claw, broad at base and rapidly taperinu:, scarcely curved. I'pper or^an of male abdominal appcndajies furnisheil not witli liroad alntions but with •;il)bons expansions, bearini; l)aelvwanl or ilownw ard din'eted laminae or books ; clasps broad at the l)ase and taperiiiir more or less irregularly to a blunt or sharp point; intromittent or^an not so Ion;; as in Tlieclidi, but of similar shape. Egg. Tiarate. almost cAND. sloping towai'il each other at considerably more than a riglit angle, the posterior the more abrnpt. Eyes not large nor full, naked in every part. Antennae inserted in the middle of the summit, separated by a space equal to the width of tlie basal joint; barely longer than the abdomen, composed of about thirty-two joints, of which the last twelve form a depressed, elongate club, the first three of which broaden rather rapidly, but beyond them the club remains C(iual or even diminishes very sliglitly, tlie bluntly conical tip composed of three or four joints; the club is three times as broad as tiie stalls, and about four times as long as broad. Palpi slender, compressed, tapering, less than twice as long .as the eye, the apical joint three-fifths as long as the penultimate, and provided only with recumbent scales ; other joints also furnished beneath with a curving fringe of very long, thick scales, all closely compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia slender, arched longitudinally, but scarcely tumid, very small, about two and a lialf times longer than broad, tapering gradually and regularly, with straight sides on tlie Ijasal two-thirds, beyond whicli tliey are equal, bent slightly outward, so that the whole inner margin is al)out straiglit, and bluntly pointed. Fore wings (39 : 20) two-tliirds as long again as broad, the costal margin very gently convex, less so beyond the base, the outer angle scarcely rounded otl', the outer margin rather broadly and regularly rounded, having a general direction of about 55*^-60° with the costal margin, the inner margin straight, the angle rounded. Costal nervure terminating opposite the middle of the outer half of the cell, confluent for a part of the time with the first superior subcostal nervure ; subcostal nervure with three supe- rior branches ; the first, arising scarcely beyond the middle of the upper margin of the cell, runs at first into the costal, is completely confluent with it for a short distance, and tlien parting from it, ends on the margin opposite the apex of the cell ; second superior brancli arising at about one-fourth the distance from the origin of the first to the apex of the cell ; and tlie third at a little more tlian half way from the origin of the second to the apex of the cell, forking before the middle; cross veins closing the cell exceedingly faint and transverse, bent at a slight angle ; cell scarcely half as long as the wing, and three and one-half times longer than broad. Hind wings with the costal margin well curved, more strongly on the basal than the apical half, the outer border strongly rounded, very full on the upper half, and per- haps rather more so in tlie $ than in the $ , the medio-submedian interspace very slightly and roundly emarginate, the lower median nervule furnished with a very slen- der, thread-like tail, considerably longer than the width of the interspaces at its base; inner margin rather strongly convex near the base, beyond straightly excised, the angle abrupt but broad. Submedian nervure terminating at the anal angle; internal nervure terminating at about the middle of the inner border. Androconia rounded quadi-ate, the stem less than half as long as the lamina. Fore tibiae three-quarters the length of the hind tibiae ; fore tarsi not so crowded with spines as on the other legs, scaled beneath, the tiljial spurs naked and small, smaller in the male than in the female ; the terminal joint is either like that of the other legs (?), or it is furnished at tip with only a single, median, long, tapering, scarcely curving hook, without paronychia or pulvillus {$)■ Middle tibiae a little shorter than the hind pair, provided at tip with long and slender, tapering spines, mostly concealed by large scales. First joint of tarsi as long as the others combined, the second, third and fourth diminishing regularly in size, the fifth equal to the second; the terminal joint furnished beneath with two, the other joints with three rows of moderately long and slender spines, the terminal outer ones of each joint much longer than the others, spur-like and curved ; claws very small, short, gently curved, taper- ing but little, pointed; paronychia double, the upper piece long and very slender, tapering, almost flliform, incurved and delicately pointed, the lower piece a ciliate lobe, hardly longer than broad and rounded ; pulvillus wanting. Upper organ of male abdominal appendages forming a short, semicircular, laminate hood, tlie edges setose, the posterior margin entire; lateral arms slender, very long and strongly arcuate ; clasps forming a not very long, snbequal, somewhat bellied rib- bon, broadly rounded apically. LYCAKXINAK: TIIK CENUS EVEKFvS. 907 Bgg. ViTV ili'prosseil t'chiiioiil slmpuil, tlio whole iipper rsiirfiiri- almost pt'i-fcctly fliil. lliilUT nbovo tliAii 111 Oyniilrls niul not so hi;;li for Its hremltli ; t'ovorfd witli iiiod- criiti'ly pruinliioiit niul not itowiIimI lulieivlos, foiiiieclod by lino raised lines forniing anlii|uadrato or rlionilmivl cells, Imt with no snttordlnato Inheroles, the ndcropyle not sunken. Caterpillar at bittb. The head is as broad as llie body or barely narrower limn the llrst thorni-ic sej;nient ; frontal triangle larjte, more than half as high as the head, nearly as broad at base as MsU. Boily snbcyllndric, scarcely taperlnj; from in front backward, the lirst considerably larger than the other thoracic se;:nients, fnrnished with rather shorter bristles than the rest of the body, few in nnniber and rei;nlarly dis- posed. The other seitnients have re-jnlarly disposed appendages as follows: — a snl)- dorsal series of hljih papillae and long, laperinir liairs, as long as the widtli of the body, on the thoracic and llrst eight alidominal segments, a little in advance of the middle; a laterodorsal series of small papillae with shorter liairs, on the same seg- ments, centrally situated ; a laterostigmatal series of high papillae with comparatively short trniiciitc (but not. as represented in 71 : 5 clubbed) bristles, on the llrst six abdomi- nal segments, two to a segment, one anterior and a little lower with slightly longer bristle, the other posterior and higher. There is also a similar but longer infralaleral bristle, anteriorly placeil. on the thinl thoracic segment; and an infrastigmatal series of long hairs three to a segment, of which one is central, on a liigh papilla directly on the substigmatal fold, and the others are on lower papillae, one a little lower and ante- rior, the third above it and posterior. There are also series of hairless lenticles or annnlias follows : a snpralateral series on the thoracic and sixth to seventh abdominal segments, the former large, the latter small; a lateral series, large on the llrst eight abdominal segments, a small, infralateral one ou the fourth abdominal segment (and on all the segments a small, suprastigmatal series and on the abdominal segments a small, infrastigmatal series; these last I have been unable to verify since my notes were madei. .Ml hairs and bristles are microscopically spiculed. Mature caterpillar. Head hardly more than one-tenth the width of the body. Body longitudinally arched, more al)rn|itly curveil in front and behind, more strongly in front than behind, but in the middle with a narrow dorsal Held and tectiform sides, the incisures deeply cut. On most of the segments there is a subdorsal group of spiculiferous hairs, which in the earlier stages are subequal, long, erect and forward curving, but later are unequal, a single longer one curving outward, the shorter ones erect. The crateriform annuli of the llrst stage continues at least into the next; full notes were not taken. The caterpillar difters from that of Cyaniris in the great breadth and llatness of the last abdominal segment and in the more lateral position of the caruncles of the eighth abdominal segment. Chrysalis. Long and slender, nearly four times as long as broad, the sides, viewed from aliove. parallel and straight from the base of the wings to their tip, beyond which the abdomen tapers a very little and ends in a long elliptic curve. Viewed lat- erally, the abdomen is highest at the third and fourth abdominal segments and is very broadly and regularly arched; and, although not high, the upper part of tlie ninth seg- ment is perpendicular: transversely the abdomen is regularly rounded, forming perhaps a little more than a semicircle; three-fourths of the tongue exposed, the inner edges of the legs resting iigainst it; biis-il wing prf)minence apparently altogether absent; surface of the abdomen transversely, coarsely and infreciuently striated, particularly on the hinder part of the segments ami with very distant minute warts, perhaps l."i-20 on the dorsum of a single segment, giving rise to long, nearly equal, apically taper- ing, pretty slender hairs. Similar hairs are found all over the thorax where they are slightly longer. The body, says Dr. Harris, is slightly contracted laterally before the middle, broad- est behind the middle, more obtuse before than behind, and the thorax projects slightly above. This genii8 is represented by four or five species in tlio nortiierii licnii- 908 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. sphere, one in tlie Old World, and the others in the New, in both continents extending- t'roni oeean to ocean, thus encircling the globe; its northern limit in both worlds is abont Lat. 57" ; in America it extends sonth to Lat. 12° N. — almost to Sonth America, — while in Enrope it only reaches Lat. 43, and in Asia about five degrees further, to Kaschmir and northern China. Besides which the genus reappears in India and the Malayan archipelago, where several species are found. The transformations of several species arc known ; one American form is found throughout New England. The butterflies may be distinguished from all other indigenous Lycae- nidi by the presence of a thread-like tail at the tip of the lowest median nervule of the hind wings : on the upper surface tlie wings are violet in the male, dark brown suffused on the disc with the male colors in the female. Beneath they are very pale brown with faint marginal markings over most of the outer border ; these markings on the hind wings are intensified in the median interspaces forming, especially in the lower one, a blackish sf)Ot surmounted by a bright lunule ; there is also an extra-mesial series of blackish spots or dashes, nearly straight on the fore wings, strongly tortuous on the hind, besides a transverse dash at the tip of the cell and on the hind wings a couple of roiuid spots near the base. The butterflies are polygoneutic, the paleogean and probably the neo- gean species hibernating in curled leaves as full grown caterpillars and transforming to chrysalids in May, about a fortnight before the first brood of butterflies appears. The European butterfly, according to Speyer, flies over sunny flowery spots in thickets and on mountain meadows and is mostly found in hilly regions. The American species is found quite as often on plains and river bottoms. The diu-ation of the egg is but three or four days ; the caterpillars mature rapidly and tiie summer chrysalids evolve their inmates more quickly than those of spring. The caterpillars feed on a variety of Lcguminosae, the European species having been found on Lotus, Anthyllis, Medicago, TrifoHum, Pisum and Onobrychis and even on Rhamnus ; while ours are known to feed on Lespedeza, Phaseolus, Desmodium, Galactia, Trifolium and Astragalus. The cater- pillars of the European species are known to bore the husks and devour the peas of Pisum ; and an entirely similar habit has been discovered in one of the Californian species by Messrs. Wright and Riley, the latter of whom writes me that Everes amyntula "lives within the pod of Astraga- lus leucopsis, frequently in connection with a noctuid and a curculionid larva and always leaves the pod to pupate. While it feeds normally upon the young and tender seeds, it also shows quite a carnivorous propensity and will eat its associates just mentioned when they are not too active or large." The caterpillars are elliptical in form, flatter and more elongated than in Cyaniris, with a flatter terminal segment, of a greenish color, with a dark dorsal stripe and many oblique lateral lines. IlIK l.r.NCiTll Ol- I.Il F. OF 15UTTERFLIES. !)()9 Tlio clirvtiiilids are longer ami !«k'iiilercr than in C'vaniris, being nearly tour times longer than broad, theaiulonien but slightly more elevated than the thorax, and tiie whole body covered with long distant hairs by which thev mav readily be distingiiishcd : in color they resemble the cater])illars, or are darker and spotted with lilack. EXCURSUS XXXII. LENGTH OF LIFE IN BUTTERFLIES. \h\tor loiiitittir: Biittorrty limtUur: ••Hoyal in luirpk' iuul jrolil ami rod, "Sunsliinc ami blussoins are on my way; Krof. ami unknowing' sorrow, Wlial is tlio talk of sorrow? Blitlii-lv ami litlirlv to ami fro, Blitln- on tl]i> wing with (lowers for rest, With ll'owors for t'hv I'hoosin-r still a-blow. Hither ami tliitlier as likes nie best: Flannt throu^'h the iillo noon : Oh the joy of the while ! Hut the (lav is short ami the sinnmer sped, Minutes are many to bask anil to play, And alas for the end of joy so soon ; The earth is glad and the blue skies smile ; The (lavs are short and the rose is dead. Jlimites are many and joy is to-day; And ihou wilt be dyin;^ to-morrow." Hying is f:ir till to-morrow." Augusta Webster.— TAe BnUerjhj. AuRELlANS are frequently asked how long butterflies live. By this is generally meant what is the length of life of the mature insect. As is generally known, each species passes through one cycle of its existence once a year, though it very frequently happens that two, three, or even more generations succeed imc another during a single season, and it has been siqiposed (though ne\or proven) to be the case with sonic that two or more years are required for this cycle ; as is known to be true of some other insects. But with regard to the length of life of the butterfly itself, there is not a little variety ; when the disappearance of a given butterfly is in consequence of the approaching cold season it may well