/^.^^^
/3

"N

CATALOGUE

B.d^

MONKEYS, LEMURS,

FRUIT-EATING BATS

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

Dr. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY ORDEK OF THE TRUSTEES.

1870.

h.

V

PREFACE.

TuE object of the present Catalogue is to give a list of all the genera
and species of the Monkeys, Lemurs, Colugoes, and Frugivorous Bats
in the British-Museum Collection, with references to other species
described from otlier collections. The letters B.M. after a specific
name denote the species that are now contained in the Collection ;
and the absence of those letters indicates tjje species which are desi-
derata, and therefore desirable to be procured for the Collection.

The woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate papers
published in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' which are
kindly lent bj- the Council of that Society for the purpose.

These sheets were printed in 1867, when the printing was inter-
rupted by my ill health, and have been detained in the hope that I
should be able to revise the remainder of the manuscript, which I
still hope to print in a separate part at a future time.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British ^fuspuln,

December 1, 1870.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Class 1. MAMMALIA . 1

Subclass 1. Unguiculata. 1,2

Order I. 1'K1MATL:s .. 1,2

Suborder I. EIMANA 2, 3

Fair.. I. HoMiNiuiE .... 2,3

Ueu. Homo 3

sapiens 3

Suborder II. QUADRU-

MANA 2,4

Fam. II. SiMiADiE 2, 4

Section A. Anthropoid .... 4, 6

Tribe I. Simiina 4, 6

Gen. I. MiMKTES 4, 6

troglodytes. W. Africa. . 0, 127

Gen. 2. GoniLL.\ 4, 7

Savagei. Gaboon 7, 127

Gen. 3. Simia 4, 8

satjTus. Sumatra 8

Tribe II. Hylohatina 4, 9

Gen. 4. Siam.\nga 4,9

syndactyla. Sumatra .... 9

Gen. 5. IIylobates 4, 9

lar. Malacca &c 10

pileatus. Siam 10

leucogenys 11

hoolock. India 11

Kafflesii. Sumatra .... 11

agilis. Sumatra 12

leuciscus. Java 12

Section B. Quadrupedal . . 4, 12

Tribe III. I'reshiitina .... 4, 12

Gen. 0. Nasalis 4, 12

larvatus. Borneo 13

Gen. 7. Lasiopyga 5, 13

nemeus. Cochin China. . 13

Gen. 8. Semnopithkous . . 5, 13

leucopr}'niuus. Ceylou . . 14

cucullatus. India 14

ob.scurus. Malacca?. ... 14

Johnii. India 14

enteUus. Bombay .... 14

albipes. Madras 15

maurus. Java lo

cristatus. Sumatra .... 15

fenioralis. Singapore . . 16

froutatus. Borneo .... 16

Page

mitratus. Java 1(3

siainensi.s. Malay Islands 16

melalophus. Sumatra . . 16

nobilis. Sumatra 17

rubicundus. Borneo.... 17

Gen. 9. Colobus -5, 17, 127

satanas. Fernando Po. . 17
polycomus. Fernando Po

and Sierra Leone .... 18

angolensis. Angola .... 18

bicolor. W. Africa .... 18

Kirkii. W. & E. Africa . 127

ferruginea. W.Africa.. 18

cristatus. "W. Africa 19, 128

Gen. 10. GuEREZA <5, 19

Riippellii. Abyssinia and

W. Africa .'. 19

Tribe IV. Cercopithecina . . 5, 19

Gun. 11. MiopiTHECus . . 5, 19

talapoin. W. Africa .... 20

Gen. 12. Ceecopithecus 5, 20, 128

cephus. W. Africa .... 20

petaurista. AMca .... 20

melanogenys. W. Africa 21

Martinii. Fernando Po. . 21
nictitans. Fernando Po

and Guinea 21

ludio. Africa 21

erythrotis. Fernando Po 21

Diana. W. .Africa 22

leucocampyx. Africa . . 22

mona. Senegal 22

pogonias. W. Africa. ... 23

Erxlebenii. W. Africa 23

erythroga?ter. W. Africa 128

Pluto. Angola 23

Campbellii. W. Africa 24

albogulai'is. E. Africa . . 24
samango. S. .Africa .... 24, 128

Gen. 13, Chlorocebus . . 5, 24

ruber. W. & N. Africa 25

pygeiythrus. S. Africa. . 2o

rufo-viridis. Mossambique 25

sabiBus. W. Africa 25

engythithea. Abyssinia . 26

cynosurus. W. Africa . . 26

Gen. 14. Oercocebus

jethiops. Africa ....

fiiliginosus. W. Africa

collaris. W. Afi-ica .

albigena. Africa . . .
Gen. 15. Macacus . . .

sinicus. Madras . . .

pileatiis. India

uemestrinus. Sumatra

melanotus. Madras

Pelops. N. India . .

problematicus. Assam

cristatus

cyuomolgus. India .

assamensis. Siam. . .

Rhesus. India

cvclopis. Formosa .

Saneti-Johanuis. Hon;
Kong

speciosus. Japan . . .

oclireatus

inornatus. Borneo .

lasiotus. China

Gen. 16. Silenus

veter. India

Gen. 17. Inuus

ecaudatus. N. Africa
Gen. 18. Gelada

Riippellii. Afr'ica. . .
Gen. 19. Cynopithecus

niger. Philippines
Tribe V. CjiiinrtjilinUna
Gen. 20. IIamadhya.s

fegyptiaca. N. Afr-ica
Gen. 21. Cynocephalus

porcarius. S. Afr'ica

anubis. Guinea. . . .

Thoth. Abyssinia. .

babouin. \V. Afr-ica

sphinx. W. Afr-ica
Gen. 22. Ch.;eropithec

leucophffius. Afr-ica
Gen. 23. Mormon. . . .

maimou. Afr'ica . .
Fam. III. Cebid^ . .
Section A. Gymnura . .
Tribe I. 3Ii/cefina ....
Gen. 1. Mycetes ....

ui'sinus. Brazil ....

seniculus. Brazil . .

bicolor. Brazil ....

laniger. Columbia

palliatus. Caraccas

auratus. Brazil. . . .

caraya. Brazil ....

barbatus. Brazil . .

Page

5,26

27
27
27
?7, 128
5,28
28
29
29
29
30

128
30
30
31
31

128

129

31

32

129

129

5,32
32

5,32
32

5,33
33

o, 33
33

5, 34

5,34
34

5, 34
34
34
35
35
35

5,35
35

5, 36
36

2,36

36, 38

36, 38

36, 38

39

39

40

40

40

40

41

41

Beelzebub Brazil 41

viUosus. Brazil 41

Tribe II. Layotrichina .... 36, 41

Gen. 2. Ateles 36, 41, 130

ater. Brazil 42

paniscus. Guiana, Peru. 42

fusciceps. S. America. . 42

grisescens. S. America. . 42

cucullatus. S. America. . 42

marginatus. Brazil .... 43

hybridus. Nicaragua . . 43

melanochir. Caraccas . . 43

ornatus. S. America. ... 44

albifr-ons. S. America . . 44

Belzebuth. Brazil 44

vellerosus. Brazil 44

Bartlettii. E. Peru .... 130

Gen. 3. Bhachyteles .... 36, 45

arachnoides. Brazil .... 45

Gen. 4. Lagothrix 36, 45

Humboldtii. Columbia . 46

infumatus. Brazil 46

Section B. Trichiura 37, 46

Tribe III. Cehina 37, 46

Gen. 5. Cebu.s 37, 46, 130

leucoijenvs. Brazil .... 48

Apelia. "Brazil 48

pallidus. Bolivia 49

cirrifer. S, America. ... 49

vellerosus. Brazil 49

capucinus. Brazil 49

xauthocephalus. Paraguay 50

albifr'ons. S. America . . 50

hypoleucu.s. C. America 50

leucocephalus. Columbia 50

flave.scens. Brazil 61

robustus. Brazil 51

annellatus. S.America.. 51

chrysopus. Brazil ? . . . . 51

subcristatus. S. America 62

capillatus. Brazil 62

Tribe IV. CaUitrichina 37, 52

Gen. 6. Chkysothhix .... 52

sciureus. Brazil 63

ustus. Brazil 53

entomophagus. Bolivia . 63

Gen. 7. C^^allithrix 37, 54

cuprea. Brazil 54

amictus. Guiana 64

torquatus. Brazil 55

donacophilus. Bolivia . . 55

Moloch. Brazil 55

ornatus. New Granada 55

personatus. Brazil .... 66

nigrifrous. Brazil 56

castaneoventris. Brazil . 66

vu

Page

nielauoehir. Ernzil .... 57
fiigo. Brazil 57

Tribe V. Ni/ctipit/tceiiia .... 37, 57

Gen. 8. Nyctipithecus . . 37, 57

tri\irgatus. Peru 58

Conimersonii. Brazil . . 58
lenuiriuus. Columbia . . 58

Tribe VI. Pithecma 37, 58

Cien. 9. PiTUECiA 37, 58

leucocophala. Brazil . . 59
mouaclius. Brazil .... 59

albicans. Brazil 59

rufi venter. Brazil 60

Tribe VII. Bi-ach/urina . . 37, 60

(ten. 10. Chihopotes .... 37, 60

sagulata. Guiana 60

Satana.s. Brazil 61

ater. Brazil ? 61

albinasa. Brazil 61

(ieu. 11. OuAK.Aia.\ 37, 61

melanocepbala. Brazil. . 62

rubicunda. Brazil 62

calva. Brazil 62

Trilje \TII. Hapalina .... 37, 02

( ien. 12. IIapale .... 37, 62, 130
aurita. Brazil 63

Gen. 13. Jacchus 37, 63

vulgaris. Brazil 63

Gen. 14. Ckbuella 37, 64

pygnijpa. Brazil 64

Gen. 14rt. Micoella .... 130

sericeus. Brazil 131

cbrvsoleucos. Brazil . . 131

Gen. 15. Miro 37,64

melanurus. Brazil .... 64

Gen. 16. Leontopithecus 37, 64

Rosalia. Brazil 65

ehrysomelas. Brazil. ... 65

Gen. 17. (Ei)ipu.s 37, 65

titi. Brazil 65

(xeoflrovi. Panama .... 65

Gen. 18. Midas 38, Q,(S, 130

mystax. Peru 66

labiatus. Brazil 66

rufi venter. Brazil 66

Icucogunys. Brazil ... 67

tlavifrons. Brazil 67

ursulus. Brazil 68

Gen. 19. SEXiocEnrs 38, 68

bicolor. Brazil 68

Fam. IV. LEMuniPiE. .2,68,131

Tribe I. Lemurina 69,70,132

Gen. 1. Varkcia 69, 70

varia. Afadagascar ... .70, 132
rubra. Madagascar .... 71

leucomystax. Madagascar 72,132

Page

Gen. 2. Lemur 69, 72

catta. Madagascar .... 72

Gen. 3. Prosimia 69,73,132

albifrons. Madagascar. . 73
nigrifrons. Madagascar 73

melanocepbala. Madagascar 73
niongoz. Madagascar . . 74

rutifrons. Madagascar . . 74
xanthomystax. ^ladagascar 74
ooronata. Madagascar.. 75

albimana. IMadagascar. . 75
anjuauensis. Madagascar 75
collaris. Madagascar . . 76
flavifrons. Madaga.scar. . 132

Gen. 4. Hapalemur . .69, 76, 133
griseus. Madagascar . . 76, 133

Gen. 4 a. Prolemur .... 133
simus. Madagascar .... 133

Gen. 5. CiuuRoaALEUs . . 69, 77
Milii. Madagascar .... 77
typicus. Madagascar ..78,133

Gen. 5 a. Azema 132

Smitbii. Madagascar ..78,134

Tribe II. Galayonina 69, 79

Gen. 6. Otogale 69, 79

Gamettii. Port Natal . . 79
erassicaudata. E. & W. Afr. 80
jMonteiri. West Africa. . 80
pallida. Fernando Po . . 81

Gen. 7. Galago 69, 82

Allenii. West Africa . . 82

maboli. South Africa . . 83
senegalensis. W. Africa 84

sennariensis. Sennaar . . 84

Demidoffii. West Africa 86

Gen. 8. Lepilemur . .69, 86, 134

musteliniis. Madagascar

dorsalis. Madagascar
Gen. 8rt. Murilemur .

niurinus. ^Madagascar
Gen. 8i. Ph.\ner

fm-cifer. Madagascar
Gen. 8e. Mirza

Coquerelii. Madagascar

135
135
134

87, 135
135

88, 135
135
136

Tribe III. Microrhynchina .
Gen. 9. MicnoRHYxcnrs

69, 89
()9, .'^U,
136
laniger. Madagascar ..90,136

Tribe IV. Indrmna 69, 90

Gen. 10. PROPiTHEcrs . . 69, 90
diadema. Madagascar . . 90
^Vrreauxii. Madagascar 136
Damonis. ^ladagascar . . 137

Gen. 11. iNnnis 60,90

brevicaudatus. Madagascar 91
Tribe V. Lorisiiia ...... 69, 92

Gen. 1:2. NvcxiCEBrs .... 09, ii2

tarJigrradus. Borneo . . 92

javanicus. Java 92

cinei-eus. Siam 137

Gen. 13. Loms 69,93

gracilis. India 93

Tribe YI. Pvrodicticina. . . . 69,93

Gen. 14. PF.noDicTicus .. 09,93

potto. We.st Africa .... 93

Gen. 15. Arctocebus .... 09, 94

calabarunsis. W. Africa 9o

Fam. V. TarsiidvE 2, 96

Gen. 1. Tabsius 90

spectrum. Borneo .... 90

Fam. VI. Daubento-

NiiD^ 2, 90

Gen. 1. Daibentonia . . . . 90
madagascariensis. Mada-
gascar 97, l-">7

Suborder III. DERMO-

PTERA 3, 97

Fam. VII. G A L E o p I T 11 E-

ciD^ 3,97

Gen. 1. Galeopithecus 97

volan.*. Java _. 97

philippiuensis. Philippines 98

Gen. 2. Galeolemub. . . . 97,98

niacrurus. Ceylon .... 98

Suborder IV. CHIRO-

PTERA 3, 98

Fam. VIII. Ptehopid^ . . 3, 98

Tribe I. Pteropina 99, 100

Gen. 1. Spectrum 99, 100

vulgare. I. Bom-bon . . 100
rubricolle. Cape and

Mauritius 101

dasymallum. Japan . . 101

anetianuni. N. Hebrides 101

leucopterum. Philippines 102

Gen. 2. Pteropus 99, 102

conspicillatus. Eastern

Australia 103

Edwardsii. Africa .... 103

medius. India 103

Kelaartii. Ceylon .... 104

funereus. Australia . . 104

poliocephalus. Australia 104

jubatus. Philippines . . 105

mysolensis. I. Mysol . . 105

ornatus. New Caledonia 105

Floresii. Flores 100

loochoensis. Loochoo 100

argentatus. Amboyna? 106

caniceps. Batchian . . 107

nawaien.'iis. Fiji Is. . . 107

Page

107
107
108
108
108
108
109
109
110
110
110
110
111
111
111
99,112
113

99. 113

99. 114
114

99. 114
115

99. 115
115
116

99. 116
117
117
118
118
118
118
119

philippiuensis. Philippines 119
Tribe III. Ccphahtina . . 99, 119
Gen. 8. Cephalotes. ... 99, 119

Peronii. Timor 119

Tribe IV. Harpiiiana 100, 120

Gen. 9. IIabpyia 100, 120

cephalotes. Georgia I. 121

albiventer. Morty I. . . 121

Tribe V. Cynopterina 100, 121

Gen. 10. Cynoptervs . . 100, 121

margijiatus. India .... 122

collaris. West Africa . . 123

Gen. 11. Meg^era 100, 123

ecaudata. Sumatra. ... 124
Tribe VI. E^wmophorina 100, 124
Gen. 12. Hypsignathus 100, 124

monstro-sus. W. Africa 124

Gen. 13. Epomophorus 100, 125

macrocephalus. W._ Africa 125

gambianus. Gambia . . 126
Gen. 14. Epomop.s 100, 126

Franqueti. West Africa 126

tlavicollis. Fiji Is

Geddiei. New Hebrides

affinis. Jilolo

tricolor. Temate ....

Rayneri. Solomon Is.

Elseyi. N.E. Australia

vitieusis. Viti Islands

Livingstonii. Africa .

ursinus. I. of Bouin .

Macklotii. Timor . . .

hypomelas. Aru Is. .

griseus. Timor

chinensis. China . . .

personatus. Ternate .

Wallace!. Macassar .
Gen. 3. Eunycteris . . .

phaiops. Hatubello .
Tribe II. Macroglossina .
Gen. 4. Notopteris . . .

Macdonaldii. Fiji . . .
Gen. 5. Macroglossus.

minimus. Java

Gen. 6. Xantharpyia .

seminuda. Ceylon . . .

straminea. Africa . . .
Gen. 7. Eleutherura .

segyptiaca. N. Africa.

unicolor. W. Africa .

collaris. S. Africa . . .

marginata. India . . .

fuliginosa. Siam . . .

infumata. Flores . . .

fusca. India :

CATALOGUE

M A M M A L I A.

Class 1. MAMMALIA.

Vertebrate animals, more or less covered witli hair, and furnished
with milk-giving mammaiy glands ; respiring by lungs ; having a
heart with two ventricles and two auricles, circulating warm blood,
enclosed in a thorax, separated from the abdominal viscera by a
chaphragm ; \i\'iparous ; the young noui'ished with milk.

Synopsis of Oedees.

I. Quadrupeds, or bipeds, with the fingers and toes elongate, Jlexible, and

armed with claws or nails. Unguiciilata.

Order I. Primates. Teeth of three sorts. Thumb and great toe
opposable to the fingers or toes. Teats pectoral. Penis fi-ee.

Order II. Feh^. Teeth of three sorts. Thumb not opposable. Teats
veuti'al. Penis in a sheath.

Order III. Gliees. Teeth of two sorts ; cutting-teeth lai-ge ; canines
wanting. Penis in a sheath. Teats ventral.

II. Quadrupeds, tcith the toes short, enclosed in the skin and armed tcith

hoofs. Ungulata.

Order IV. Bbuta. Teeth all of one kind or entirely wanting. Hoof
often compressed, elongate.

Order V. Pecoha. Teeth of two or three kinds. Stomach complicated.
Front of upper jaw toothless, callous. Toes in pairs. Hoofs
triangular.

Order VI. Belluje. Teeth of three kinds. Stomach simple. Upper
cutting-teeth distinct. Skin thick, ueai-ly naked. Hoofs triangular or
nail-like.

III. Limbs Jin-like. Body elongate, Jhh-l ike, tcith an cvpanded horizontal
tail. A'ostrils valcidar.

Order VII. Sirenia. Nostrils normal, moderate, in front of the nose.
Teeth of two or three kinds.

Order VIII. Cete. Nostrils large, subvertical. on the crown, far from
the mouth. Teeth all similar or wanting.

B

Subclass I. Unguicvlata. Bipeds, or qnadrumana, with thejivgers and
toes elotif/afc, Jlexihle, and armed witJt cknvs or nails.

Order I. PRIMATES.

The front and often the hind limbs with a distinct thumb opposable
to the fingers or toes. Teats two or four on the chest. Penis free,
pendulous. Cutting-teeth |-, ^, or A. The fingers and toes are
usually long and flexible, clawed.
Primates, Linn.

The Aye-Aye (Daubentonia) has only two kinds of teeth, similar
in form to the Glires ; but it has the other characters of Primates.

In some Monkeys of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres the
thumb of the hand is small, or entirely wanting. In the Monkeys
of the Western Hemisphere it is generally not opposable to the
fingers ; but their hands arc so like the hands of other Monkeys
that no one can mistake them for the fore feet of other Mammalia,
and they have the rest of the characters of the Primates.

Synopsis op Suboedees and Families.
Suborder I. Bimana. Hand only with an ojjposable thvmh.
Family 1. HoinNii)^. Cutting-teeth f, contiguous, opposed.

Suborder II. Quadrumana. Hands and feet with an 02')posahle thumb
and great toe.

* Teeth of three kinds.

Family 2. Simiad^. Cutting-teeth \, contiguous, erect, opposed.
Nostrils in front of nose, separated by a narrow septum. Claws
all alike, of thumb broad. Grinders f . \. Buttocks often callous.
Eastern Hemisphere.

Family 3. Cebid.5:. Cutting-teeth \, contiguous, opposed, erect or
suberect. Nostrils on side of nose, separated by a reiy broad
septum. Claws all alike, of thumb broad. Grinders f . f, rarely
I . f . Buttocks haiiy. Western Hemisphere.

Family 4. Lemurid^. Cutting-teeth | or |, dissimilar, upper small,
separate in pairs, vertical ; lower larger, contiguous, shelving.
Claw of the second toe subulate ; the others flat. Eastern
Hemisphere.

Family 5. Tarsiidje. Cutting-teeth |,subsimilar, erect ; upper large,
conical, lower small, contiguous. Claws of the second aud
third toes subulate ; the others flat. Asia.

** Teeth of only two kinds. Canines none.

Family G. DAtiEENTONiiD^. Cutting-teeth f, compressed, very
large, with a space between them and the grinders. Claw of
thumb flat, of fingers acute. Middle fingers elongate, slender.

HOMIXrDJJ. ;^

Suborder m.DEUMOPTEBA. Limbs enclosed in an expansim of the
skm. J-im/ers and toes shart, webbed, with opposable thumbs.
Family 7, Galeopithecid^.

'^"^°;^«ri^o>MT''7'''';^- ,/^"«^?.«'»^^ ^^- renj greatly elongated
Jinge, 6 of the hand enclosed m a skin. Thumb and great toe free.

^""""SpH; ^o''^T\'T: Tlie grinders bluntly tubercular, the cuttiug-

no^? Tf }f^-'''\ *^' ''^^"^^«- Nostrils pierced in the
nose. Eiistern Henusphere.

Family a PHYLLosTOMiDiE. The grinders acutely tubcrcuIar. Nos-
ewJ^nlf^V.^ 'P'"''', diskending behind in a more or less
tie ^Sh, i" .r'""^^ ?^f I' Intermaxillary developed, narrow ;
the cuttmg-teeth crowded between the canines, fail in inter-
femoral membrane. Western Hemisphere.

^''°N^n,fll?'"''",''°'""''^-- , T.'^" Senders acutely tubercular.
No nls pierced m a special disk which is often complicated in
cutti;,. t^'.'^fT' f"^'5''Yt '• jntermaxiDary rudimentary or deficient;
cutting-teeth smaU, deciduous. Eastern Hemisphere.

^'''"'nL\k^'^''^i"''^'''^.- • The grinders acutely tubercular. The
nostrils simply pierced in the nose. Tail partly free, on upper

Sine JUt s!'^' °' *'^ *™^^^^^^ -^-^™^ --^--

^'""Nos^tril7Z,?""°''7^- J^' ^""^''^ --^^tely tubercular.
IN o>,tnls simply pierced m the nose. Tail entirely enveloped

Suborder I. BIMANA.

Hand with an opposable thumb. The great toe m the same level as the
other toes.
Bimana, Cuvier.

Fam. I. HOMINID.^.

lin?witt1ho't;?™1 ^'' 7J^"^-' '^' great toe in the same
nre.f f A ^ ' "°* «PPosable. Nose prominent on the nearly

erect face. Chin prominent. Pelvis wide. Walking erect Ha^n^
the power of eommnnicating Iiis knowledge and ideas by speech ^

»T ^ . HOMO.

Womo, Linn.

Homo sapiens. B jj

Homo sapiens, Linn.

Hah. The Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

B 2

Suborder II. QUADRUMANA.

The hands and feet with an opposable thumb and great toe, which
have broad flat nails. Fingers and toes similar.

Quadrumana, Ouvier.
Primates, Dahlbom, 1854.

Fam. II. SIMIAD^.

Cutting-teeth A, contiguous, erect, opposed. Grinders f . f ; teeth
32. Nostrils in front of the nose, separated by a narrow septum.
Claws all aUko, of thumb flat, short. Buttocks callous, except in
Simiina. Warm parts of Eastern Hemisphere.

The genus Ghiercza has the nostrils rather wide apart in front, as
in some Cehidce ; but it has five grinders in each jaw, and the
African habitat and habits of Simiadce. Nyetipithecus (a genus
of Cehidce) has the nostrils placed much as in Simiadce ; but it has
the number of teeth, the revolute tail, and the American habitat of
Cebidce.

Such exceptions to the characters of orders, families, and genera
arc constantly to be observed, showing that animals cannot be
arranged by any single character, but by the result of a number of
characters which, taken together, give the peculiarity of the group.

Synopsis of Tribes axd Gteneea.

Section A. xAnthropoid. The arms much longer than the legs. Walking
suberect. Tail none.

Tribe I. Simiina. Bodg stout. Toes and fingers short. Buttocks hairy.

1. MiMETES. The armsreaching- to the knees. Nails flat. Ears large.

Africa.

2. GoRiELA. The arms not reaching to the knees. Ears moderate.

Afi'ica.

3. SiMiA. The arms reaching to the ankles. Ears moderate. Asia.

Tribe IT. Hylobatina. Body and lirnbs slender. Hands and feet
long, slender. Buttocks callous. Asia.

4. Siamanga. Second and third toes united. Throat dilatUe, of male

bald. Face rather produced.

5. Hylobates. Second and third toes scarcely united. Throat hairy.

Face nearly flat.

Section B. Quadrupedal. The arms shorter than the legs, or rarely
subequal. Walking on all fours. Tail distinct. Biittocks callous.

Tribe III. Presbytina. Head roundish. Nostrils on the sloping face.
Hands and feet very long, slender. Thumb small or wanting.
Stomach complicated.

a. Thumb short. Asia.

G. Nasalis. Nose very prominent. Body stout.

7. Lasiopyoa. Nose flattened. Body stout.

8. Semnopithecus. Nose flattened. Body slender,
b. T/mnib none or ven/ rudimentary. Africa.

9. CoLOBus. Back uniformly hairy. Nostrils close together.

10. GuEREZA. Back with a mantle of long hairs on each side. Nos-

trils rather wide apart.

Tribe IV. Cebcopithecina. Head round or ohlong. Nostrils on the
slope of the face. Hands and feet shoii,. Thmnh large. Stomach
simple,

* Head rounded. Face short. Last lower grinder with three or four
tubercles. Africa.

11. MiopiTHECUs. Face flat. Whiskers small. Last lower grinder
with three tubercles. Afr-ica.

12. Ceucopithecus. Face short. Whiskers round. Last lower grinder
with four tubercles. Africa.

13. Chlorocebus. Face rather produced. Whiskers rigid, reflexed.
Last lower grinder with four tubercles. Africa.

•* Head oblong. Face more or less prodnced. Last lower grinder with
Jive tubercles.

14. Cercocebus. Body slender. Face black. Eyelids white. Tail
elongate. Africa.

15. Macacus. Body stout. Face more elongate. Tail long or mode-
rate. Asia.

10. StLENus. Body stout. Face elongated. Tail moderate, tufted at
the end. Neck maned. Asia.

17. Inuus. Body stout. Face elongate. Tail none. Crown smooth.
Africa, Europe.

18. Gelada. Body stout. Face much elongated. Tail moderate,
tufted. Neck maned. Africa.

19. Cynopithecus. Body stout. Face much elongated, swollen on
sides of nose. Tail none. Crown with a compressed crest. Asia.

Tribe V. Cynocephaxina. Head elongate. Xodrils at the end of
the truncated nose. Hands and feet short. Thumb large. Stomach
simpile. Last molar tcithjive tubercles. Africa.

20. Hamadryas. Tail, end tufted. Neck maned.

21. Cynocephalus. Tail moderate. Neck not maned.

22. CniEROPiTHECUS. Tail very short, hairy all round. Face two-

grooved, black.

23. Mormon. Tail very short, erect, bald beneath. Face grooved, briy'^'t-
coloured.

Section A. Anthkopoid. The arms much longer than the legs. Walk-
ing suherect. Tail none.

Tribe I. SIMIINA.

Body and limbs stout. Toes aud fingers short. Buttocks hairy.
Fur bristly. Bones of ilium rather concave. Chest and pelvis
broad. The fece-bones are greatly produced in length as the animal
advances towards adult age. Lips dilatable, veiy mobile.
Simla anthropomorpha, Dahlbom.

1. MIMETES.

The arms reaching to the knees. Fingers and toes short, strong.
Claws flat. Feet wide. Ears very large. Buttocks of young hairy,
of adults rather bare and callous. Skull large ; brain-case large.
Face moderate. Africa.

Mimetes, Leach, Journ. de Phys. 1819; Ann. Phil. 1820, p. 104 ; not
Vif/ors. Troglodytes, Geoff. ; not Sivainsm. Anthropopithecus,
Blainv. Le Cbimpause, Cuvier.

Mimetes troglodytes. Tlie Chimpanzee. B. M.

Fur black, rather harsh. Face and hands nearly naked, wrinkled,
blackish. Lips and chin with short, white, scattered hairs. Bump
of young sometimes white.

Simia troglodytes, Gmelin. Jocko, Buffun, H. N. xi. t. 1. Pongo,
Biffon, Supp. vii. Troglodytes niger, Geof. T. leucoprymnus, Less.
lU.Zool.t. 12. Satyrus lagaros, 3%e«, I'Viegm. Arch. 18-56, p. 282.
T. cahiis, Du Chaillu ! * T. tseliego, Duvernoy, Arch, (lit IIus.
viii. V. t. 1,3,4,0. Simla Pan, Donovan, Nat. Eepos. t.

Hah. "West Africa.

The male and female in the Zoological Gardens differed in the size
of the head and colour of the face. Male head small, face blacker,
more hairy. Female head aud face larger, flesh-colom-ed. They may
be from different localities.

Homo troglodytes, Linn., is from a fabulous account and figure.

a. Troqlodytes calms, Du ChaUlu, Proc. Boston Soc. IST. H. vii.
p. 29G, 1861 ! Trav. t. 32,48, 03; P. Z. S. 1861, p. 273. B.M.

"Front of body with the blackest hair; neck, arms, and upper two-
thirds of the back with long black hair ; lower third of back and
legs light-brownish grey ; hands and feet black. Head bald to the
level of the midcUe of the cars ; behind scalp black, smooth, and shin-
ing ; eyebrows thin, bristly, long, and black ; face black ; eyes
somewhat sunken ; nose flat ; sides of the face hairj' from the ears,
the hair very short ; scarcely bearded under the chin, mixed with a

* Where the mark of adiniration is placed after a reference, it shows that the
specimen described by that author is in the British Museum.

2. GOKILLA. 7

few grey hairs. Ears large, somewhat smaller than in the Chim-
panzee, standing out laterally for the back."

Hab. Gaboon ; called Nschie(jo.

The specimen received with the above name in the Museum was
in too bad a state to determine with accui-aey if it is distinct from
T. niger. The baldness of the forehead appeared to be accidental.

Dr. Franquet (Ai'ch. du Mus. x. 1862) described a black-faced
Chimpanzee as the T. tschego ; but M. du Chaillu thinks it " only
an adult of T. ni/jer, the face of that animal being flesh-coloured
when young and black when adult."

b. Troglodytes Kooloo Kamha, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston N. H.

Soc. vii. p. 358, 1861 ! Trav. t. 39, 49, 50 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1861, p. 273. B. M.

" It differs from T. calvus in wanting the baldness, the more
rounded face, the whiskers round the face, and less prominent muzzle,
the higher cheek-bones, and the more hollow cheeks

" From the adult T. niger in a rounder face, more prominent
cheek-bones, and more hollow cheeks ; larger ears, less prominent
muzzle, and the whiskers round the face. It has a different name
given to it by the natives, who caU it Kooloo Kamha or Kooloo.

" Hab. Ashankoo Mountains."

It appears to be probable that there are two species of Troglodytes
from the Gaboon. Of the skulls in the British Museum received
from M. du Chaillu, one, the common, will rest erect when placed
on the lower jaw ; the other is so much produced behind, or the
line of the lower jaw is so oblique, that it always falls backwards
when so placed ; but I cannot find that the latter belongs to T.
Kooloo Kamha.

c. Troglodytes vellerosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 181 ! B. M.

Fur very abundant, soft, black ; of the back brown, with long
brown tips to the blackish hairs.

IJab. Camaroon Mountains, Burton. A skin without skull, and
bones of hands and feet.

2. gorilla:.

Arms elongate, not reaching to the knees. Foot short, broad;
toes short, thick. Ears moderate. Throat rather naked, dilatile.
Ilab. Africa.

Gorilla, I. Geoffroy. Satyrus, sp., Meyen. Troglodytes, Savage.

Gorilla Savagei. Tlie Ingena. B. M.

Male black ; loins and hind legs and feet greyish white ; crown
dark red-brown. Female and young grey-brown ; crown reddish.

Ingeua, Botcdich, Ashantce, p. 441, 1819. Troglodytes gorilla, Savayc,
Boston Journ. N. II. 1847 ; Blainv. Osteog. t. Troglodj'tes Savagei,

Owen, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 29, f. 12 I Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 381 ! Gorilla
gina, I. Geoff. Arch, chi Mus. viii. t. 2, 3, 4. Satyrua adrotes,
Meyen, Wic(jm. Arch. 185G, p. 182.

Hab. Gaboon, Bowclkh, 1819.

3. SIMIA.

The arms reaching to the ankles ; feet long, narrow ; fingers and
toes short ; claws channelled ; ears small ; head moderate ; cheeks
and face elongate ; throat dilatile. The cheeks of the adult male
are much enlarged and very callous. The great toe not extending
to the end of the metacarpal bone ; often destitute of the claw-
bearing joint. Buttocks hairy. Brain-case moderate. iJo^. Asiatic
islands.

Pongo, Lacep. 1798 ; Knhl. Pithecus, Geoff. 1812 ; Leach,_ 1819 ;
Cuvier, 1829. Satyxus, Ogilhy, 1838 ; Lesson. Brachiopithecus,
Blainv.

Simla satyrus. The Orang-outang. B. M.

Bright red-brown.

Jocko, Buffon, Supp. \i\. p. 2. Simia satjTus, Linn. S. N. vol. i. p. 34,
1766 ; Cuvier ;''_Geoffroy. Simia agrias, Schreh. pi. 2. f. ii. b et ii. c,
1775. Simia nifus. Lesson, Spec. Mamm. p. 40. Pithecus satyrus,
Leach, Journ. Fliys. 1819 ; Desm. Mamm. p. 50. SatjTus Imekias,
Meycn, Wiegm. Arch. 1866, p. 281.

Hah. Sumatra.

See also

a. Pithecus hicolor, Is. Geoff. Ann. dii Mus. xi. t., 1843. Red-

brown ; sides, armpits, inner part of the thighs, and round
the mouth pale whitish-yellow ; orbits subquadrangular.
Hah. Sumatra. 3Ius. Paris.

b. Grote Bornevosche — Onrang-outang of Wurmb, Pongo Papes

TFi(nHi«7,Latreille; Pongo deBorneo,'Blnm\-.=^ Simia umrmhii,
Fischer. Fur brown ; male with large tubercles on cheeks ;
from Borneo. Is perhaps only an adult.

c. Orang from Simaatra, Clark Abel, Asiatic Researches, xv.=

Pongo Ahelii, Less. ,- Simia Ahelii, Fischer.

d. Oranq cle WaUich—S. WaUirhii, Blaiii\-ille, Journ. de Phys.

1818. From a large half-adult skull sent by Dr. Wallicli to
Paris, which, according to Is. Geoffrey, difi'ers from that of
S. satynts, and is more like that of S. Wur7)ihii.

e. Simia morio, Owen, P. Z. S. 1 836, p. 92 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.

p. 168. From a skull from Borneo with a peculiar dentition ;
perhaps an accidental variety. Dr. Cantor observes that the
physiognomy and coloirr of the face exhibit a marked dif-
ference in living individuals from Sumatra and Borneo. —
Cat. Mamm. Malacca.

f. Simia giganteus, Pearson.Journ.Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, p. 660.

g. Pithecus O'wenii, Blyth, Journ. A.siat. Soc. Beng. 18.53. p. 369.
h. Pithecus curtuSjBljth, Journ. Asia.t.8oc. Beng. 1856, xxiv. p. 518.

5. HTLOBATKS.

Tribe II. HYLOBATINA.

Body and limbs slender. Hands and feet long, slender. Buttocks
callous. Hah. Asia and Asiatic islands.

4. SIAMANGA.

The arms very long, reaching to the feet ; claws channelled ;
the second and third toes united as far as the joint between the
second and third phalanges ; the thi-oat very dilatile, of male naked, of
female covered witli hair. Skull with an elongated, compressed face,
the lower jaw nearly as wide behind as in front. Uab. Asiatic
islands.

Siamanga, Gray, List Mamm. B. 31. p. 2. Syudactylus, Hoitard.

Siamanga syndactyla. The Siamang. B. M.

Black-woolly, chin and upper Up whitish.

Vur. WnitQ.—Raffies.

Simia sjoidactyla, Linn. Trans. 1821 ! Pithecus sjaulactylus, Dcsm.
flvloiaates s-^-ndactylus, Horsf. ! Siamanga s\Tidact\la," Gruu, List
Mamm. B. M. p. 2 !

Hah. Sumatra ; Java.

5. HYLOBATES.

Arms reaching to the feet ; claws channelled ; second and third
toes slightly imitcd in the males, free in the females ; thi'oat haiiy;
head round. Skidl with a short, less compressed face; the lower jaw
much narrower at the end of the tooth-line than in fi-ont. Hah.
Asia and Asiatic islands.

Gibbon, Buffon, 17G6. Hylobates, LUiger, 1811. Brachiopithecus,
partly, Blainv.

The specimens of the genus are very variable in colom-, and hence
they have been divided into several species, the species being often
described from a .single individual.

Some authors defend this practice by the fact that the natives of
the country where they are found give them different names — that is,
call a white specimen a "WTiite Tnko, and a black one a Black Unko ;
but this appears to be only as we call horses white, bay, or brown,
without regarding them as distinct species.

When several specimens are received from the same localitv, as
of //. lar from Malacca, or //. piJcutus from Siam, the general
colour of the animals varies from black to grey and to white. General
Hardwicke figures the specimens found in the Himalaya as varying
in the same manner.

Dr. Cantor and other naturalists who have had the opportunitj- of
examining these aiiimals alive state that there is a great variation

10 SIMIAD^.

in the extent to which the toes of the hind feet are united, especially
in the males of different specimens, and also sometimes they are
united on one foot and free on the other of the same animal. M.
Is. Geoffrey, placing faith in this character, separated a species,
and formed for it a section of the genus, hecause in one male speci-
men he had observed the second and middle toe united by a membrane
to the second articulation.

The species are very much alike in appearance, and are variable
in colour from the same locality, so that one almost doubts their dis-
tinctness. Dr. Dahlbom has stated that there is a difference in the
skeletons : thus he says that the bladebone of H. Safflcsii is smooth,
without any tubercle ; of H. Uuciscus, with a single tubercle ; of R.
lar and H. agilis, with two tubercles, which are thin and distinct in
the first, and thick and less distinct in the second. He also says
that the arms of H. MuUerii are longer than those of U. leuciscus.

The species may be divided thus : —

1. Hands and feet white ; nose rather elongate.
«. Whiskers white. No. 1.

b. Whiskers black. No. 2.

2. Hands and feet hke the rest of the body.

a. "Wliiskers rigid, white ; frontal band none. No, 3.

b. AVTiiskers soft, fluffy ; frontal band white. Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7.

1. Hylobates lar. The Gibbon. B. M.

Black ; circumference of the face, and the hands and feet, white ;
whiskers white.

Gibbon, Buffon, H. N. xiv. t. 2, 3. Homo lar, Linn. Simia lar,
Gmel. Ilylobates lar, Illiger ; Geoff. Simia longimana, Schreb.
t. 2, f. 1. Hylobates albimana, Horsf. Zoo!. Journ. 1820 !

Var. Yellowish white. — Cantor.
Hylobates enteloides, Is. Geoff. Voij. Jacq, iv. p. 13, t. 184: ; Arch, du
Mus. xi. t. 29.

Hab. Malacca ; Siam ; Burmah ; Tenasserim, Cantor.

" Bladeboues with two slender tubercles." — Dahlbom.

Dr. Cantor observes, on H. lar, that the index and middle toes of
both or of one foot, in some inchviduals, of whatever sex or shade of co-
lour, are united by a broad web the whole length of the first phalange,
in some partially so, and in others not at all ; and that in H. agilis
the first phalange of the index and middle toe are in some individuals
of cither sex partially or entirely united by a web ; sometimes the
first phalange of the middle toe is partially united to the fourth (Cat.
Mamm. Malay, p. 3). The ribs vary from 12 to 13 pairs.

2. Hylobates pileatus. The Crotuned Gibbon. B. M.

Black ; shoulders and loins greyish ; hands, feet, and circumfe-
rence of the face, and a ring round the crown, white ; whiskers
black.

5. HYLOBATES. 11

Ouko, Tabraca, Hist, de Siam, ii. p. 308, 1771. Ilylobates pileatus,
Gray, Five. Zoul. Soc. 18G1, p. 13G, t. 21 !

Var. 1. Black. B. M.

Va7\ 2. Dirty white ; crown, whiskers, and belly black. B. M.

Var. 3. White; crown-spot and belly l)lack; whiskers white. B. M.

Var. 4. WTiite, except the black bristles on the eyebrow. B. M.

ilab. Siam, Moithot.

3. Hylobates leucogenys. The White-cheeked Gibbon. B. M.

Black ; throat and sides of cheeks with a broad white spot of
spreading rigid haii's ; forehead black, without any frontal baud.

Hylobates leucogenys, Oyilbi/, Froc. Zuvl. Soc. 1840, p. 20 ! Martin,
Monkeys, p. 445, t. !

Hub. .

4. Hylobates hoolock. The Imlian Hylobates.

Black ; froutal band grey ; whiskers soft and fluffy, black or
greyish black. 2j_ jj

Siuiia hoolock, Harlan, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv. p. 52, 1834; Is.
Geoff. Hylobates hoolock, Lesson ; Martin, Monkeys, p. 438, f. 274,
2/5. Hylobates scyi-ites, Oyilbyl

Var. ? Fur brownish. g ]y[

Hylobates fuscus, Zetvis, Boston Journal N. H. i. p. 33.

Var. Fur pale yellowish-brown; frontal band white; whiskers
bushy, darker brown.

Hylobates choromandus, Oyilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 68 ! Martin
Quad. 442, f. ! '

Hub. India : Himalaya Mountains, Hardwiche.

5. Hylobates Rafflesii. The Malay Gibbon. B. M.

Black ; frontal band white ; whiskers soft and flufty, full black.
Simia lar, Paffies, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 242. Hylobates Rafflesii,
Gioff. ; F. Ciiv. Mamm. Lith. ; 7s. Geoff. Ilylobates agihs, var.,
Martin Quad. p. 425, t. ! Hylobates coucolor, Harlan, Journ.
Acad. A. S. Fhilad. V. p. 229. Hylobates Harlaui, Lesson.

Ilab. Sumatra.

Var. Dark brown ; frontal band distinct.
Ilylobates coucolor, S. Miillvr, Verhand. t. ! (not Harlan). Hylo-
bates Mulleri, Martin, MonJccys, i. p. 4 ; 7s. Geoff.
Hah. Borneo.

Dr. Dahlbom describes the skeleton, which has the bladebonc
smooth, without any tubercles.

12 STMIADJJ.

6. Hylobates agilis. The Slender Oihbon. B. M.

Fur testaceous bro^Tn ; back paler ; frontal streak and the soft
fluffy whiskers pale brown.

Hylobates agilis (Wouwou), F. Ciiv. Mamm. Lith. t.; Rdffles \
Cantor ! H. vaiiegatus, Des?n.

Hah. Sumatra, Baffies.

Var. Fur brownish white. B. M.

Hah. Sumatra? Malacca, Cantor.

Dr. Dahlbom describes the skeleton of H. acjills (F. Cuv.), and
states that it has two large, strong tubercles on the bladebone.

7. Hylobates leuciscus. The Wou-wou. B. M.

Ashy grey or bluish grey ; crown of head with a large square
black spot ; frontal band and circumference of face paler ; whiskers
soft, full.

Wou-wou, Camper, Bot F. Cuv. Siniia leuciscus, Schreb. Hylo-
bates leuciscus, Kuhl ; Horsjield ! Siuiia Moloch, Amleh. § 2, t. 1.

Hah. Java ; Sumatra.

See Hylobates funereus. Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. v. p. 532, t. 26.

Dr. Dahlbom describes the skeleton as having a bladebone with
only one tubercle.

Fur of upper parts of body and outside of limbs ash-grey, of loins
paler, and forehead blackish. Hah. Solo Islands. — Mm. Paris.

I am much inclined to believe that all these Malayan HyJohatcv,
with perhaps the Indian one, are one species ; but I have kept them
distinct on account of the difference in the skeletons mentioned by
Dr. Dahlbom.

Section B. Quadrupedal. The arms shorter than, or onh/ as
long as, the legs. Walking on all fours. Tail distinct, often
elongate, hut never prehensile. Buttocks callous.

Tribe III. PEESBYTINA.

Head roimdish. Nostrils on the sloping face. Hands aiul feet very
long, slender. Thumb small or wanting. Tail very long. Stomach
comphcated of several pouches.
Simla semuopithecus, DaMbom.

a. Thumb short. Asia.

6. NASALIS.

Nose very prominent, conical ; the nostrils inferior. Body and
limbs robust. Thumb short, perfect. Cheek-pouches none. Orbits of
skull moderate or rather small. Hub. Asia.

Nasalis, Geoff. Rhyncliopitbecus, Dahlbom, Zool Stud. p. !.)!, 1837.

8. SEMNOPIXnECUS. 13

Nasalis larvatus. B. M.

Ocbre-ycllow ; head and upper part of the body chestnut ; crupper,
tail, forearms, and legs greyish-yellow ; chin bearded ; face, ears,
and palms of a dusky leaden colour ; tail shorter than the body and
head.

Guenon a long nez, Buffon, Supp. vii. 1. 11, 12. Simia nasalis, Shmc.
Cercopithecus larvatus, Wunnb. Nasalis larvatus, Geojf. ! Nasalis
recm'vus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. (nose distorted, in spuits) ! llhyn-
cliopithecus lanatus, Dahlbom, p. 93.
Hah. Borneo.

The nose in Pennant's figure is artificially prolonged ; and that of
N. rerttrvHS (Vigors), in sjnrits, was distorted by being pressed against
the side of the bottle.

7. LASIOPYGA.

Nose moderate. Orbits large. Body robust. Limbs strong, of nearly
equal length ; the upper and lower arm-bones of nearly equal
length ; thumb perfect, short. " The spinous process of the seventh
cervical vertebra as long as that of the fii'st dorsal." — Dahlhom.

Lasiopj'ga, Illiger; Pygathi'ix, Geojf.; both from a defective skin with
the callosities destroyed. Lasiopyga, Dahlbom, p. 83.

Lapsiopyga nemeus. The Douc. B. M.

Done, Buffon, II. N. xix. p. :?98, t. Simia nemeus, Gmelin. Sem-
nopithocus nemeus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Lasiopyga nemeus,
lUigcr. Pygathrix nemeus, Geoff.

Hob. Cochin China.

8. SEMNOPITHECUS.

Nose moderate ; nostrils lateral. Orbits large. Body slender ; the
arms much shorter than the legs ; thumbs moderate, small, some-
times almost rudimentary ; the forearm-bones short. " The spinous
process of the seventh cervical vertebra half the length of the fii-st
dorsal."

Semnopithecus, F. Cuv. 1821. Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821.

1. Head with short reflexcd hairs.

a. Whiskers elongated, acute, expanded. 1.
h. Wliiskers short. 2, 3.

2. Head with short hair diverging from a central point. 4, 5, 6.

3. Head with a broad crest of erect hairs across the forehead.

7, 8, 9.

4. Head with a longitudinal, compressed crest of long hairs,

10, 11, 12, 13, 14.

14 SIMIAD^.

* The hairs on the crown of the head jjarted in front, lying down and
directed backwards.

1. Semnopithecus leiicoprymnus, B. M.

Ashy brown ; hands, feet, and outside of Umbs darker ; loins and
rump white ; whiskers elongate, expanding, grey ; crown with re-
flexed hairs, parted in front. Adult — fur very soft, fluffy.

Bvffon, Siipj). vii. t. 21. Cercopithecus ? leucoprymnus, Otto, Nov.
Acta Acad. Nat. Car. xii. p. 505. Semnopithecus leucoprymnus,
Desni. S. Nestor, Beniiett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. G7, B. M. ! S.' fulvo-
gi'iseus, Desmoid. S. dentatus, Shaiv. Cercopithecus latibarbatus,
Geoff. S. poi-phjTops, Link. Presbytis cephalopterus, Gray,
List 3L B. M. 4 ! Cercopithecus cephalopterus, Zimm.

Hah. Ceylon, Kelaart.

2. Semnopithecus cucullatus.
Black -brown ; chest, whiskers, and upper part of throat pale-
brown ; base of tail grey ; head grizzled, with long reflexed hairs.

Semnopithecus cucullatus, Is. Geoff. Zool. Belanger, t. i. (JNlalabar).
S. hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. t. 70. S. jubatus, Wagner,
Schreh. Siqrp. i. 307.

Hab. India : Malabar.

3. Semnopithecus obscurus. B. M.

Ashy brown ; underside of body and front of the thighs darker ;
hands black ; forehead blackish ; hair of the crown reflexed.

Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 14 ! Is. Geofi. S. al-
bocinereus, Desm. S. leucomystax, Temm. S. halonifer, Cantor !
S. albociuereus, Eydmix.

Hah. Malacca ?

** Hairs on the crown of the head diverging from a central point and lying
dotcn. Eutellus.

4. Semnopithecus Johnii. B. M.

Ashy brown ; underside of the body, sides, crown, and occiput
testaceous ; forearms and hands black.

Simia Johnii, Fischer. Semnopithecus Jolmii, Martin ! S. Dussu-
mieri. Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mas. ii. t. 30.

Hah. India : Malabar.

5. Semnopithecus entellus. B. M.

Fur pale fulvous or grey, especially on the back and tail ; hands
and feet blackish. Hair of crown radiating from a central spot on
the forehead, projecting. Face black.

Var. 1. Hands and feet black ; head light greyish : far rather
rigid. B. M.

8. SEMNOPITHECUS. 15

Simia entellus, Dtifreme, 1797. Semnopithecus entellus, F. Cuv.
Mamm. Lith. ; Si/kes !

Hah. Bombay, S>/Jces.

Var. 2. Hands and feet black ; head and more or less of the
upper part of the neck white ; fur rather rigid. B. M.

Mab. Nepal, Hodc/son.

Var. 3. Hands and feet whitish ; head and body whitish ; fur
soft. B.M.

Ilah. India.

6. Semnopithecus albipes.

Brownish grey ; head fulvous ; beneath whitish ; tail brownish
grey ; eyebrows and hands dull fulvous grey ; the fingers white ; feet
dull yellowish white.

Semnopithecus pallipes, Elliot ; Bh/th, Atm. .§- Mar/. N. H. 1844, p.
312. S. albipes, I. Geoff. Cat. 14 ; Arch, du 3L('s. v. p. 576.

Hab. Southern India : Madras. Distinct how. S.entelliis oi Bon-
gal.

*** Hairs mi the crown of the head standing up, those of the front paH
hendimj forward. Semnopithecus.

7. Semnopithecus maurus. The Loutou. B. M.

Deep uniform black ; crest weU marked ; base of hairs yeUow.
Hairs on the crown standing up and bent forward in front. Young
pale yellow ; the hands first become blackish.

Guenon negi-e, Biiffon, H. N. Siipp. vi. p. 8.3, t. Simia mam-a, Schreh.
(not Raffles). Cercopithecus maurus, Geoff. Semnopithecus
maurus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. S. cristatus, Dahlhom.

Var. or Female. Golden or reddish-yellow.

Cercopithecus am-atus, Geoff. Semnopithecus auratus, Desmoid. ; I,
Geoff. S. pyrrhus, Horsf. Java, t.

Hab. Java.

8. Semnopithecus cristatus. The ChingJcau. B. M.

Fur black, grizzled or washed with grejnsh white. Hairs of the
head stanchng up and bent forward in front. Young yeUow.

Simia cristata, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 244 ! Semnopithecus cris-
tatus, Is. Geoff. S. pruinosus, Des/n. S. maurus, Dahlbotn, not
/. Geoff.

Var. Fur light-grey or whitish colom-. — Raffies, I. c. p. 245.
Hah. Sumatra, Raffles.

Dr. Dalilbom, by mistake, describes this as all black, and S. maurus
as white-Krizzled.

16 SIMIAD.T,.

9. Senmopithecus femoralis. The Lotong. B. M.

Hair of head short, erect, spreading. Fur greyish black, beneath
grey ; stripe down the chest and belly, and the inside of the thighs
and lower part of the belly, white (female, B. M.).

? Younq. White ; middle of crown, nape, back, and upper surface of
the tail black. B. M.

Lotong, Simia maura ? Baffle-^ Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 247. ! ? Senmo-
pitliecuschrysomelas, <SV*/., iTf(V//e/-, Verhand. -p. 1011. S. femoralis,
Martin, Ma;/. N. H. 1838, p. 436 1

Hah. Singapore, Wallace ; Borneo, SoJ., MUller. B. M.

»»•* _gatV of the croivn lon(j,formincj a compressed longitudinal crest.
Presbytia.

10. Senmopithecus frontatus. B. M.

Blackish ; shoulders and back browner ; spot on centre of fore-
head white ; end of tail whitish ; crest compressed.

Semnopitbecus froutatus, Sol., Milllcr, Vcrhand. ! Is. Geoff. ; Martin,
Mamm. i. p. 475, f. 285 I
Hah. Borneo.

11. Semnopithecus mitratus. The Soulili. B. M.

Blackish ashy ; head and crest, and upper surface of the tail, black ;
throat, chest, inside of limbs, beUy, and underside of tail white ;
crest compressed.

Presbytia mitrata, EschschoUz, JReise, p. 196, t. Semnopithecus comatiis,
Desm. S. mitratus, Sol, MUller, Verh. p. 160, t. 12* ! 7s. Geoff.

Hah. Java.

" The hinder upper grinder without the fifth tubercle." — Elainv.

12. Semnopithecus siamensis. B. M.

Brownish ashy ; chin, throat, undei'side of the body, inside of the
legs, and back part of the thighs whitish ; forehead browner ; crest
compressed, rather darker ; hands, feet, and upper and lower surface
of the tail lilack.

Semnopitliecus cinereus, Grai/, List Mamm. B. M. ! S. siamensis, S.
MUller !<,• Schlef/el. S. nigrinianus, X?. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 62.

Hab. Malay Islands.

13. Semnopithecus melalophus. The Simpac. B. M.
Fur ferruginous ; outside of limbs bright red ; back of thighs
fulvous ; the compressed crest and two streaks on the head black.

Simia melalophus, Baffles ! Semnopithecus melalophus, F. Cuv.
Mamm. Lith. t. S. llavimanus, Is. Geoff. ; Lesson, Cent. Zool. i. 40.

Var. 1. Back and shoulders ferruginous, blackish-washed ; front
of forearms blackish; arms, legs, and haunches bright fulvoiis. B.M.

f). COI,OBUS. 17

Var. 2. Back ferruginous, black-washed ; front of the forearms,
legs, and haunches bright fulvous. B. M.

Ilab. Sumatra, iiajjtes.

14. Senmopithecus nobilis. B. M.

Bright reddish fulvous ; crown with a compressed blackish crest
and a dark streak on each side ; limbs and tail rather brighter,
rrcsbytis nobihs, Gray, Ann. iSf Mag. N. H. x. p. 250, 1842 !
llah. Sumatra.

May bo only a very bright high-coloured vax'icty of the former ;
but the shoulders are not grey.

15. Senmopithecus rubicundus. The Kalasie. B. M.
Dark red brown ; limbs and end of tail darker ; whiskers and
upper part of throat pale I'cd. Crest compressed.

Semnopithecus rubicundus, Sal. Miillci; Verh. i. p. Gl, t. 9, 1. 11 ! Is.
Geoff.

Hab. Borneo.

See a. Semnopithecus olivaccus, Wagn., Sehreb. Supp. i. 309.

b. S. JntiharJxttus, Temra. Fulvous-brown or yellow. Crown,
checks, and tip of the tail testaceous. Thumb of hand com-
plete. Hah. ? in Mus. Paris.

c. S. Phayrei, Blyth, J, A. S. B. xvi. p. 733, t. 26. Arracan.

d. ;S'. Barhei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 734. Arracan.

c. S. albocinereus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 174 ; xvi. p. 733.
Malacca.

f. S. pUeatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. \). 174 ; xiv. p. 735, t. 26.
f. 2.

g. S. Anchises, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 704.

9. COLOBUS.

Body robust. Cheek-pouches none. Orbit rather small. Hand
with four fingers. Thumb abortive. Stomach sacculated. — Owen,
r. Z. S. 1841, p. 84. Hah. Africa.
Colobiis, Illiger, 1811.

1. Crown crested ; whiskers elongated, expanded. Species 1.

2. Crown of head and sides of the face and throat with elongated
hairs forming a mane ; tail-end slightly tufted. 2, 3.

3. Crown of head ^vith reilexed hairs; hair of forehead, sides
of face, and chin long, expanded. 4.

4. Crown of the head with reflexcd hair, rather radiated in front
of forehead ; circumference of face and cliin smooth. 5.

5. Crown of the head with short retiexcd hair, -with two whirls in
front, and a low, narrow, central, erect, longitudinal crest. 6.

1 . Colobus Satanas. The Black CoMms. B. M.

Black ; hair long, coarse ; of crown and sides of the face elongated,

c

18 SIMIADJE.

crisp, forming a broad, high, spreading crest, with the tips curved for-
wards.

Colobus Satauas, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 68 !
Hah. Fernando Po, G. Knctpp.

2. Colobus polycomus. TJie King Monl-ey. B. M.

Black ; hair on sides of the body very long, abundant ; of forehead,
circumference of face, and mane whitish ; tail white.

King Monkey, Penn. Quad. p. 4G. Simla polycomos, Schreb. Cebus
polj'coimia, Zinun. Colobus poh'comos, Geoff. S. comosa, Shaw.
Cercopithi'cus comosus, irt^r. Ateles comatus, Geo^. S. tetradac-
tyla, Link, Bcitr. i. p. 62.

Var. Tail all white ; mane greyish. B. M.

Colobus ursiuus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 98 !

Hah. Fernando Po, G. Knapp ; Sierra Leone, Whitfield.

3. Colobus angolensis. B. M.

Black ; hair of sides elongate ; the mane of long hairs on sides of
throat, and the end of the tail, white.

Colobus angolensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 245 !

Hah. Angola. A flat skin without head or feet.
It differs from C. p>ohjc.omus in the chest and two thii'ds of the
lower portion of the tail being black.

4. Colobus bicolor. B. M.

Black, shining ; hair long, silky, of forehead, circumference of the
face, and chin elongate, white ; tail white ; haunches grey.

Semnopithecus bicolor, Wesviael, Bull. Acad. Brur. 1835. S. velle-
rosus, Is. Geoff. Belanq. Voy. p. 37, 1836. Colobus leucomeros,
Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1837, p! 69 ! Martin, Hist. Mamm. p. 497 ! C. vel-
lerosus, 7s. Geoff.

Hah. West coast of Africa.

5. Colobus ferruginea. The Bay Colohvs. B M.

Fur short, blackish grey ; sides of neck, cheek, throat, the fore
and hind legs, and feet red bay; base of tail above and nape reddish,
Var. 1. Fur sooty grey, the red colour paler, diiller.

Colobus Temmiuckii, Ktihl, 1820 ; Desm. Mamm. p. 53. Bay Monkey,
Pennatit, Quad. i. p. 218. C. ferruginea, Lesson. Simla ferruginea,
Shatv, Zool. i. p. 59 ; F. Cui: C. ferruginosus, Geoff'. Ann. du Mus.
xix. ; May-tin, 3Ia7mn. i. p. 498 ! C. fuliginosus, Ogilby, P. Z. S.
1835, p. 97 !

Var. 2. rufoniger. The black and red more intense, and bright ;
tail black, red near the base.

Colobus rufoniger, Ogilby, MS. ; Martin, Quad. i. p. 500 !

11. MIOPrXHECUS. 19

Var. 3. Pennantii. Like var. 2, but feet and tail blacker ; no red on
the nape.

Colobiis Peuuautii, Waterhoiise, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 57 ! Martin, Qicad. i.
p. 501 !

Hah. West Africa : Gambia, Rendall.

These species were described from flat furriers' skins ; but the large
series of skins and more perfect specimens show that they are only-
varieties, in intensity of colour, of the same species — the Bay
Monkey of Pennant. The thumb varies in development ; sometimes
it has a claw.

6. Colobus cristatus. B. M.

Fiu" short, yellow brown ; front part of body, shoulders, and

outside of the fore legs greyer ; throat, chest, belly, inside of limbs

and feet greyish wliite. Hair of crown short, reflexed, with two

streaks in front, and with a narrow, erect, longitudinal crest behind.

Colobus cristatus, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1866 !

Hab. West Africa.

See Colobus verus, Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Brux. v. p. 311,
1838. Head, neck, back, and base of the tail olive-brown,
hairs aU finely ringed with black ; nape, and above and below
the callosities, dark brown ; tail long, grey, darker at the tip.
Body and limbs strong ; index finger six or eight lines shorter
than the middle one. Hab. Africa. Mus. Paris.

10. GUEREZA.

Nostrils rather wide apart. Back with a line of long pendulous
hair, forming a kind of mantle. Thumb rudimentary. Tail-end
tufted. Hab. Africa.

Guereza Ruppellii. The Guereza. B. M.

Black ; end of tail, hair round the face, and of the mantle white.

Colobus guereza, Rilppell, Fauna Abyss. 1. 1 !
Hab. Abyssinia, Rilppell ; West Africa, Thompson.

Tribe IV. CERCOPITHECINA.

Head round or oblong. Nostrils on the slope of the face, separated
by a narrow septum. Hands and feet short, broad. Thumb large.
Stomach simple. Hab. Africa.

A. Head rounded. Face short. Last loxcer grinder tcith three or four
tubercles.

11. MIOPITHECUS.

Head globular. Whiskers straight, rather rigid, bent downwards.
Body and limbs slender. Hands long ; fingers united at the base ;

c2

20 SIMIAD^.

thumb largo. Ej-es and ears very large. Nose rather prominent.

Septum thick. Nostrils oblong, open, rather lateral. Skull large,

enlarged above the orbits ; face very short ; orbits large. Hah. Africa.

Miopithecus, 7s. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 549, 1843 ; Dahlhom, p. 99.

Miopithecus talapoin. The TaJapom. B. M.

Fur above olive-green, beneath whitish ; face black ; upper lip
yellow, with scattered black hairs ; orbits orange ; eyebrows whitish ;
whiskers short, pale golden yellow.

Talapoiu, Biffon, H. N. xiv. t. 46; Mamm. Lith. t. Simla tala-
poin, Schreb. Cercopitliecus talapoin, Er.d. ^Miopithecus talapoin,
Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 549. C. melarhiuus, Hchinz, i. p. 47.
M. capillatus, I. Geoff.

(Discoloured.) Cercopitliecus pileatus, Desm. {Mus. Paris), uot Shaw.

Hah. West Africa.

12. CERCOPITHECUS.

Head rounded. Face short ; cheek-pouches large ; whiskers
rounded, soft. Hands short ; thumb well developed. Fur black, more
or less yellow-ringed. The last lower grinder with four tubercles.
Hah. Africa.

Guenon, Buffon. Cercopithecus, part., Er.rl.

a. Nose blue ; whiskers yellow. Species 1.

h. Nose covered 'ndth white hairs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

c. Nose and ears covered with red hairs. 7.

d. Nose coloured like the body.

* Haimches with a wliite streak. 8, 9.
** Haunches with a white spot. 10.
*** Haunches without streak or spot.

t Head with a black temple-streak. 11, 11*, 12.
ft Head without any black streak. 13, 14, 15.

1. Cercopithecus cephus. The Moustache. B. M.

I f Olive-green, yellow-dotted ; throat and beneath grey ; temples and
face black ; whiskers yellow ; nose with a large triangular blue mark ;
hands and feet blackish.

Moustac, Bnffon, H. N. xiv. t. 39 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lifh. t. ? Si-
mia ceplius, Linn. Cercopitliecus cephus, Er.ii.

Adult. Front of crown reddish. B. M.

Hah. West Africa.

2. Cercopithecus petaurista. The White-cheeled Hocheur, B. M.

Fur olive-green, yeUow-dotted ; face black ; nose-spot small, sub-
trigonal, white ; cheeks, chin, and under parts of body, inside of
legs, and underside of tail white.

12. CERCOPIIHEGUS. 21

Blauc-nez, Bujf. Sitpp. vii. p. G7. Siinia petaurista, Scltreb. Cerco-
pitliecus petaurista, Erai. Ascagne, F. Ciir. Mamm. Lith. t. S.
Ascanius, Latr. Lesser White-nosed Moukey, Bennett, Zoul.
Gard. fi<j. !

Bab. Africa : Gizinea.

3. Cercopithecus melanogenys. Tlie BlacJc-cheehed Hocheur. B.M.

Fur olive, minutely yellow-grizzled, greyish beneath ; nose-spot
cordate, white ; forehead, cheeks, hands, and feet black ; temples
whitish.

Var. Tail more rufous. B. M.

Cercopithecus melanogenjs, Gray, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1845 ! Proc.
Zod. Soc. 1849, p. 7, t. 9. f. 1 !

Hab. "West Africa.

4. Cercopithecus Martinii. The Blacl-ish Hocheur. B. M.

Fur blackish,minutely white-dotted; nose-spot ovate, white, narrow
above ; chest grey ; temple, crown, arms and legs, inside and out,
and end of tail black.

Cercopithecus IMartinii, Waterhnuse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 58 ! 1841, p. 71 !

Hab. Fernando Po.

5. Cercopithecus nictitaus. Tlie Hocheur. B. M.

Fur black ; back minutely yellow-grizzled ; beneath black ; nose-
spot hairy, white.

Hocheur, Audeh. ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Winking Monkey,
Pennant ; (Jueuon a nez blauc, Buffun, H. N. Supp. vii. t. 18 ; F.
Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Simia uictitans, Linn. Cercopithecus
nictitans, Fr.vl. Lasiopyga uictitans, lUic/er.

Hab. Fernando Po ; Guinea.

6. Cercopithecus ludio. The White-chested Hocheur. B. M.

Fur black, closely grey-grizzled ; chin, chest, and inside of upper
arms white ; temple, nape, shoidders, and outer and inner side of
limbs and end of tail black ; nose-spot oblong, higher than broad,
white.

Cercopithecus ludio, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 8, t. 9. f. 2.

Hab. West ilL&ica ; Central Africa, Balfour Baihie.

7. Cercopithecus erythrotis. TJie Red-eared Monl-ey. B. M.

Fur black, very minutely grizzled with grey ; chin, throat, and
chest white ; nose, ears, and all, except the middle, of the upper-

22 SIMIAD^.

side of the tail red bay ; face, temjiles, and limbs black ; cheeks
white.

Cercopitliecus erythrotis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 59 !
Hab. Fernando Po.

8. Cercopithecus Diana. The Diana. B. M.

Chin with a narrow white beard ; fur black, minutely white-
grizzled ; the broad dorsal streak and rump bay; frontal band, cheeks,
chin, throat, chest, front of shoulders, inside and back of thighs,
and streak across the haunches white ; face, tail, and outside of hind
legs and ■ni-ists black.

Simia Diana, Linn. ; Audeh. i. 6. Cercopithecus Diana, Erxl. C.
diadema, Kuhl.

Var. ifjnita (adult). Back edge and inner side of thighs bright red
bay. B. M.

Hah, West Africa.

See C. rohway, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 20. Above deep brown,
nearly black ; head, sides, thighs, and legs dull grey ;
frontal band and chin-beard white ; throat, chest, beUy, and
inside of tliighs yellowish white.

9. Cercopithecus leueocampyx. Tlie Diadem. B. M.

Fur grey brown, minutely grey-gi'izzled ; underside of body black ;
crown, outside of limbs, and all but base of tail black ; fi'ont edge of
thighs and band across haunches whitish.

Simia leucocampj-x, F. Cut. 3Iamm. Lith. t. Cercopithecus leu-
eocampyx, Martin. C. diadematus, 7s. Geoff, l^oy. Belong. C.
dilophus, Temm. La Diana, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t.

Hah. Africa : White Nile.

10. Cercopithecus mona. The Mone. B.M.

Fur blackish olive, minutely yellow-grizzled ; tail and outside of
limbs black ; chest, belly, inside of limbs, and spot on rump whitish ;
streak from eyebrows to base of ears black.

Adult. Darker, and more brightly coloured ; fi'ontal band indistinct.

B.M.

Mone, Buffon, H. N. xiv. p. 2-58, t. 36. Stqyp. vii. 1. 19. Cercopithecus
mona, Erxl. Simia moua, Schreb. S. monacha, Schreb.

Var. MoneUa. Smaller, paler ; beneath whiter ; fi'ontal band di-
stinct ; no black streak from eyebrows to ears. B. M.

Hah. Senegal.

See Cercopitliecus Grayi, Fraser, Catalogtie Knowsley Collection,
Aug. 1850. " Very closely allied to C. mona, and difiers in

12. CKR' OPITHECrS. 23

having a yellowish-white spot over each eye, and a black
stripe on each side of the head from eye to ear. Up the
centre of the forehead runs a darkish stripe, each hair being
annulated ^vith black and greenish-yellow. There are no
white spots on the crupper. Hub. West Africa."

11. Cercopithecus pogonias. Tlie Bearded Monkey. B. M.

Fur greyish brown, minutely grey-grizzled; streak from eye to ear,
broad streak on back, hands and feet, and end of tail black ; fore-
head, whiskers, small moustache, and underside of body and outside
of limbs yellowish.

Vur. With the broad dorsal streak only rather blackish. B. M.

Cercopithecus pogonias, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 67 ! Martin, i.
p. 543, f. 198 !

Hah. West Africa : Fernando Po, TJiompson.

11*. Cercopithecus Erxlebenii. B. M,

Fur olive-brown, minutely grizzled with yellow ; chest and under-
part of body, inside of limbs, and sides of the forehead yellow ;
hmbs, a broad streak from the eye to the ear, and end of tail
black ; ears with a red or yeUow pencil.

Var. Erxlebenii. Back rather blacker behind ; underside of tail
yellowish. B. M.

Cercopithecus Erxlebenii, Dahlbom and PucJieran, Rev. et Mar/asin
de Zoologie, 1856, p. 96; 1857, p. 196 ; Dahlbom, Zoologiska Shulier,
p. 109, t. 5.

Var. nigripes (or adult). Back with a broad black streak ; under-
side of taU reddish. B. M.

Cercopithecus nigripes, Dk Chaillii, Proc. Bostoti. N. H. Soc. ii. 1860,
p. 360 !

Hab. West Africa : Fernando Po, Tliompson ; Gaboon, Du
Chaillu.

12. Cercopithecus Pluto. The Bhuh-belUed Monkey.

Fur black, very closely grey-grizzled ; frontal band white ; sides of
forehead, shoulders, chest and limbs, and end of tail black ; under-
side of body and inside of thighs reddish black.

Cercopithecus Pluto, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 56, t. 3 !

Younfj. Back, head, and nape black, P. Z. S. 1848, t. 3 ! B. M.

Hab. Angola.

See C. htbiatus, Is. GeoiF. Arch, du ilus. ii., 1842; and var.
from Port Natal, Is. Geoff. Cat. p. 20.

24

13. Cercopithecus Campbellii. B. M.

Blacb'sh olive, yellow-washed ; throat, thig-hs, belly, and inside of
limbs whitish ; forehead and crown yellow-varied ; feet and outside
of limbs and tail black.

Cercopithecus CampbelHi, Wahrh. P. Z. S., 18.38, p. 61 ! Martin, i.
p. 544 ! C. Burnettii, Grai/, Ann. <§- Maf/. N. H. 1842, p. 250 !

Var. or adiiU. Larger, sides of the forehead yellow. B. M.

far. Tail greyish in the middle of its length.

Hab. Weal Africa: Sierra Leone; Fernando Po, Thompson.

14. Cercopithecus albogularis. B. M.

Fur olive black, yellow-washed and yellow-grizzled ; throat,
chest, and inside of thighs white ; outside of limbs and end of tail
blackish ; tail like back at base, above and below.

Semnopithecus ? albogularis, Si/kes, P. Z. S. 18.31, p. 105 ! Cerco-
pithecus albogidaris, Owen, P. Z. ,S. 1832, p. 18 ! C. monoides, 7s.
Geoff. Arch, dti Mus. ii. p. 31.

Hab. East Africa.

Like C. mono, but of a different colour below, and without the white
streaks on the sides.

15. Cercopithecus samango.

Fur black, grey-grizzled ; throat, chest, and inside of the thighs
yellowish white ; outside of the limbs, and tip of the tail, blackish ;
base and underside of tail whitish.

Cercopithecus samango, Suudcvall, K. Vetcnsk. Alad. Fork. 1844,
p. 100; Hornsclmch, Arch. Skand. Beitr. 1844, p. 179.

Hab. South Africa.

Very like C. albogidaris, but grey, not washed with yeUow, and
tail white below.

See C. hinulatus, Temm. Esq. Zool. Guinea, p. 37.

13. CHLOROCEBUS.

Head oval. Face rather produced. \Yhiskers rigid, directed back-
wards. Fur grizzled; hairs annnlated, gTCcnish or reddish.

"When alive the scrotum is green in 0. sahceus and C. pygeryilirus,
blue in C. q/nosurus ; but these colours are not seen in the preserved
skins ; therefoi'e the colour of the scrotum of some of the species de-
scribed froua stuffed skins is not known — as C. Lalandii, C. Werneri.

I. Face moderate, narrow in front, black. CJiIorocebus.

1. Fui- red ; frontal band black. Species 1.

2. Fur greenish ; frontal baud none, or white.

13. CHL0R0CKBU8. 25

a. Anal region ferruginous ; frontal band yellow. 2, 3.
6. Anul region grey; frontal band narrow or indistinct. '4,5,
II. Face large, broad in front, flesh-coloured ; for greenish •
frontal band distinct. Cijmcehus. 6. '

* Face moderate, narroic in front, black. Chlorocebus.

1. Chlorocebus ruber. The Patas. B. M.

Fur red; nose, frontal band, shoulders, and outside of the arms
blackish.

Patas a bandeau noir, Bvffon, 11. N. xiv. t. 25. Simia ruber, G7nel{n
b. patas, &A/-e6er b. rula iichreber. Cercopithecus ruber, KuM :
Geoff. ; F. Cuv. 3Iamtn. Lith. t. '

Var. or younger. Shoulders and outside of arms red. B. M,

C. pyrrhonotus, Ehrmh. Sijm. Phijs. t.

Hah. West Africa : Senegal. North Africa.
_ The colour becomes brighter, and the shoulders and arms grever
m adult age. ^ ■^ '

2. Chlorocebus pygerythrus. The Bhch-chmned Vervet. B.M.

Fur greyish green minutely punctuated with black ; face, hands

feet and end ot tail black ; cheek, throat, and underside of body

Tnd wtfti r^ '' '''' '^' '^^' ' '-'-'''- ''-^ ■' -^ -^-'
Touiuj. Hands and feet grey ; veri/ T/ouruj, blackish. B. M

Simla pyseiythra J'. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Cercopithecus pyc^erv-
tbrus, De,m. C. subvindis, F Cm. C. pygerythms, Gelff^
Hah. South Africa : Cape of Good Hope, Andreiu Smith.
See C Ldandii, Is. GeoiF. Arch, du Mus. ii. t. Grey • tail and
sides olive. /^a6. South Africa: Caffraria. ''"'^ ' *^^ ^^'^

3. Chlorocebus rufo-viridis. B M

Fur yellow grey, minutely black-dotted; crown, tail outside
of hmbs and tlughs blacker; throat, underside of bor'andln-
side of hmbs white ; anal region and base of taU red.

PCercopithocus rufo-viridis /.. Geoff Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 564, t 32

Hah. Mossambique.

4. Chlorocebus sabaeus. Tlie Callithrix

veui duu D.1S0 Ot taii grey ; scrotum green.

26 SIMIADiE.

Callithrix, Bufon, H. N. xiv. t. 37, Siniia sabssua, Linn. ; Ediv.
Gleanhu/s, t. 215. Cercopitliecus sabseus, Er.vl. C. viridis, Herm.
C. callitriclius, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 23.

Var. Eroutal band very narrow, but 'svell marked. B. M.

Hah. West Africa : Cape de Verd. Naturalized, St. Jago.

5. Chlorocebus engytliithea. The Orivet or Tota. B. M.

Fur olive-green, dotted with yellow and black ; broad frontal
band, elongated spreading whiskers, the chin, and lower parts white ;
vent and base of tail grey ; scrotum green.

Simia sabseus, Linn. Grivet, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Cercopi-
thecus sabceus, /*■. Geoff. ? Simia engythithea, Herm. Cer-
copithecus engythithea, Gray, List 3Iamm. B. M. ! ? C. griseo-
viridis, Desm. ? C. cano-viridis, Rilppell, Faun. Abyss, t. ? C.
subvii'idis, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. ? C. cinereo-\'iridis, Temm. Mus.
Leyd. (B. M.). ? C. gi-iseus, Lesson.

Hah. Abyssinia ; Sennaar.

The older specimens are much darker than the young.

** Face large, broad in front, Jlesh-coloured ; fur greenish ; frontal band
distinct. CjTiocebus.

6. Chlorocebus cynosurus. The Malhrouch. B. M.

Fur yellowish, grizzled with black ; frontal band, whiskers, throat,
belly, inside of limbs, and underside of tail whitish ; face pale ;
muzzle very thick and broad ; lips whitish ; scrotum dark blue ; vent
reddish.

Malbrouck, Buffon, H. N. xiv. p. 240, t. 29. Simia faunus, Linn. ? S.
cyuosm-us, Scopoli, Delic. t. 19. Cercopithecus cynosm-us, Geoff,
G. tephrops, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 109 !

Hah. West Africa.
See

a. Cercopithecus ochraceus, Peters, Monats. Akad. Berl. 1851,

p. 756 ; Mossambique, t. 1 a.

b. C.^df/cZMs, Peters, Monats. Akad. Berl. 1851, p. 757; Mos-

sambique, t. 1 B.

c. C. rufoniger, Is. Geofif. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 32.

d. C. Werneri, Is. Geoif. Arch, du Mus. v. t. 27.

e. C. chrysurus, Blyth, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1845, p. 461.

f. C. Tantalus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33.

B. Head oblong. Face more or less produced. Last lower grinder with Jive

tubercles.

14. CERCOCEBUS.

Whiskers small, indistinct. Eyebrows prominent. Eyelids white.
The fifth grinder of upper jaw with five tubercles.

14. CERCOCEBUS. 27

Cercocebus, Geof. 1812 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1841. ^tliiops,
Martin, Quad. 1841.

I. Hair of crown directed backwards. Cercocebus.

a. Blackish, with dorsal streak and crown-spot white. 1.

h. Black, rather pale beneath. 2.

c. Black crown ; red collar ; throat white. 3.

II. Hair of head elongated, forming a compressed crest behind.

Semnocebus. 4.

Croivn with reflexed hairs not forming a crest. Cercocebus.

1. Cercocebus aethiops. The White-croivned Mangahey. B. M.

Blackish grey ; narrow dorsal streak, crown, and feet blacker ;
spot on back of crown, throat, chest, and beneath and inside of
limbs whitish.

Simla rethiops, Linn. Cercocebus fethiops, Gray, List Mamm. B. M-
7 ! Ls. Geoff. C. Crossii, Clark, MS.
Hah. Africa.

2. Cercocebus fuliginosus. The Sooty Mangahey. B. M.

Fur sooty black ; chin and beneath ashy ; feet and tail blacker ;
hair of crown directed backwards.

Mangahey (sans colUer), Buffoti, H. N. xiv. t. 32. Simla setMops, yar.,
Schreh. S. fuhginosa, Jl Cuv. Cercopithecus fuliginosus, ^kMj
Geoff. Cercocebus fuliginosus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 7.

Albino. Simia Atys, Audeh. iv. § 2. t. 8 (Mus. Paris). Cercopithecus
Atys, Desm. Cercocebus Atys, Geoff.

Hah. West ^ifrica. Mamitius, introduced and naturalized.

3. Cercocebus collaris. The White-collared Mangahey. B.M,

Blackish grey ; cheeks, collar, throat, and chest white ; crown
bay.

Mangabey a collier blanc, Btiffm, H. N. xiv. t. 33. P Cercopithecus
aethiops, Kuhl. ? Smiia a?tbiops, Linn. Cercopithecus a;thiopicus,
i-. Cuv Pithecus lethiops, Blainv. Ost. t. 10. Cercocebus collaris,
Gray, List Mamm. i?. J/, p. 7! Is. Geof. C. mangabey, Geof.
\\ hite-eyehd Monkey, Fenti. <- . ' u/

Var. TaU-end white. jj_ jj;^

Hah. West Africa.

The crown tcith elongated hairs forming a compressed crest.

Senmoct'bus.

4. Cercocebus albigena.

Black; hair of crown ' elongated, forming a compressed nuchal
crest ; sides of throat greyish .

28

Semnopithecus ? albigena, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 77, t. 10 ! Cerco-
eebus albigeua, Piichcran, licv. Zuol. 1857, p. 241.

Hub. Africa, Ba Chaillu.

15. MACACUS.

Head rounded. Face elongate. Eyebrows prominent, becoming
more so with age. Tail cylindrical, much longer than the body,
pendent, or short, or very short. Hub. Asia.

Pithecus (Macaque), Geoff", and Cuvier, 1799. Macaca, Lacep. 1799.
Macacus,-Des?H. Cyiioceplialus (Macaque), Latreille. Cynopithecus,
Blainv. Pithex, Hodyson.

"When young, docile and meek ; when adult, malignant and fero-
cious. They breed early ; period of gestation seven months ; they
are not completely adult for four or five years. The genitals of the
females are much dilated and red during the rutting-season.

a. Forehead with diverging hairs divided by a central Hne ;

crown with a tuft of long radiating hairs ; tail longer than

the body. Species 1.
h. Forehead with short diverging hairs on the side ; crown with

long erect hairs, longer and radiating behind ; taU longer

than the body. 2.

c. Forehead with short reflexed hairs on the sides.

* Middle of forehead and crown with longer hairs, which

form a radiating tuft behind ; tail shorter than the
body. 3.
** Middle of the forehead and cro'mi mth very long hair,
forming a compressed crest behind ; tail very short. 4.

d. Forehead and crown with short hair directed forwards, and

with a tuft of short radiating hairs behind ; tail not so long
as the body. 5.

e. Forehead and crown with short reflexed hairs.

* Formed into a narrow, low, central, longitudinal crest. 6.
** Not forming any crest.

TaU long. 7, 8.

Tail short: 9, 10. Tail very short : 11.

1. Macacus sinicus. The Manga or Bonnet Macaque. B. M.

Forehead with short diverging hairs, divided by a central line ;
crown with a tuft of long radiating hairs ; tail longer than the
body ; fur greenish brown, grizzled with yellow rings ; throat,
chest, underside of the body, and front of the thighs whitish.

Bonnet cliinois, Siiffon, H. N. xiv. t. 30. Simia sinica, Linn. Cyno-
cyphalus sinensis, Latr. Ccrcopitbecus sinicus, i)e^s7/2. (not Geoff.^.
Macacus radiatus, Geoff. (Mus. Paris).

15. MACACTJ8. 29

Uah. Madras, Elliot,

Living in populous towns and the wildest jungle; carrying oflf
fruit and grain from the shops of dealers. — Elliot.

2. Macacus pileatiis. The Zati or Capped Macaque. B. M.

Forehead with short diverging hairs on the sides ; crown with
long erect hairs, with a tult of long radiating hair behind ; tail
longer than the body. Fur reddish brown, outer part of thighs
redder ; throat and beneath greyish white.

Guenon couronntSe, Btiff. Supp. viii. t. IC. Simia pileata, Shaw (not
Desm.) ; Jiennett, Tower Mimng. lig. ? Cereopithecus radiatus,
Kuhl. ? Macacus radiatus, Desm. M. sinicus, Geoffroy (Mus.
Paris).

Adult. Much darker ; haunches, round base of tail, and taQ

blackish. B. M.

Var. Pale-grey ; crown white ; tliighs reddish. B. M.
Hah. India ; Ceylon.

3. Macacus nemestrinns. The Bruh. B. M.

Forehead with short hair on the sides, directed backwards ; mid-
dle of forehead and crown with long hairs, forming a radiating tuft
behind ; tail shorter than the body, slender ; fur dark brown
or blackish, slightly yellow-washed ; crown, nape, loins, and feet
black.

Young. Pale brown ; crown, najje, and whiskers blackish. B. M.

Pig-tailed Monkey, Edw. Glean, t. 214. Maimon, Bufon, H. N. xiv.

t. 19. Siniia noiiie.striua, Linn. Macacus uenifstrinus, Desm. S.

cai-polegos, Rajflcs ! S. cristata, Fischer. S. platip}gos, Schreb.

S. lusca, Shmc.
Junior ? Babouin a longues jambes, Buffon, Supp. Tii. t. 8. S. longi-

cniris, Link.

Hah. Sumatra ; Borneo.

" The interdigital membrane between the first phalanges of the
fore and middle finger and the index and middle toe occurs in this
species." — Cantor, Cut. Mamm. Malay, p. 7.

4. Macacus melanotus. B. M.

Forehead with short hairs on the sides, directed backwards ; middle
of the forehead and crown with long hairs, forming a compressed
crest behind ; tail very short, ruchmentary ; fur black, obscurely
and minutely punctuated with yellow ; hairs dark, with a yellow
ring ; crown and crest blacker ; throat, chest, and beneath paler.
Papio melanotus, Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 31 !

Hob. Madras, Ogilhy.

30 SIJIIAD^.

See Macacus arctoides. Is. Geoff. Voy. Belanger, and Mag. Zool. iii.
t. 11. Apparently without a crest, and with a very rudi-
mentary tail. Cochin China.

5. Macacus Pelops. B. M.

Forehead and crown with short erect hair, directed forwards in
front, with a tuft of short radiating hairs behind ; fiu- pale reddish
brown ; side of nock paler ; cheeks and underside of body yellowish
grey ; taU slender, not so long as the body.

Macacus (Pithex) Pelops, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, xi.
p. 1213 !

Hab. India : Nepal, Northern Hill, Hodgson.

6. Macacus cristatus. B. M.

Hair of crown short, rcflexed, elevated into a narrow Hnear cen-
tral longitudiual crest behind ; tail longer than the body ; fur white.
Perhaps an albino.

Hab. ? From a Dutch collection.

See Macacus philippinensis, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. t. 33
(albino). The hair of the crown is said to be regular, rcflexed,
and parallel. The figure shows no crest, but a rather de-
pressed line on the centre of the head. Hab. Philippines :
Manilla.

7. Macacus cynomolgus. The Era. B. M.

Forehead and crown with short hairs directed backwards and not
forming a crest ; fur redcHsh ohve, punctuated with black ; the limbs
greyer ; tail black, longer than the body, a line on underside, and
the tip, grey.

Macaque a aigrette, Birffon, II. N. xiv. t. 20, 21. ? Simla cynomolgus,
Linn Macacus cynomolgus, Desm. Simla fasciculata, Raffiea !
Macacus Irus, F. Ch(v.

Hab. India : Sumatra, Raffies.

Var. or subalbino. Pale reddish yellow beneath. Borneo. B.M.

Albino. Fur white. B. M.

Var. Cuminr/ii. Dark olive, slightly yellow-washed; frontal band
and tail blackish ; belly and front of thighs whitish ; tail longer
than body. Hah. Philippine Islands. A young specimen, like M. cy-
nomolgus, but much darker. The fu'st phalanges of the fingers and
toes of Macacus cynomolgus, and in some individuals also the second
phalanges of the toes, are united by a membrane. — Cantor, Cat.
Mamm. Malay, p. 6. B. M.

15. MACACUS. 31

8. Macacus assamensis. B. M.

Forehead and crown with short hair directed backwards ; fur grey
brown, varied with the white tips to the longer hairs ; chin and
below whiter ; outside of the shoulders, thighs, and limbs darker
grey ; tail longer than the body.

Macacus assamensis, M'Clelland, Ilorsf. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 148.
Hah. Siam, Mouhot.

Like M. cynomolfjus, but pale grey, without any red shade. Hors-
field's type is not in the Museum Collection.
See also

a. Macacus aureus, Is. Geoff. Belanger, Yoy. The hair of the

crown forms a triangle, edged with white on the sides, with
black bristles on the eyebrows, the hair of the triangle
directed obliquely ; fur red fulvous, hairs waved and striated ;
outer sides of limbs pale grey ; cheeks, neck, and sides of

the head with long hairs; face ? ? Macacus car-

bonarius, var. pyrrhous, Blyrh. ? Simia mulatta, Shaw.
Hah. India: Bengal, Leschenault ; Siimatia, Duvaucel. This
cannot be our pale-yellow Cynomolgus, as the outsides of
the limbs are like the back, but paler.

b. Macacus palpehrosus, Is. Geoff. Cat. p. 92 ; Arch, du Mus. v.

p. 542, note. Fiir brown, olive-washed ; below white ; crown
reddish ; eyeUd and spot on each side, rather below and out-
side of the eye, white ; tail voiy long. Hah. Manilla.

9. Macacus Rhesus. The Ehesus. B. M.

The forehead and crown with short reflexed bail' ; fur grey brown,
yellow-washed with the yellow tips to the longer hairs ; sides of
neck f shoulders, and outsides of fore limbs darker grey; haunches
and hinderside of thighs fulvous ; tail shorter than the body, brovFii
at the end.

Macaque a queue courte, Buffon, H. N. Su])j}. vii. t. 13. Simia
Rhesus, Audeb. t. 1. S. erythraia, Schrcb. Macacus erythrjeus. Is.
Geoff". Voy. Bilany. Simia patas, Link. Macacus Rhesus, Desm.
? M. nipalensis, Hodgson.

Var. M. {I'ithex) pelops, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, ix.
p. 1212, figiu'e of head.

Hah. India : Bengal, Nepal, Hodgson.

See Macacus cychpis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 350, t. 42.
Head round ; face flat ; forehead naked ; neck with a ruff-
like beard ; whiskers dark ; tail short, hairy ; fur thick,
woolly, slate-coloured. Hah. rormosa. Called How-tsze or
Kaou.

10. Macacus speciosus. The Brilliant Macaque. B. M,
Forehead and crown with short reflexed hairs ; fur very fine and

32

SIMIAD^.

soft, yellowish-brown, rather paler and greyer beneath ; tail cy-
lindrical, hairy, about the length of the hands.

Macacus speciosus, F. Cur. Mamm. Lith. t. Cercopithecus spe-
ciosus, Lesson. Inuus fuscatus, Mm. Leyclen. Inuus speciosus,
Temni. Faun. Japan, t. !

Hah. Japan.

" Macaciis maiirus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t., is only from a
drawing, and is a very doubtful species." — Js. Geoff. Cat. p. 31.

11. Macacus ochreatus. The Ashij -black Macaque. B. M.

Hair of crown reflexed. Whiskers, arms, inner side and front
edge of legs grey. Tail very short.

Papio oclireatus, Or/ilbi/, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 56 ; Ami. N. H. vi. p. 517.
Macacus fusco-ater, I'^chitiz, Sijn. Manmi. p. 58. M. ocreatus, iclater,
P. Z. S. 18U0, p. 420, t. 82 ! M. iiiaurus, 3Ii<3. Lei/den.

Hah. . Skeleton in B. M. ; the skin was destroyed before it

was received.

16. SILENUS.

Head oblong ; face rather produced. Neck and chest maned.
Tail slender, rather short, ending in a tuft of hair-. Fur uniform, not
anmdated. Hctb. Asia.
Silenus, Gray; Lesson.

Silenus veter. The Wanclcrvo. B. M.

Fur black ; whiskers and mane grey; tuft of the tail, inside of limbs,
and beneath whitish ; tail brown. ,

Var. Mane white.

Simla Silenus, Linn. S. veter, Linn. Cercopithecus senex, Zimm.
C. vetulus, Frxl. Silenus veter, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 8.
Simla ferox, Shatv. S. leonma, SJiaw.

Hah. India : Malabar. Introduced and natui'alized in China.

17. INUUS.

Head oblong ; face elongated, rounded, hvid, hairy ; crown with
short reflexed hairs. Tail very short, reduced to a tubercle. Hah.
Africa.

Cynoceplialus (Magot), Cuvier 4'- Geoff. luuus (Magot), Geoff.
Magus, Lesson, 1827.

Inuus ecaudatus. The Magot. B. M.

Fur yellowish brown, black-varied ; hair black brown, with pale
tips ; underside of body and inside of limbs grey.

]9. CTNOPITHECUS. 33

Titheque, Bufoji, H. N. xiv. 87; .%;;;/. vii. t. 23. Magot,
liiifim, II. N. xiv. t. 7, 8, 0. Siniia Iruiiis, Linn. S. vulgaris,
Linn. S. sylvanus, i(rt«. S. pitliecus, 6r«ie/. Macacos Inuus,
F. Cuv. Inuus ecaudatus, Geoff. I. pithecus, Gt'o^. Ca^. p. 31.

Hah. North Africa : Egypt ; Burbary ; Morocco. Spain : Gib-
raltar.

See Cercopitheem natator, Fischer, Mem. Mosc. t. 6 (skull), t. 7
(feet). Tail none ; liinder feet webbed ; brown grey.

18. GELADA.

Head oblong. Face rather produced, rounded. Neek maned ;
chest naked. Tail cyndrical, moderate, tufted at the end.

Gelada, Gray, Lid Mtnnm. B. M. 1842. Theropitliecus, Is. Geoff.
Arch, du Mm. 1843 ; Dcthlhom, p. 128. Macacus, Rdppell. Cyno-
cephalus, Lesson.

Gelada Euppellii. The Gelada. B. M.

Face, hands, and callosities deep black ; head, whiskers, neck,
and sides sooty grey ; shoulders, back, rump, and forearms black.

Macacus gelada, Riipp. Faun. Abi/ss. t. 2. ! Gelada Riippellii, Gray,
List Mamm. li. M ]). 9 ! Cymieeplialus gelada, Lesson. Theropi-
thecus gelada, /*'. Geoff. ; Dahlhom.

Hah. Africa : Abyssinia.

See Cjfnorephahis Wagleri, Agassiz, Iris xxi. 861. t i. $ , 1828.
Face flesh-coloured ; hair ashy on the back, then olive, black-
tipped ; outside of Umbs and hands olive, ashy above ; cal-
losities and tuft of tail yellowish ; tail longer than the body.

Hah. ? Described from life. Perhaps the young of

the Grey Baboon (Ehrenberg). Considered the female Gelada
by Lesson, Spec. Mamm. p. 103.

19. CYNOPITHECUS.

Head oblong. Face elongated, rounded, black, bald. Nose broad,
flattened beliind, nearly to the eyes, sides erect. Crown with a
compressed crest. Tail reduced to a tubercle.

Cynnpithecus, /*'. Geoff. Voy. Belanyer, p. 60, 1830. Cynocephalus,
Dahlhom.

Cynopithecus niger. B. ^I.

Black or blackish grey ; tips of hairs grey.

PPapio fethiops, Zimmerm. Cynocepbalus niger, Destn. ; Gray,
Spic. Zool. t. 1 ! Quay, Voy. Astrol. i. t. 07. C. malayaiuis, Des-
moid. Simia nigra, Fischer. CjTiopithecus niger. Lesson ; Is.
Geoff. Macacus niger, Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. p. 189, fig. !

Var. Browner or greyer. B. M.

Papio nigrescens, Temm. ! Cynopithecus nigrescens. Is. Geoff.

Hah. Philippines.

u

34 SIMIAD.^.

M. Qiioy thinks that the Macacus mcmrm. F. Cuv., is only described
from a specimen of this species iu a bad state.

Tribe V. CYNOCEPHALINA.

Head clong-ate. Nostrils at the end of the tnmcated nose. Hands
and feet short. Thumb large. Last lower grinder with five
tubercles. Stomach simple.

20. HAMADRYAS.

Tail ending in a tuft of long hair. Neck and shoulders of the
males largely maned.

Hamadryas, Lesson. Chceropitliecus, Lesson.

Hamadryas segyptiaca. The Tartarin. B.M.

Ashy grey ; whiskers long, slate-coloured ; face and ears flesh-
coloured ; hands black ; callosities large, bright red. Female and
young without the mane.

Simla hamadryas, Linn. S. fegyptiaca, Hasselq. S. cynomolgos,
Hasselq. S. robacli, Forsk. CjTiocephalus hamadryas, Latr. ;
Desm. Tartarin, Buffon ; Belon.

Hah. North Africa ; Egypt; Arabia; Abyssinia.

21. CYNOCEPHALUS.

Tail moderate, cylindrical. Neck not maned.

Babouiu, Buffon. Papio, Erxl. ; Cuv. ^ Geoff. CjTiocephalus, Lricq)-
(Jhairopitliecus, B/ainv.

1. Hands black ; nape crested. Species 1.

2. Hands like back.

a. Nape crested. 2.

/>. Nape not crested. B, 4.

1. Cynocephalus porcarius. The Chacma. B.M.

Fur greyish black ; head, tail, hands, and feet black. Crest elon-
gated, slender.

Simia porcaria, Bodd. S. spliingiola, Ilerm. Papio comatus, Ktihl.
Cynocephalus porcarius, Desm. C. ursinus, Schinz. S. nasuta,
Shaw ; Buffvn, Suppl. viii. t. 15.

Hah. South Africa : Cape of Good Hope.

See Cynocephalus doguera, Pucheran. Olive-brown ; front of
hands black, naked. Hah. Abyssinia.

2. Cynocephalus Anubis. The Olive Bahoon. B. M.

Fur olive-green ; hairs grey at the base, black and yellow-tinged
above ; hands and feet like back ; crest not full.

22. cn.EROPiTnECus. 35

Anubis, F. Cuv. Mainm. Lith. t. (very imperfectly known, Is. Geoff.).
Cynoccplialus olivaceus, In. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. v. p. 543, note.
C. Anulbis, OrjlUnj, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 128 ; 1843, p. 10.

Uah. Guinea.

3. Cynocephalus Thoth. The Thoth. B. M.

Fur pale grey brown ; hair very long, harsh ; cheeks, sides of neck,
and front of shoulders yellow ; end of tail blackish ; hands and feet
like back.

Cynocephalus Thoth, Or/«'%, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 11 ! C. sphinx, Rilppell,
Ncue Wirbclt.

Hah. Abyssinia.

4. Cynocephalus babouin. Tlie Bahoon. B. M.

Fur pale brownish yellow ; sides of the back rather darker ; cheeks
whiter ; hair of crown elongated ; hands and feet coloured like the
back. *' Nose rather dej)ressed ; nostrils large, orbicular." — Desm.

Le petit Papion, Bitffon, H. N. xiv. t. 14. Simla cynocephalus an-
tiquomm, Schrcb. S. cynocephalus, Fischer, S. anomala, Link,
Cynocephalus babouin, Desm. : Is. Geoff.

Hah. West Africa.

5. Cynocephalus sphinx. The Papion. B. M.

Fur reddish brown, yellowish-washed ; cheek and throat paler ;
hands and feet coloured like the back. " Nostrils narrow, transverse,
subtriangular."

Papion, Biffon, II. N. xiv. t. 13. Simia sphinx, Linn. S. cj-noce-
phalus, lirong. Cj'nocephalus papio, Desm. C. sphinx, Latr.

Hah. West ^\irica : Guinea ; Senegal ; island of Minere.

See also

a. Cijnocephalus clioras, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 12. Callosities

dark-brown. Hah. Central Africa. (Niger Expedition.)

b. Papio riihescens, Tenim. Esq. Zool. Guinea, p. 39. East Africa.

22. CHiEROPITHECUS.

Tail very short, erect, hairy all round. Face two-grooved, black,
with pale beard and whiskers. Limbs slender.

Chaeropithecus leucophaeus. The Drill, B. M.

Fur brown ; forclicad and crown whiter ; shoulders and limbs
darker.

Simia cineroa, Shaw. S. subtlava, Shitw. S. leucoph^a, F. Cuv.
Mnmm. Lith. iv. p. ()37. luuus brachym-us, Temm. Papio leuco-
phasa, Gray, List Mamin. B. M, p. 10.

Hah. Africa.

d2

36

23. MORMON.

Tail very short, bald beneath, erect. Face grooved, bright-
coloured M'hen adult. Limbs strong.

Mandrill, Cuvier. Mormon, Lesson. Papio, Gray, List Matnin.
B. M.

Mormon maimon. The MandrUh B. M.

Black, yellow-ringed ; middle of croAvn, dorsal line, hinder edge
of mane, and sides of body blacker ; sides of mouth pale.

Choras, Buffon, H. N. xiv. 1. 16, 17 ; Siipp. xvi. t. 9. Simla maimon,
Linn. S. mormon, Linn. S. madarogaster, Ziinm.

Young. Nose black.
Simla maimon, Sclireh. S. spliinx, Shaw.

Hah. Afiica ; Gaboon.

The Mantiger of Bradley (the Tufted Ape of Pennant) is from a
specimen of this animal, which had been partly shaved; and the
Goat Monkey, Pennant, is one which had a tail added to it when
stuifed.

Family III. CEBIDiE.

Nostrils opening on the sides of the nose, separated by a broad
space. Grinders |- . | or ^ .^ acutely tubercular. Cheek-pouches
none. Buttocks hairy. Tail long, hairy, often prehensile, very
rarely short. Thumb distinct, but rarely opposable to the fingers.
Hah. America, tropical or subtropical.

The nostrils of Nyctipitliecus are near, as in the old-world mon-
keys ; but in the teeth and aU other characters it is like the Cebidce.

Synopsis of Tribes and G-enera.

Section A. Gymnura. The tail ehmc/ate, prehensile, strongly revoliite ;
binder surface ofthetipnahed, callous. Cuttiny-teeth erect ; r/rinders
f .f. The nostrils fur apart.

Tribe I. Mycetina. The throat swollen. Windjiipe dilated. Hinder
part of lower jaw much dilated.

1. Mycetes.

Tribe II. Lagoteichina. The throat not sivollen. Windpipe not dilated.
Hinder piart of lower jatc not, or only moderately, dilated behind.

2. Ateles. Fur rigid, harsh. Claws guttered. Thumbs rudimentary, or

none. Lower jaw not dilated. Nostrils far apart. Hair of crown
du'ected forwards.

3. Brachyteles. Fur woolly, soft. Thumbs rudimentary, or none.

Lower jaw moderately dilated behind. Claws compressed. Nostrils
far apart. Hair of crown directed backwards.

4. Lagothrex. Fur woolly, soft. Thumbs developed. Lower jaw mo-

CEBID^. 37

derately dilated behind. Claws compressed. Nostrik oblong, rather
close below. Hair of crown woolly.

Section B. Trichiura. Tail hairy to the tip, not, or only feebly, pre-
hensile.

Tribe III. Cebina. Grimlers f . f ; cuttiny-teeth vertical, in a reyular
series loith the canines. Claws blunt. Lower jaw not dilated behind,
^^ostrils far apart.

5. Cebus. Head large. Claws guttered.

Tribe IV. Callitrichina. Grinders f .f ; cuttiny-feeth vertical, iti a
reyular series with (he canines. Lotver jniv dilated behind. Eyes
moderate, diurnal. Nostrils far apaH.

6. Saimiri. Head large, elongate ; forehead well developed.

7. Callithrts. Head small, depressed ; forehead small.

Tribe V. Nyctipithecina. Grinders f . f ; cuttiny-teeth vertical, in a
reyular series with the canines. Lmverjaw dilated behind. Eyes very
larye, nocturnal. Nostrils close toyether, as in the old-world apes.

8. NvcTiPiTHEcrs. Head large, rounded ; forehead slightly developed.

Tribe VI. Pithecina. Grinders f . | ; lo2ver cuttiny-teeth larye, shelv-
iny, converyiny, separate from the canines. Lower jaio not dilated
behind. Fur harsh, elunyate. Claws blunt.

9. PiTHECiA. Tail club-shaped. Hair of crown like a wig. Chin

slightly bearded.

Tribe Vn. Brachyubina. Grinders f . f ; loiver cuttiny-teeth larye,
shelviny, converyiny, separate from the canines. Lower jaw dilated
behind. Fur soft, silky. Claws blunt.

10. Chiropotes. Tail elongate, club-shaped. Crown with long hair like

a wig. Chin large, bearded. Limbs short.

11. OuAKARiA. Tail subcylindrical, short. Crown \^•ith short hairs.
Chin scarcely bearded. Limbs elongate.

Tribe VIII. Hapalina. Grinders y . f ; lower cuttiny-teeth vertical.
Lower jaio not dilated behind. Thumbs developed, but never opposable
to thejinyers.

* Lower cuttiny-teeth elonyate, slender, linear, of the same size as the
canines.

12. Hapale. Ears with a fan-like pencil of hau's on the inside of the

conch.

13. Iacchus. Ears with a fan-like pencil of long hairs on forehead in

front of the conch.

14. Cebuella. Ears small, naked, hid in tlio fur.

15. Mico. Ears large, naked, e.xserted, ^vithout any pencil of hairs.

•• Lower cuttiny-teeth i<hort, subtruncate ; lower canines larye, pro-
minent.

16. Leontopituecus. Head and face with long silky hair.

1 7. (Edipus. Sides of the head naked ; crown with a tuft of hairs.

38 CEBIB^.

18. Midas. Head with short hairs.

19. Seniocebus. Head naked in front, hairy behind.

Dahlbom arranges the prehensile-tailed monkeys according to
their anatomical character, thus : —

I. Muzzle obtuse, conical ; spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae

acutely triangular, directed more forward than the rest, nearly
inciuubent.

a. Eyes very large, lateral ; septum of nose narrow. Nyctipithecus.

b. Eyes moderate, anterior ; septum of nose broad. Callithrix.

II. Muzzle bhmt, truncated ; spinous processes of the lumbar vertebree

trapeziform.

a. Tail hairy aU over.

* Septvmi of the orbit membranaceous. Saimiri.

** Septum of the orbit bony. Cebus.

h. Tail-end bald. Atehs, Laf/othrix, Mycetes. (Zool. Stud. p. 146.)

Section A. Gymnura. Tail elongate, prehensile, stronyly revolntc, hairy ;
tinder surface of the tip naked, callons. Gritiders f . f .

Tribe I. MYCETINA.

Head pjTamidical ; face oblique ; chin and crop gibbous, covered
with long rigid hairs. Canines large. Lower jaw much dilated behind.
Os hyoides very large, spongy. Thumb distinct. Claws convex. Tail
very long. Ferocious, noisy before the rising and after the setting
of the sun. Living on leaves of trees.

1. MYCETES.

Head pyramidical. Face and the lower part of the body nearly
naked. Tail strong. Fingers very long.

Mycetes, Illiger ; Gray. Ann. Sf May. N. H. 1845, xvi. p. 217. Sten-
tor, Geoff. Ahiata, Lacep. Cebus, Er.il. Aluatta, Slack.

Spix describes the male and the female M. caraya as being black,
and the young yellow. Prince Neuwied observes that the males
and the specimens of M. ursinus from the more northern region of
Brazil are rufous or ferruginous, while the females and those from
the more southern regions are bro^vn or blackish brown. Lichten-
stein describes the young of this species as blackish. Cuvier observes
that there is very little difference between J-/, ursinus and M. senicidus.
The specimens of the two sexes that are in the British Museum,
received at the same time and fi'om the same locality, are nearly the
same colour, and the young and adults equally so ; but some speci-
mens of apparently the same species vary considerably in tint ; some
of the black species show so many red haii's scattered among their

1. MYCETEa. 39

fur, when it is bent back and examined, as to make one almost
doubt if the black specimens are not another state or local variety
of the red ones. — Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1845, xvi. p. 217.

M. I. Geoffrey states there can be no doubt that M. niger and M.
stramineus of Geoffroy are the same species, M. niger being the males,
and M. stramincKS the females and young. There are in the Jardin
des Plantes young males changing into the black state. Stentor
Jhvicaudatas, Geoif., is a variety, and S.fascus, Geoff., a pale speci-
men oi Mycdes 2irsinus. (See Cat. Mus. Paris, p. 53.)

Slack observes, " Dr. Gray lays great stress upon the texture of the
hairs as a specific distinction. In M. seniciilus the hairs of the adult
are soft to the touch, whUe those of the young are hard and rigid."
—Journ. Acad. N. S. Phil. 1862, p. 516.

The species may be divided thus : —

1. Porehead high, with the hair rclioxed, forming a ridge across

the centre of the crovni.

a. The fur rather rigid in 1, 2, 3.

b. Fur soft, silky, elongate, 4, 5.

2. Forehead with the hair directed forward ; crown smooth, with

radiating hairs.

a. Fur short, rather rigid in 6, 7, 8.

b. Fur rather soft, 9.

c. Fur very long, silky, 10.

1. Mycetes ursinus. The Araguato. B. M.

Brown or blackish, yellow-washed ; hairs rather rigid, brown,
with yellowish tips. Male, female, and junior.

Mycetes ursinus, Desm. Mamm. ; Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; Graij, Ann. ^•
May. N. II. 1845, xvi. p. 218. Stentor flavicaudatus, &fo^. Simla
ursiua, Humb. S. guariba, Ilumb. Mycetes fuscus, Knhl ; Sjnx,
Bras. t. 30.

Var. Yellow ; the tail, head, feet, sides of the head, body, and
limbs yeUow. Male. B.M.

M. stramineus, Spi.c, Bras. t. 31. M. barbatus, fcem., Spix, Bras.
t. 33.

Ilab. Brazil.

2. Mycetes seniculus. The Golden Howler. B.M.

Reddish chestnut ; middle of the back golden yellow ; hair one-
coloured to the base, short, rather rigid, without anj- underfur ;
hair of the head short. Males and females.

Alouatc, Buff. II. K. xv. p. o ; Siippl. vii. t. 15. Simla seniculus, Linn.
S. X. i. p. 37 ; Grail, Ann. Sc May. X. IL 1845, xvi. p. I'lO. My-
cetes seniculus, Knhl. Koyal Monkey, Penn,

Hah. Brazil ; Guiana. In Bohvia a paler variety.

40 CEBIDiE.

3. Mycetes bicolor. The Blaclc-and-yelhiv HoivJer. B. M.

Black ; hair rather rigid, uniform ; sides of the loins varied with
yellow ; hairs of this part black, with a broad subcentral reddish-
yellow band. Male.

Mycetes bicolor, Grmj, Ann. S) Mag. N. H. 1845, x-v-i. p. 214!
Hah. Brazil.

Like M. se7iimlus. Dr. Slack thinks this may be the same as
M. xirshms.

See Ahiatta nigra, Journ. Acad. Phil. 1862, 518. " Male deep
black ; hairs of occiput directed forwards, meeting at right
angles those of the forehead, which are dii-ected backwards.
Female and young pale straw-colour, dashed with black."
Hab. Brazil ; Paraguay.

4. Mycetes laniger. The Sill-y Howler.

Reddish chestnut ; middle of the back golden yellow ; hairs elon-
gate, very soft and silky, dark brown at the base, golden or chest-
nut at the tip, with a close underfur ; hair of the head rather
elongate. Males and females.

Mycetes laniger, Gray, Ann. <§• Mag. JV. H. 1845, xvi. p. 214 !
Var. End of tail paler.

Stentor chrjsm-us, Is. Geoff. Mag. Zool. iv. t. 7.
Hah. Columbia.

Dr. Slack (?. c. p. 517) considers this vmdoubtedly the same as M.
seniculus.

5. Mycetes paUiatus. The Mantled Howler. B. M.

Black brown ; hairs of the middle of the back and upper part of
the sides yeUow brown, with black tips ; of the lower parts of the
sides elongate, brownish yellow, forming a kind of mantle on each
side.

Mycetes paUiatus, Graij, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 138, t. 6 ! M. Beelzebul,
Schott, Mittelvr Bqjort, 1862, p. 413. Aluatta palliata, Slack,
Journ. Acad. Phil. 1862, p. 510.
Hab, Caraceas, Salle.

** Forehead with the hair directed forward ; crown smooth, with radiating
hairs.

6. Mycetes auratus. The Eed-and-yellow Hoivler. B. M.

Dark red chestnut- brown ; back and sides golden yellow ; hairs
rather short and rigid, dark at the base ; beard darker. Female ?
Mycetes auratus, Grag, Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1845, xvi. p. 220 !
Hah. Brazil.

2. ATELES. 4X

7. Mycetes caraya. The Blade Howhr. B. II.

Black; hair rather elongate and rigid, uniform black; the sides,
especially at the loins, interspersed M-itli reddish hairs. Male.

Simla caraya, Htimholdt. ]\Iycetes caraya, Lessmi ; Gray, Ann. &■
MtKj. X. II. 1845, xvi. p. 220 ! kycetes niger, Pr. Max.
Ahbild, t.

Hob. Brazil.

8. Mycetes barbatus. The Gren-handed Howler. B. M.

Black; hair moderately long, rather rigid, one-coloured; hands,
feet, inside of the tliighs, circumference of the face, and end of the
tail greyish. Sex unknown.

Mycetes barbatus, Spix, Bras. t. 33 (male) ; Gray, Ann. Sf Man. N.
H. 184.'), xyi. p. 220 !

Hab. Brazil.

9. Mycetes Beelzebul. The Yellow-handed Howler. B. M.

Black ; hair rather soft, Tiniform black or reddish, with a few in-
terspersed bro'nni hairs on the shoulders ; feet, upper line and tip of
the taU, spot in front of the ear, and on the knee reddish-yellow.
Females and young.

Simla Beelzebul, Linn. Mycetes rufimanus, Kuhl. M. Beelzebul
Gray, Ann. ^- May. N. II. 1845, xyi. p. 220 ! ? M. discolor, Spix'
Bras. t. 34. Colobus ?? chrysm-us, Gray, Ann. & May. K S.
18(JG, xyii. p. 77.

Hah. Brazil.

10. Mycetes villosus. The Villous Hoivler. B. M.

Black ; hairs verj- long, sUky, uniform black on the cheeks and
under the ears, brownish at the base. Sex ujiknown.

Mycetes yillosus, Gray, Ann. ^- May. N. H. 1845, xvi. p. 226 !
Hab. Brazil.

Tribe II. LAGOTRICHINA.

Head round, face perpendicular. Canines small. Throat not

swollen. Hinder jiart of the lower jaw not, or only moderately,

dilated. Melancholic, slow, li^-ing in groups. Eating insects and
fruit.

A. Fur dry, harsh. Hair on the head dinrtcd forward, lower jaw not
dilated hvhind.

2. ATELES.

Fur dry, hard, smooth. Cutting-teeth large, unequal, two niidfUc
very long and broad. Grinders small, rounded. Thumb rudimentary,

42 CEBID^.

or none. Lo^vcr jfiw not dilated behind. Chin and throat nearly
bald. The hair of the head directed forwards, of the forehead some-
times rcflcxcd.

Sapajou, Lacep. 1800; Slack, Proc. Acad. Philacl. 1862, p. 509. Ateles,
Geoff. Ann. du Mus. 1806,

Stomach slightly subdindcd, approaching in this respect the long-
handed Monkeys of India and Africa.

a. Inside of the legs colonred like the back. Species 1-10,
h. Inside of the legs white. 11, 12.

* The inside of the legs colowcd like the back.

1. Ateles ater. The BJaclc-faced Coaita. B. M.

Black, face black ; hair of crown short, of forehead moderate.
Young. Brown.
A. panisciis, var. cayennensis, Geoff'. A. ater, F. Cuv. Mamm.
Lithog. t.

Hah. Brazil,

2. Ateles paniscus. ' The Coaita. B, M.

Black; face flesh-coloured; orbits prominent; fur of forehead
elongate, projecting.

Coaita, Buff, H. N. xv. 16, t. 1. Simla paniscus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 27.
Ateles paniscus, Geoff.

Var. Thumb more or less rudimentary (sometimes only developed
on one hand). B. M,

A. subpeutadactylus, Desm. Simia cliameck, Ilumh. Chameck, Btff.
H. N. XV. p. 21. A. pentadactylus, Cue. ; Geoff. I. c. y\\.

Hah. Guiana; Brazil; Peru,

3. Ateles fusciceps. The Brown-headed Spider Monhey. B. M,
Black ; bail's rather long, shining, crisp, the longer ones with indi-
stuict bro^vnish tips ; crown of the head rusty brown.

Ateles fusciceps, Fraser, MS. 1845 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865 !
Hcd}. South America.

4. Ateles grisescens. The Grizzled Spider Monl-ey. B. M,

Fur moderate, black, with silvery-white hairs intermixed ; the

underside of the tail grey ; the hair of the forehead rather elongate.

The Grizzled Spider Monkey, Sclater, Cat. Anim. Zool. Gard. 1865,

p. 6. A. gi'isescens, Sclater, MS. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865 !

Hah. South America.

5. Ateles cucullatus. The BlaeJc-capped Spider Monkeij. B. M.

Fiu- very long and flaccid, black, silvery grey ; the crown and nape,
the hands, and feet black ; sides of the rump blackish ; hair of the

2. ATELES. 43

crown vory long, forming a large hood expanding over the eyebrow ;
face reddish ; orbits blackish ; thumb none ; hair of the back one-
coloiu'cd grey or black.

Ateles cucidlatus, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1865 !
Hub. South America.

6. Ateles marginatus. The CJmva. B. M.

Uniform black ; forehead and whiskers wlaite ; hair moderately
long ; face flesh- coloui'cd ; orbits black ; thumb none.

Ateles margiiiatus, Kiihl, Beitr, p. 24 ; Geoff. Ann. Mm. xiii. p. 92,
t. 10. A. albifrons, Schinz. A. frontalis, Benn. P. Z. S. 1830-31 !

Ilab. Brazil.

7. Ateles hybridus. TJie Brown Spider Monlcey. B. M.

Ashy grey, blackish-washed ; hair very soft, rather curly, inter-
mixed with some longer, stiffer, blackish hairs ; crown of the head,
forearms, legs to the Imees, and the greater part of the tail black ;
face blackish ?, with thin white hair on the lips ; thumb none.

Ateles hybridus, Geoff. Ann. Mtis. xvii. p. 121 ; Gtierin, 3Jag. Zool.
1865, t.

Hah. St. Juan, Nicaragua.

The eyebrows are black, and there are many elongate black hairs
on the outside of the thigh ; the inside of the thigh and of the arm
near the arm-pit is grej-ish.

Dr. Dahlbom, I sui)pose by mistake, describes the inside of the
leg as wliite.

8. Ateles melanocMr. The BJavh-haiuled Spider Monkey. B.M.

Palo brown, or red brown ; forehead, hands, and feet black; crown,
browner red ; the knee and front of fore leg often darker or blackish ;
thumb none.

Ateles melanochir, Dcwi. Manitn. p. 76. A. Geoffroyi, Kuhl. A. va-
riegatus, Nattcrer ; Reichenbach, Atlas, f. 15, 16.

Var. Pale yellowish ; forehead, feet, and knees black ; crown
yellowish, black-washed ; shoulders grey, black-washed. B. M.

Var. Pale yellowish white ; shoulders and laices blackish-washed ;
forehead, hands, and feet black ; crown golden brown on the sides,
black in the centre. B. M.

Hab. Carraccas, SalU.

Yar. ? fronfatvs. Pale reddish brown ; the forehead, feet, knees,
and front of fore legs, blackish. B. M.

Eriodes frnntatus, Grui/, Ann. .S" Ma(/. N. II. x. 256, 1843; Zvol.
II. 31. a. Sulphur, t. '

JIab. West coast of America ?

44 CEBID,E.

9. Ateles omatus. The Brilliant Spider Monhey. B. M.

Black ; sides and imderparts of body and inside of upper arms
and logs red brown ; lower legs reddisli ; withers, outer sides of
shoulders, and forearms white-grizzled ; whiskers grey ; thumb
none.

Hah. South America.

Like A. melanochir with all the colour intensified ; but the fore-
head and whole U2:)per part of the head and the outside of the arms
and legs is black.

10. Ateles albifrons. TJie Wliite-fronted Spider Monhey. B. M.

Pale grey brown ; forehead white ; crown darker brown ; tail,
outside of the limbs, feet, and groin reddish ; knees, elbows, and
hands black ; outer and hinder side of the forearm blackish -washed ;
thumb none.

Huh. South America. Presented by General Fox.

It differs from the pale varieties of A. melanochir in the forehead
being white, fringed below with the dark hairs of the eyebrows, and
in the feet being red. It may be only a variety.

** The inside of the legs and underside of the body white.

11. Ateles Belzebuth. The Belzehuth. B. M.

Black or reddish ; loins paler ; chest, belly, and inside of the fore
legs, front of the thighs and the under surface of the tail whitish ;
hair rather elongate, flaccid ; thumb none.

Belz6buth, Brisson, R. A. p. 214. Ateles Belzebuth, Geoff. Attn.
Mus. xiii. p. 27, 1. 16. A. Brissonii, Fischer. A. fiiUginosus, AU;/.

Var. 1. Black or blackish ; loins paler ; head and limbs black.

B.M.

Var. 2. Blackish ; loins and part of sides, head, and limbs brown
black. B. M.

Var. 3. Grey ; head, shoulders, feet, taU, and outside of the
limbs black ; underside of the body and inside of legs grey. B. M.

Var. 4. brimneus. Brown, or brown-washed grey ; cheek, loins,

and outside of the thighs whiter; chest, throat, inside of hmbs

pale grey ; crown, outside of limbs, and upper surface of tail darker

brown. B. M.

A. brunneus, Gray, MS.

Hah. Brazil.

12. Ateles veUerosns. The Long-haired Spider Monl-ey. B. M.

Blackish ; loins rather browner ; head, outside of limbs, and the
upper and lower part of the tail black ; throat, chest, beUy, and inside
of the limbs greyish white ; hair long, flaccid. Thumb none.
Ateles veUerosus, Gray, I'. Z. S. 18(55 !

Hub. BrazU.

4. LAGOTDRIX. 45

Like A. Belzelmth ; but the underside of the tail is as black as the
upper, the pale colour of the inside of the amis does not come
down so near tho hands, and the fur is much longer and spreads
out in all dLrections on the head and body.

B. Fur soft, silky. Lower jaw inodemtely dilated behind. Hair of head
tunied backwards.

3. BRACHYTELES.

Hair woolly, soft ; of head short, directed backwards. Cutting-
teeth equal, small ; canines short ; grinders very thick, (juadran-
gular. Septum of the nose rather narrow. Thumb rudimentary
or wanting. Claws compressed. Tail very strong.

Brachyteles (partly), Spii', Bras. p. 36, 1823 ; Slack, I. c. p. 513.
Eriodes, /. Geoff. Mem. Mus. xviii.

Gregarious in the woods of Central America.

Brachyteles arachnoides. B.M.

Ashy brown ; face flesh-coloured ; base of tail and vent often
ferruginous ; organ of generation dark red-brown. Females more
ashy,

Var. without any thumb. B. M.

Ateles arachnoides, Geo_ff.Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 270. Ei-iodes arachnoides,

Is. Geoff. Mem. Mus. xvii. Brachyteles arachnoides, Gray, List

Mamm. B. M. !

Var. with a well-developed thumb, young. Dark brown, sides

of face white. B. M.

Var. with rudimentary thumb. B. M.

Ateles hypoxanthus, Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; Kuhl ; Desm. Mamm. p. 72.
Eriodes tuberifer, I. Geoff. I. c. xii. p. 271. Brachyteles macro-
tarsus, Spi.r, Bras. p. 3G, t. 27. Eriodes hemidactylus, /. Geoff.
I.e. xiii. p. 270. B. hj-poxanthus, Gray, List Mamm. B. i)/. p. 11.

Hah. Brazil.

Thumb more or less rudimentary ; the species have been divided
into three on this account by M. I. Geoffrey ; sometimes there
is a thumb on one hand and none on the other. See Slack, I. c.
p. 514.

4. LAGOTHRIX.

Hair soft, wooUy, black. Tliumbs well developed. Limbs short,
proportionate. Chin and crop sparingly hairy. Hair of crown
short, directed backwards. Throat-bone scarcely apparent externally.
Lower jaw moderately dilated behind. Nostrils oblique, rather
close below.

Lap:othrix, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xix. p. 100, 1812. Gastriuiar<rus, Snix,
Bras. 1823.

Slow, gregarious, meek ; often walking on their hind legs.

46 CEBID^H.

1. Lagothrix Humboldtii. The Oi^eij Capparo. B. M.

Blacldsh grey ; hairs dark grey, with very short black tips ; head,
chest, belly, hands, and tail black ; hair of the belly rather longer,
weaker. Young greyer.

Lagothrix Humboldtii, Gcoffroy, Tab. Quad. Cebus lagothrix,
Fisclie)-. Simia lagotricha, Humboldt, Ohs. Zool. i. p. 322. L. canus,
Geoff. Tab. Quad. Simia caua, Humh.

Vnr. ? L. posppigii, Schinz. L. capparo, Lesson. Gasti-imargus oliva-
ceus, S2na; Bras. t. 28 (male, good), 1823.

Hah. Peru ; mouth of Orinoco ; Columbia.
The young are paler and less speckled.

2. Lagothrix infumatus. The lieddish Capparo. B. M.

Dark reddish grey ; hairs reddish, with black tips ; the head and
hands rather darker ; inside of forearms, chest, and belly black ;
groin, base of the tail, and sides redder ; hail* of chest and belly
abundant, long, and rather rigid. Male.

Gastrimargus infumatus, Sjn.v, Bras. p. 41, t. 29, female. Lagothrix
Casteluaui, Is. Geoff. Castehmu E.iped. Amer. Sud, t. i. female.

Hah. Brazil.

Section II. Trichitjea, Tail long, hairij to the end, not, or only
feehly prchensUe. Tongue-bone not prominent. Head round.
Muzzle short.

Tribe III. CEBINA.

Grinders § . §, bluntly tubercular ; cutting-teeth erect, contiguous
to the canines ; canines large. Lower jaw not dilated behind. Limbs
proportionate. The septum of the orbits bony. Tail very long, hairy ;
end convolute. Penis with an expanded marginal gland. Grega-
rious, lively, wanton. Living on fruit and insects.

5. CEBUS.

The character of the tribe.

Cebus (partly), Erxl.
In Burmeister's Monograph in Abb. naturf. Ges. zu Halle, vol. ii.,
ho divides the genus thus : —

* Lumbar vertebrte 5, Head large.

Cebus fatuellus, Linn. S. Apella, Linn. ; Buffon, xv. t. 4. C
frontatus, Kuhl. (Old) S. fatuellus, Linn. ; Buffon, Supp. vii.
t. 29. ? C. niger, Geoff. C. lunatus, Kuhl. C. Azai-ee, Rengger.

Cebus bobustus, Pr. Max. (Old) C. eirrifer, Geoff.

5. CEBUS. 47

C. M0NACHU8, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. 76, p. 31. C. (mnthoster-
nus, Pr. Max. C. a'anthoccphala, Spix.

** Lumhar vertehrm 6. Head small.

C. CAPUCiNus. (Old) C. /rrv!?s, Geoff. (Vox.) C. fuhnis,Dcsm. G.
(jraciUx, Spix. C. clirysopus, F. Cuv. S. aJh'ifrom, Humboldt.
C nigro-vittatus, Natterer.

C. ciRBiFEE, Pr. Max. C. niger, Geoff. ; Buff. Supp. vii. t. 28-
C. cristatus, F. Cuv.

C. HYPOLEUcus, Geoff. ; Buffon, v. t. 9.

There arc many skulls of this genus in the Museum from very
differently coloured specimens. The adult ones are very much
alike in size, external form, and in dentition, offering no important
characters by which they can be divided into groups. (See Gray,
P. Z. S. 1865.)

Dr. Dahlbom arranges the specimens in the Paris Museum in
his " Tabula Synoptica," p. 164, thus : —

I. The hair of the crown erect, subfasciculate. — 1. C. rolustus;

2. C. ehgans; 3. G. Pucheranii=G. cajnocinus, Geoff.; 4.
C. ehgans, var. 5. C. frontatus ; 6. G. cirrifer ; 7. G. vel-
lerosus,

II. Hail' of the crown adprcssed.

a. The beard of the cheek and throat very diffused. — 8. G. har-

batus ; 9, C. variegatus.

b. Beard of cheek and throat less prominent; crown defined

with a pale edge. — 10. G.flavus; 11. G. Ajjella.

c. Check, chin, and throat hairy. — 12. C. capucinus ; 13. G.

castaneus ; 14. G. versicolor ; 15. G. chrysoptis.

In the compilation of Lesson, Wagner, and Giebel, who depended
upon the descriptions of authors, without ha^'ing the opportunity of
examining specimens to correct their theories, the species are mixed
together in a manner that is not confinned by reference to the
specimens themselves, showing how dangerous it is to venture in
such compilations to go beyond the authors considted.

There seems to be a considerable difference in the length of the
toes of the stuffed specimens, and I considered it a good character ;
but I now suspect that it may depend on age (as the younger stuffed
specimens always appear to have longer fingers and toes than the
older ones), and perhaps more on the art of the preserver.

The species may also be divided thus, by the colour of the fur : —

The greater number of specimens have the front of the fore legs
and chest pale.

I. Fur black or brownish-black. — G. leucogengs, G. cirrifer, G.

vellerosus, G. leiicocephulus, G, hypoUucus.

II. Fur yellow, or yellow-and-brown, or brown-and-ycllow

48 CEBIDiE.

varied. — C. Apella, C. elecjans, C. capuchms, C. crantliocepJia-
lus, C. albifro7is, C. jlavescens, C robustus, 0. annellatus, C.
cJirysopus, C. subcrisfatus, C. capUlaius.

I. Hail- of the crown bent back, round the face reflexed, forming

a short crest over each eyebrow. No. 1.

II. Hairs of the crown short, bent back ; those on the sides of the

dark spot often elongated, forming two more or less erect
crests or tufts. Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5.

III. Hair of the crown short, reflexed, not forming any crest.
Nos. 6-11.

IV. Hair of the crown erect, elongate, forming a more or less
high central crest. Nos. 12, 13.

V. Hair of the crown ra(hating from a centre, bent forward in

front, and forming a superciliary crest. Nos. 14, 15.

VI. Hair of the crown elongate, diverging in aU directions, form-
ing a cap. No. 16.

I. Hair of the head rather elongate, reflexed ; round the face reflexed, longer,

formuui a short crest over each eyebrotc ; of cheek short, adpressed.
Toes rather elongate.

1. Cebus leucogenys. The White-cheeJced Cebus.

Blackish ; hair soft, elongate, silky, with thick underfur, of head
shorter, of circumference of the face reflexed ; cheek and temples
yellow.

Cebus leucogenys, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, t. !
Hab. Brazil.

See C. CHCulJatus, Spix, Bras. t. 6, which seems to have a head
somewhat like this species ; but it is yellow, with a brown
hood. I have not seen any like it.

II. Hairs of the crown short, reflexed ; those on the sides of the dark patch

often elongated, elevated, forming two more or less elevated crests.

2. Cebus Apella. The Apella.

Fur thick, rather harsh, reddish brown, darker on the midfUe of
the back, tail, and legs ; forearms, crown-spot, and whiskers black
or blackish ; front of the shoulders paler or yellow ; the crown-
spot broad, often produced on the sides into more or less thick
elongated longitudinal crests.

Sapajou brun, Bvffon, xv. t. 4, p. 37. S. cornu, Buff on, Siipp. vii.
Simla Apella, Linn. Cyounger). Cebus Apella, /. Geoff. (Var.,
horned) Cebus fatuellus, Geoff. C.macrocephalus, Spix, Bras. 1. 1
(no crests).

Var. Fur pale yellowish ; whiskers yellow. B. M.

Hah. Brazil. A very variable species.

O. CEDUS. 49

3. Cebus pallidus. The Slender Cebus. B.M.

The cro\vn-patch on the back of the head, small, blackish or brown,
often with a small short crest on each side. Fur soft, fulvous or
greyish fulvous ; the limbs and tail darker brown ; beard golden
yellow.

Cebus pallidus, Grai/, P. Z. S. ; List Mamm. B. M. ! C. elegans,
/. Geoff. Cat. p. 45, 1851. ? C. gi-acUis, Sjiix, Bras. t. 5 (young).

Hah. Bolivia, Bridges !

See

a. C. harhatus, Geoif. Fur nearly uniformly fulvous ; forehead

whitish ; occiput rather darker ; beard golden yellow. Var.
albino, Cebus alius, Geotf.

b. C.Jlainis, Geof[. Slmiajldva, Schrk^h. Fur brownish fulvous

or pale fulvous ; forehead white, black, or brown ; spot on
cro^^^l and occiput pointed in front. Albino variety, C.
fulvits, D'Orbigny, Voy. t. Ifab. Bolivia.

4. Cebus cirrifer. The Tufted Cebus. B. M.

Fur short, close, black ; face, chin, cheeks, sides of forehead,
and narrow band over the eyebrow yellowish white, with interspersed
blackish hairs ; hair of the head reversed, sometimes erected into
two long bent-back tufts.
Cebus cirrifer, Geoff".

Hah. South America.

5. Cebus vellerosus. The Thich-furred Cebus. B. M.

Fur very thick, elongated, blackish brown, with longer shining
hairs ; the toj) of the head, nape, and whiskers black ; limbs and
tail blackish ; crown-spot black, narrow, produced on the sides into
two thick erect pencils.

Cebus vellerosus, /. Geoff. Cat. p. 44.

Hah. Brazil, Lord Stuart de Rothsay.

The ^Museum specimen does not show the white hairs scattered
in the fur mentioned by M. I. Geoffroy. It differs from most Cebi
in the front of the shoulders being like the back.

III. Hairs of crown short, rejic.ved, adprcssed ; not forming a crest or horns.
G. Cebus capucinus. The Capuchin. B. M.

Fur brown, washed with golden ; sides of forehead, face, throat,
chest, and front of shoulders pale yellow ; crown with black or
dark-brown spot, narrow and extended, Avith a line to the base of
the nose in front, and expanded on the nape.

Cebus capucinus, Geoff. 1 'nr. ? C. libidinosus, Spur, Bras. t. 2.

Hah. Brazil.

50 CEBIDJE.

Var. ? or artificially distorted. Hair of crown radiating from a
central line forming an oblong crest. B. M.

C. cristatus, G>-ai/, MS.
Hab. Brazil.

7. Cebus xanthocephalus. The Monk Cehus. B. M.

Fur short, stiff, black- and yellow-varied ; crown, temples, whis-
kers, chin, shoulders, haunches, arms, legs, and tail black ; back
and sides, especially behind, yellow, more or less black-washed ;
sides of neck, chest, and front of shouldei's yellow. The hair of
the crown reflexed, short ; forehead and temples whitish yellow.

Var. 1. Shoidders and loins pale-yellow; outside of thighs and
base of tail reddish.

Var. 2. Blacker ; forehead whiter.

Cebus xantLocephalus, Sjnx, Bras. t. 3 (good). C. mouacliiis, Fischer,
C. cucullatiis, 8pix, Bras. t. 6.

Hah. Paraguay ; Rio Janeiro, Spix.

See Cehus olivaceus, Schrank, "Wagner, Schreb. v. t. 8.

8. Cebus albifrons. The White-fronted Cehus. B. M.

Pale reddish brown ; back and, especially, the outside of limbs
redder ; face, forehead, throat, shoulders, and chest white. Tail with
rather long hair ; hair of the crown short.

C. albifi'ons, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1865 ! not Geoffroy.

Hah. South America.

9. Cebus hypoleucus. The Wliite-throated Sapajou. B.M.

Black ; forehead and front of crown, neck and sides of head,
shoulders and chest white ; face pale flesh-coloured.

Sai a gorge blanche, Buffon, H. N. xv. t. 9 ; Audehert, t. 5 ; J^.
Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Simla hypoleuca, Hmnboldt, Ohs. Zool. p. 337.
Cebus hypoleucus, Geoff. Ann. Miis. xix. p. 111.

Hah. Central America ; Guiana ; Caraccas, Salvin.

10. Cebus leucocephalus. The White-headed Cehus. B. M.

Fur dark reddish brown, very obscurely punctulated. Head to
the front edge of ears white ; crown with a short narrow central
black streak ; feet blackish.

Cebus leucocephalus, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1865, fig. !
Hah. Columbia.

See Cehus versicolor, Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 335; I. Geoff.
Cat. p. 47. Without frontal streak, and tail paler, perhaps
discoloured. Hah. Columbia.

51

11. Cebus flavescens. The Pale Cehus. B. M.

Fur nearly uniformly pale yellow fulvous ; the cheeks, whiskers,
and hair under the throat greyish ; the crown, nape, and middle of
the hack darker ; outside of legs redder ; hair of the top of the head
and nape elongate, directed backwards.

Cebus gracilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 107 ! not Spiv, i. 5. C. uni-
color, Spix, Bras. t. 4 ?

Hab. Brazil.

IV. Croimi with elongate, erect hairs, forming a single central more or less

cojiical crest.

12. Cebus robustus. TJie Crested Cebus. B. M.

Fur bright red ; limbs and tail blackish ; crown-spot black ;
crown like back.

Cebus robustus, Pr. Max. ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 35, 1820 ; /. Geof. Cat.
p. 43.

Var.'i bleached? Uniformly pale yellow; crown and whiskers
rather darker ; sides of forehead whitish. B. M.

Simia flara, Schreb.
Hub. Brazil.

See Cebus frontatus, Kuhl, Beitr. j). 34. Grey ; duU brownish
grey above ; circumference of the face white ; the hair of
the crown and forehead very close and long, elevated, fonn-
ing a large black cap.

13. Cebus annellatus. The Grizzled Sapajou. B. M.

.Fur brown, reddish-washed, especially on the thigh ; hairs with
several pale rings ; hair of the crown short, retlexed, forming along
compressed central longitudinal crest ; streak on sides of neck, bent
down on the front of the shoulders, yellow ; belly reddish ; crown,
temple, whiskers, arms and legs witliin and without, and tail black ;
face Avith deep-black hairs ; crown-spot broad, with a broad line to
the forehead and another on each side to the whiskers.

Cebus annellatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, fig. ! ? Cebus capucinus, var.,
I. Geoff. Cat. p. 46.

Hab. South America. '

V. Hairs of croicn radiating from a central spot, directed fo)-ward in front,

and forming a transverse crest on the middle of the croicn.

14. Cebus chiysopus. The Golden-handed Sapajon. B. M.

The face, throat, chest, and front of shoulders pale grey brown ;
back of head and eyebrows darker, blackish ; fur pale sooty

e2

52 CEBIDiE.

brown, washed with golden ; the outside of limbs golden fulvous ;
hair soft.

? C. unicolor, Spix, Bras. t. 4 ? Cebus chrysopes, F. Cuv. Mamm.
Lith. t. C. chiysopiis, Fischer.

Hob. BrazU? Columbia.

15. Cebus subcristatus. The Bonnet-Sapajoii. B. M.

Fur blackish bro^\^l ; outside of legs yellowish-washed ; sides
of face pale asliy ; front of the shoulders and of the iipper arms yel-
lowish ; toes and fingers elongate, very slender. Hair of the crown
elongate, divided by a central line, and diverging to the ej^ebrows,
forming an erect transverse crest behind them.
Cebus subcristatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, fig. !

Var. Frontal crest not so distinct ; toes shorter.

Hah. South America.

VI. Hairs of the crown elongate, erect, diverging in all directions, fwming a
kind of caj).

16. Cebus capillatus. T7ie Capped Cebus. B.M,

The hairs of the crown elongate, diverging in all directions ; fur
rather elongate, brown, slightly washed with yellow, esjjeciaUy on
the thighs ; sides of the forehead greyer ; sides of neck, outsides of
the shoulders, and arms fulvous ; crown and nape blackish.
Cebus capillatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, fig. 1

Hub. Brazil.

Tribe IV. CALLITRICHINA.

Grinders |^, bluntly tubercular. Canines moderate. Cutting-teeth
erect, in a regular series with the canines. Head rounded. Lower
jaw dilated behind. Eyes moderate, diurnal. Nostrils far apart,
lateral. Tail very long, lax, straight.
CalUtrichina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849.

6. CHRYSOTHRIX.

Fur soft, close, erect. Tail cylindrical, elongate, covered with
short hair ; end rather tufted, only slightly prehensile. Canines mo-
derate. Eyes large. Ears large. Septum of nose very broad.
Lower jaw narrow behind. Skull much elongated, very large be-
hind. Septum of the orbit membranaceous. Spinous processes of the
lumbar vertebrae trapezoid.

Chrysotlirix, Kauj) ; Wagner, 1842 ; Saimiris, Is. Geoff. 184 ? Sa-
guimis and Pithecosciurus, Lesson. Callitlirix, sp., Geoff. Saimiri,
Cttvier ; Poiichet.

(). CIIKYSOi'HKlX. 63

* Head yrizzled grey and blackish ; hairs grey or yellow, with a black
subterniitud rittg.

1. Chrysothrix sciureus. The Teetee. B. M.

Fiir grey, minutely punctated Avith black; back more or less golden-
washed ; outer side of forearm yellow ; tail elongate, slender, black-
tipped ; face whitish ; haii'S of back orange, Avith short black tips.

Saimiri, Bvffon, H. N. xv. 1. 10. Simla sciurea, Linn. Lemur leu-
copus, Herm. Callithrix sciureus, Kuhl. Chrysothrix sciureus,
Wagner; Schreb. v. t. 9.

Far. 1. Back grey-punctated. B. M.

Var. 2. Back washed with golden yellow. B. M.

Hah. Brazil.

2. Chrysothrix ustus. The Short-tailed Teetee. B. M.

Fur grey, minutely punctulated with black ; back golden-washed ;
hairs of the back pale reddish yellow, with minute black tips ; outer
side of forearms like the rest of the body ; tail short, thick, black-
tipped ; face whitish.

Var. 1. Outer side of the forearm golden.

Saimiris ustus, /. Geoff. Ann. du Mus. iv. t. ? Chrysothrix nigrovit-
tatus, Wagner ; Schreb. v. t. 11.

Var. 2. Outer side of the forearm coloured like the rest of the
body. B. M.

Hub. Brazil.

Dr. Dahlbom gives as the characters of this species, from the Paris
specimen, that the ears are nearly bald, or only slightly hairy. Our
specimen with the grey fore legs has the ears hairy, just like the
specimen of G. sciureus. If it were not for the shortness of the tail,
I should consider this to be only a large variety of C. sciureus.

* * Head black ; hairs yellow, icith black tijjs.

3. Chrysothrix entomophagns. The BJach-headed Teetee. B. M.

Fur golden brown ; hairs of back black, with long yellow tips ;
outer side of thighs and shoulders closely punctated with black ;
upper part, head, and tail black ; face, throat, and inside of thighs
yello-w-ish grey ; ears hairj- ; tail moderately long.

Callitlirix entomophafrus, D'Orh. To//. Amer. M. t. 4. Saimiris en-
tomophagns. Is. Geoff. Chrysotliri-x entomophagus, Schreb. v.
t. 16.

Var. Upper part of the head yello^vish, with more or less long
black tips to the hairs, making the fur more or less deep black. B. M.
Hah. BoUvia, Bridyes.

54 CEBIDiE.

This and C. ustus are larger species than 0. sciureus.
Sec also Simla sciurea cassiquerensis, Humboldt, Obs. Zool. ;
Sai7niris Junulatus, Is. Geoff. Ann. du Miis. iv. p. 18, with
a black lunule over each eye. Can this be a bad descrip-
tion for S. entomophagtis ?

7. CALLITHRIX.

Tail covered with short hairs. Canines moderate. Septum of the
nose nearly as broad as the cutting-teeth. Ears large. Face and
orbits moderate. Eyes moderate, looking forward. Hair of orbit
normal. The spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae acute, trian-
gular, nearly incumbent. Diurnal, gregarious, lively, agile, living
on fruit, insects, and birds' eggs.

Callithrix, sp., Geoff. Saguinus, Less.

I. The fur soft, with abundance of elongated stiffer hairs.

a. The hands and feet red. No. 1.

b. The hands white, feet black. Nos. 2, 3.

c. The hands and feet grey. Nos. 4-6.

d. The hands and feet black. Nos. 7-9.

II. The fur soft, curly, without any elongated stiffer hairs ; the
hands and feet whitish. Nos. 10, 11,

I. Fur soft, with abundance of elonffated stiffer hairs.

a. Hands dark red bay ; haiis of tail grey, with broad subterminal

black band.

1. CaUithrix cuprea. The Red Teetee. B. M.

Dark black-and-grey grizzled ; cheeks, throat, hands, feet, legs, and
underside of the body dark red bay ; tail like back, but rather darker ;
hairs of tail dark grey, with broad subterminal black baud ; eyebrows
black.

Callithrix cuprea, iSpir, Bras. p. 23, 1. 17 (not well coloured). CaUi-
thrix discolor, /. Gecff. Cat. p. 41 ; Arch, du Mus. v. p. 531, t. 28.

Var. Tail white at the end. — Oeoff,

Hah. Brazil ; Ega, Bates.

The figure given by Spix is verj- badly coloured, but the description
agrees well with the specimens. Geoffrey's figure is from a specimen
with the end of the tail white ; his figiu-e is as much brighter than the
Museum specimen as Spix's is too sombre.

b. The hands white ; the feet black ; tail black.

2. Callithrix amictus. The White-chested Teetee. B. M,

Black, reddish-washed ; hairs black at the base ; chest with a pure-
white spot ; hands white ; feet black ; forehead and tail black ; hairs
of tail black to the base.

7. CALLITHRIX. 55

Simla amicta, Humhohlt, Obs. Zool. i, p. 357. Callitlinx amictus,
Geoffroy. C. auucta, Spix, Bras. 1. 13 (good). Saguiuiis viduus, var.,
Lesson.

Hah. Guiana, ScJiomburgk.

3. Callithrix torquatus. The Collared Teetee. B, M.

Dark-reddish black brown ; hairs red below, with black tips ;
crown dark ; narrow margin to face white ; narrow collar round the
neck reddish white ; hands white ; feet black ; tail black, with the
liair red at the lower part ; forehead black.

Cebus torquatus, Hoffmannsegg, Mag. Gesell. Berlin, i. p. 86, 1807 ;
Callithrix torquatus, Geoff. Saguinus viduus, Lesson.

Hah. Brazil.

c. The hands and feet the colour of the back, grey ; hairs of tail pale, with
darker subterimnal rings.

4. Callithrix donacophilus. The Reed Teetee. B. M.

Fur pale grey or reddish-black grey ; chest and belly grey, or red-
dish grey ; taU pale ; hairs of tail grey, with dark tips ; hands and
feet grey, like the back.

Callithrix donacophilus, D'Orhigmj, Voy. Amer. M. Matnm. p. 10, t. 5.

Var. 1. Pale, whitish ; hairs annulated with grey ; hands and feet
equally pale. B. M,

Var. 2. Fur darker ; hairs annulated with black and grey ; front
of thighs reddish. B. M.

Var. 3. Fur darker, reddish-washed, especially on head and back ;
hair thicker, longer, softer ; ears whitish ; hands and feet blackish
grey ; belly and front of thighs reddish. B. M,

Hah. Bolivia, Bridges !

5. Callithrix Moloch. The Orabassu.

Fur dark grey, black-and-red grizzled ; cheeks, chest, and belly
red ; hands and feet dark grey.

Cebus ^loloch, Hoffmanns. Gesell. Berlin, 1807, i. p. 97 (Mus. Paris).
Callithrix Moloch, Geoff.

Hah. Brazil.

6. Callithrix omatus. The Bright Orabassu. B. M.

Black-and-grey grizzled ; forehead and ears white ; temples, cheeks,
throat, underside of body, and inner side of legs bright-red chestnut ;
hands and feet grey ; tail blackish, grey-washed ; hairs of tail pale,
with a broad subterminal ring.

56 CEBIBJE.

Callithrix ornata, Gray, Ann. ^- May. N. H. 186G, x\-ii. p. 57, C.
discolor, Verreatix, MS., not Geoff,

Hub, New Granada, Verreancc.

d. Hands and feet black ; f%(,r riyid, bristly.

7. Callithrix personatus. The Mashed Teetee. B. M.

The fur grey, black-grizzled ; hairs long, blackish, with narrow grey
rings ; chest and beneath blackish ashy ; forehead, cheeks, whiskers,
hands, feet, and lower part of the legs black ; tail blackish ashy, hair
near the base reddish, of the lower half of the end one-coloured
grey.

Callithrix personatus, Geoff. Pithecia melanops, Vigors, Cut, Zool.
Soc.\ C. brunnea, A'rt^to-e;-; Wagner.

Yar. 1. Like former, with dark fur and black hands and ears,
but tail much redder at the base, with the hairs red chestnut nearly
to the tip.

Var. 2, Ashy grey ; eyebrows punctated with black ; hair on the
basal half of the tail redder ; ears blackish.
Hah, Brazil, Lord Stuart de Rothsay,

Spix (Bras. t. 12) represents a species of a yellowish colour,
with a black head, under this name ; perhaps the plate is badly
coloured.

8. Callithrix nigrifrons. The Black-fronted Teetee. B. M.

Fur bristly, grey, washed with black ; forehead, ears, spot on each
side of neck, hands and feet, and inside of the forearm and leg black ;
chin blackish ; back of crown and nape whitish grey ; tail reddish,
hairs red to the base. Young similar.

Callithrix nigrifi-ons, Spix, Bras, t. (badly coloured).

Hab. Brazil, Lord Stuart de Rothsay.

The colouring of Spix's figure does not agree with the description ;
the distribution of the coloiu's on the head of the figure agrees with
the Museum specimen.

9. Callithrix castaneoventris. The Red-bellied Teetee. B. M.

Fur dark, blackish grey, minutely annulated with grey ; outside
of the limbs reddish-washed ; forehead, hands, and feet black ;
whiskers, throat and chest, belly, and inside of the Umbs dark-red
chestnut ; tail black, tip whitish-washed ; hairs of tail black to the
base.

Callithrix castaneoveutris, Gray, Ann. Sr Mag. N. II. 1866 ! ? C. ca-
ligata, Natterer ; Wagner, Ann. N. Hist. 1843.

Hab. Brazil.

8. NYCTiriTUKCTJS. 57

See Miriquouina, Azara. Simia Azarce, Humb. Zool. i. p. 359.
Pithecia miriquoidna, Kuhl, Bcitr. Red beneath, with black
hand. Hab. Paraguay.

II. Fur soft, woolly, tvithoid any longer hairs ; hands and feet black.

10. Callithrix melanochir. The Black-handed Teetee.

Crown, throat, and inside of the limbs black and grey and black
and testaceous mixed.

Var. 1. Fur less red.

Var. 2. Tail bright red.—/. Geoff.

Callithrix melanochir, Pr. Max. Abbild. iv. t. (type in Mus. Paris).
Hab. Brazil : Bahia.

11. Callithrix gigo. The Grey Teetee.

Crown nearly all black, slightly grey-dotted ; sides of the face,
gular band, and inside of the limbs black.

Callithiix gigo, Spix, Bras. p. 22, t. 16 ; 7s. Geoff.
Var. ? Throat whitish.

Callithrix cinerascena, Sj)ix^ Bras. p. 20, t. 14.
Hab. Brazil.

Tribe V. NYCTIPITHECINA.

Grinders -l.f . Cutting-teeth vertical, in a regular series with the
canines. Lower jaw dilated behind. Eyes large, nocturnal. Nos-
trils small, close together, as in the old-world monkeys.

8. NYCTIPITHECUS.
Eyes very large, lateral ; hair of the orbit radiating like the fea-
thers of a nocturnal bird. Septum of nose narrow. Ears large.
Claws small, weak. Spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae acutely
triangular, incumbent.

Actus, Humboldt. Aotes, .Tardinc (mispiint). Nocthora, F. Cuvier.
Nyctipithecus, Spix, Bras. 1823. Chirogaleus, species, Vigors and
Horsjivld.

Nocturnal, with the habits of the lacchus, living on insects and
birds. The cars of Humboldt's specimen seem to have been imperfect,
which induced him to call it Actus.

I. Head with three streaks ; tail cylindrical.

a. Frontal spot elongate, yellowish ; head-streaks linear,
elongate; fur short. No. 1.

b. Frontal spot short, white ; head-streaks short ; central
rhombic. No. 2.

II. Head -with a round pale spot over each eye : no head-streaks ;
fur long ; tail bushy.

58 CEBID^.

• Tail cylindrical, hair short.

1. Nyctipithecus trivirgatns. The DouroucouU. B. M.

The black streaks on the crown distinct, linear ; frontal spot elon-
gate, yeUowish ; fur short ; throat and inside of limbs greyish ashy ;
chest and belly ferruginous ; tail slender, cylindrical, blackish brown,
yeUowish brown at the under part at the base.

Simla trivirgata, Hwmhohlt. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus, Gray, Ann.
and Mug. N. H. x. p. 25G, 1842 ! N. Humboldtii, Schi?iz. N.
Osern, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 2; Castelnau, Exjjed. Amer. Sud, t. 2. f. 1.
N. vociferans, Spi.v, Bras. t. 2, 1823.

Hab. Peru.

2. Nyctipithecus Commersonii. The Vitoe. B. M.

Black facial streaks irregidar and rather confused ; side ones linear;
the middle one broad, lozenge-shaped ; frontal spots short, white ; fur
rather long, thick ; neck, chest, belly, and inner part of base of limbs
and tail fulvous ; tail cylindrical.

Nyctipithecus felinus, Spi.r,Jiras.t. 18 (good), 1823; Is. Geoff. Cat. ;
Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1842, x. p. 256 ! Cliirogaleus Coni-
mersonii, Vigors and Ilorsjield, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 112, 1829 !
Calhtluix infulatus, Licht. ; Kuhl. Nocthora trivu-gata, F. Cuv.
Mamm. Lith. t.

Hah. Brazil.

** Tail depressed, broad ; hair of tail spreading on the sides like a squirrel.

3. Nyctipithecus lemurinus. The Broad-tailed Vitoe. B.M.

Head with a rounded white spot over each eye ; frontal streaks
indistinct ; fur of body and tail elongate ; tail bushy.

Nyctipithecus hirsutus. Gray, List Mannn. B. M. 1842 ! N. lemu-
rinus. Is. Geoff. Mem. Ac. R. de Vlnstitut, 1843, p. 178; Voy. Venus,
Mamm. t. 3. f. 2. N. felinus, var., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1842 !

Hah. Columbia ; Santa Fe de Bogota.

Tribe VI. PITHECINA.

Grinders |.-|. Lower cutting-teeth large, shelving forward, con-
verging, separated from the canines by a space. Lower jaw not di-
lated behind. Fur harsh, elongate. Claws bent. Nostiils far
apart.

9. PITHECIA.

Chin with a broad beard. Crown with a radiated divided wig.
Head and neck short. Tail long, covered with long hair. Canines
strong. Septum of the nose broader than the cutting-teeth. Ears
moderate. Gregarious, slow, sad, voracious, vociferous.

9. PIXHECIA. 69

Pithecia, Desm. Brachyurus, Spix. Yarkea, Lesson,
See Monog., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 228; andAnat., Flower,
P. Z. S. 1802, p. 326.

I. Forehead and crown with a central black streak ; hair one-co-
loured. Pithecia. No. 1.

II. Forehead and crown covered with hair, without any central
streak. Yarkea.

a. Hairs white-tipped. Nos. 2, 3.

b. Hairs with a subterminal ring. No. 4.

* ITau- one-coloured. Pithecia.

1. Pithecia leucocephala. The Black Tarkee.

Forehead with a contral^black streak, of Hi«?e (?) yellow, offemah(?)
white.

5 Sunia leucocephala, Aialeh. Sing. vii. f. 2. Pithecia leucocephala,
Geoff. ; Gray, Zool. Sulphur, p. l2, t. 2 (head) ! Simla pithecia,
Schreh. t. 32. Pithecia ochrocephala, Kuhl, Beifr. p. 46. c? P-
chrysocephala, /. Geoff. Cat. Manim. p. 53 ; ArcJiiv. du Mm. v.
p. 587, t. 29 ; Gray, P. Z. S, 1860, p. 230 ! P. iuusta, Spix, Bras.
p. 15, t. 13 ? Saki, Buffon, H. N. xv. t. 12.

Uah. BrazU.

The forehead is yellow when fresh, and white when faded by ex-
posure. M. Geolfroy thinks the colour depends on the size of the
specimen.

•* Hair harsh, white tipped.

2. Pithecia monachus. The Tarkee. B. M.

Black, grey-washed ; hairs very long, harsh, white-tipped ; fore-
head and crown of male yellow, oi female white.

Yarque, Buffon, Suppl.xn. t. 30 (bad). Simla monachus, Humh. Pi-
thecia monachus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 230 ; Floiver, P. Z. S. 1862, t. 37 ! Is. Geoff. ; Castelnau, Exped.
Amer. Sud, t. 3. P. hir.suta, Sjnx, Bras. t. P. quapa, Poe^ypig.
P. noctuma, var., Lesson. P. irrorata. Gray, Zool. Sulph. p. 14,
t. 3 (forehead bald) ! Ann. ^- 3Iay. N. H. 1842, x. p. 256 !

Hab. Brazil.

The specimen described by M. Geoffrey was young and in a very
bad state ; the one in the British Museum, figured in the ■ Voyage of
the Sulphur,' t., has the face quite bald. This is now shown to be
accidental, as the others, more lately received, have white hairs on
the face.

3. Pithecia albicans. The Whitish Tarkee. B. il.

Yellowish white ; tail and large patch on the back black, slightly
washed with white : hairs with short white tips. Male, female, and
young alike.

60 CEBID^.

Pithecia albicans, Ormj, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 231, t. 81 (not good) !
Hab. Brazil : Upper Amazons and Lake Tefle, Bates.

*** Hairs amudated.
4. Pithecia ruiiventer. The Whiskered YarTcee. B. M.

Greyish black, pale-washed ; hairs rather soft, with a subterminal
yellowish ring ; forehead, like back, with moderately elongated hairs ;
moustache yellow ; belly red.

Young. Moustache white, beneath grey.
Sagouin, Buffon, Siipp. vii. t. 31 . Simla pithecia, Linn. Fox -tailed
Monkey, Mits. Lever, t. 4. ? Pithecia rufiventer, Geoff. ; Kuhl. P.
rutibarba, Kuhl. P. noctuma. Lesson. P. capillamentosa, Spi.v,
Bras. 1. 11. P. pogonias, Gray, Zool. Sulph. p. 13, t. 2 ! Ann. Sf Mag.
N. H. 1842, X. p. 256 !

Hah. Brazil.

The young specimen in the Paris Museum on which P. rufiventer
was described appears to be this species, but the belly is scarcely
red.

Tribe VII. BRACHYURINA.

Grinders ^.^. Lower cutting-teeth long, shelving, converging,
separated from the canines by a space. Lower jaw dilated behind.
Fur soft, silky. Claws blunt. Nostrils far apart.

10. CHIROPOTES.

Fur soft, short ; tail as long as the body, and thick, club-shaped.
Crown with hair Uke a wig, divided by a central longitudinal line.
Chin large, bearded on each side. The lower cutting-teeth rather
shelving. Limbs short, strong.

Chiropotes, Lesson. Cacajao, Lesson. Brachyurus, Spix ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1849, p. 9. Pithecia, sp.. Is. Geoff.

The hair of the head is directed forward, radiating from a central
point, in the young ; but it forms a large convex wig on each side of
the crown, divided by a central line, in the adult.

M. I. Geoffrey describes the animal as having the tail " notably
shorter than the body." In all the Museum specimens the tail is
as long or longer.

1. Chiropotes sagpalata. The Yellow-bacl-ed Cuxio. B. M.

Black ; back and shoulders yellow ; hairs of back black at the base ;
tail very thick ; beard very large.

Simla chiropotes, Humholdt, Ohs. Pithecia chiropotes, Geoff. Ann.
Mus. xlx. p. 116. Simla sagulata, Traill, Wern. Soc. Hi. p." 167, t. !
Brachyurus Satanas, Gray, LiM Mamm. B. Jf. 13 !

Hab. Guiana ; Orinoco ; Demerara.

11. OUAKARIA. 61

2. Chiropotes Satanas. The Brown Cuxio. B. M.

Fur ashy brown ; face, crown, the beard, limbs, and tail densely-
hairy, hairs elongate ; chin-beard moderate.

Cebus Satanas, Iloffm. Mag. Bcrl. i. p. 93, 1807. Brachjurus Israelita,
Spix, Bras. t. 76. Chiropotes couxio, Lesson,

Hah. Brazil.

In the Paris Museum, the male has the back brown and the wig
black ; the female, back and wig fulvous ; young, nearly uniform
brown, and the wig slightly developed.

3. Chiropotes ater. The Blach Cuxio. B. M.

Fur black, shining ; hairs of eyebrows projecting. Young. Black,
with very short pale tips to some of the hairs on the back ; the hair
of the crown radiating from the centre and projecting forwards ;
beard rudimentary ; tail slender, as long as the body and head.

Bab. Brazil?

4. Chiropotes albiaasa. The White-nosed Cuxio.

Fur of body and head deep black, pale-washed ; nose white.

Pithecia albinasa, I. Geoff. Comp. Rend. 1848, xxviii. p. 298; Arch,
dif Mm. X. p. 559 ; Castelnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, t. 2. f. 2 (young).

Hah. Brazil. Mus. Paris ; a single young specimen.

11. OUAKARIA.

Fur short, silky. Face short, subcylindrical. The crown and
forehead with short hairs directed forwards. The chin scarcely
bearded. Legs elongate. Lower jaw dUated behind. The lower
cutting-teeth very much shelving.

Brachviirus, /. Geoff. Brachvurus, sp., Spix. Cacaiao, Lesson.
Ouakaria, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 10.

_ The converging, slender, shelving lower cutting-teeth, the slender
limbs, and short tail show an affinity with Indris (in Lemuridce).

M. I. Geoffrey describes the tail oi Bruvhyurus calvus and B. ruhi-
cundus as very short, bushy, about a centimetre long. There are four
specimens in the British Museum which agree with the description of
B. calvKs ; but three of them have the tail about the same length and
form as in 0. melanocephala — that is, about one-third the length of
the body ; and that of the other is short ; but then it appears to have
been cut or broken off. The vertebra of the tail of the small white
specimen is 6 inches long, so that the length of the tail in the
stuffed specimen does not depend on the stuffing.

62 CEBID^.

* Ftir black, yellow- and red-varied.
1. Ouakaria melanocephala. B. M.

Black ; back and sides of body yellow ; loins, outside of thigh, and
end of tail red chestnut.

Siniia melanocephala, Humboldt, Obs. Zool. t. 29 (not good). Pithecia
melanocephala, Geoff. Brachyurus ouakaria, Spix, Bras. t. 8
(good). Ouakaria Spixii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 10, fig. !

Hob. Brazil.

** Fur ivhitish or reddish. Albino of the former.
2. Ouakaria rubicunda. The Red Acari.

Fur of the body and limbs bright red, of neck fulvous yellow,
of nape pale yellow.

Brachyurus rubicundus, Is. Geoff. Cat. Mamm. p. 57, 1851 ; Arch, du
Mus. V. p. 965, t. 30 ; Castetnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, t. 4. f. 2 (tail
too short).

Hah. Brazil.

3. Ouakaria calva. The White Acari. B. M.

Throat deep golden red. Fur fulvous, whitish on the back, and
yellow or golden below and on inner surface of limbs ; tips of the
hairs of the crown black, and of some of the hairs of the back grey.

Female. Beard elongate, red and black.

Var. Back with some reddish hairs.

Brachyurus calvus, Is. Geoff. Cat. Mamm.' Tp. 57; Arch, du Mus. v.
p. 560; Castelmiu, Krped. Amer. Sud, t. 461 (tail too short). Oua-
karia calvus, Graij, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 10, fig. (skull) !

Hab. Brazil : Para.

Tribe VIII. HAPALINA.

Grinders ^ . ^ (as in old-world monkeys). Lower cutting-teeth
vertical, in a regular series. Lower jaw not dilated behind. Nostrils
far apart, lateral.

* Lower cutting-teeth elongate, slender, linear, of the same size as the
canines.

12. HAPALE.

Conch of ears rather large, exposed, bald externally, with cross
band of elongated hairs on the inner surface of the conch, forming
an elongated pencil. Tail annulated. Back punctated, rarely indis-
tinctly banded. Lower cutting-teeth elongate, slender, linear, as
high as the canines.

JacchuB hapale, Gray, I'. Z. S. 18G6.

I

13. JACCHus. 63

Hapale aurita. The White-eared Marmoset. B. M.

Blackish ; minutely punctulated with yellow or reddish ; sides
of head, limbs, and hinder part black ; crown brown ; face large ;
spot on forehead and short ear- tufts grey.

Jacchus auritus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G6 !

Var. 1. Back blackish, without any indication of cross band.

Var. 2. Back red ; punctulated with narrow, faint, paler cross
bands, especially on the loins.

Hub. Brazil.

See

a. Jacchus humeralifer, Geoff. Face, shoulders, chest, arms,

and ear-tufta white ; thighs brown-and-white grizzled.
Hah. Brazil.

b. Hapale chnjsoleucos, Natterer ; A. Wagner, Ann. Nat. Hist.

No. 74, 1843 ; Wiegm. Archiv, viii. H. albida, mani-
bus caudaque splendide rutilo-fulvis, auriculis albo penicil-
latis. Altitudo 9", long, caudae 12|". Bahia. Mus. Vienna.

13. JACCHUS.

Conch of ears large, bald, with a tuft of elongated hairs, forming
an expanded tuft on the front edge of the ear opening. Hair of
sides of crown elongate. Tail annulated with black. Back cross
banded. Lower cutting- teeth elongate, slender, cylindrical, as long
as canines.

Jacchus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G6.

Jacchus vulgaris. The Black-eared Marmoset. B. M.

Blackish ; back and outside of the thighs with grey cross bands ;
head with white spot on upper part of nose.

Simia .Taccliiis, Linn. Ouistiti, Buffon, H. N. xv. p. 96, t. 14. Hapale
Jacchus, IlUyer ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1842 !

Var. 1. Ear-tufts white, head black.

Jacchus vulgaris, Geoff. Ann. dti 3fug.
Var. 2. Ear-tufts white, hinder part of head and back of neck
grey.

Jacchus albicollis, 'S);('.r, lii-as. p. 3.3, t. 25.
Var. 3. Ear-tufts black, head and neck black.

Jacchus penicillatus, Geoff. ; Spue, Bras. t. 26.
Var. 4. Ear-tufts black, head and neck blackish, face, temples, and
forehead whitish.

Jacchus leucocephalus, Geoff.

Var. 5. Like var. 4 ; but face, cheeks, and throat paler grey
brown.

Jacchus leucogenys, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.

64 CEBIDiE.

Vai\ 6. Head and neck bLick, like var. 3 ; but no wbite spot on
the nose. Young without any ear-tufts.

The young animals are nearly black, without any pencil to the
ears, and with the tail ringed. The young J. penicillatus has no
white spot on the nose.

See Jacclms cJiri/sopi/giis, Xatterer ; Mikan, Del. Flor. et Faun. t.
Black ; rump and inner side of thighs golden ; forehead lurid
yellow ; mane descending below the humerus. JIab. Brazil.

14. CEBUELLA.

Ears small, short, slightly hairy externally, hid in the elongated
reversed hair of the crown ; no ear-tufts. Tail darker-ringed.
Back puuctulated. Lower cutting-teeth elongate, cylindrical, as
long as the canines.

Jacchus, § Cebuella, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1866.

Cebuella pygmsea. B. M.

Fur ferruginous yellow, black- and red-varied ; neck, chest,
belly, and inside of the limbs yellowish ; hands and feet yellow
brown. ,

Hapale pygmaea, Spix, Bras. p. 32, t. 24. f. 2 ; Is. Geoff. ; Castelnau,
Expecl. Amer. Sud, t. 5. f. 1, 2. H. (Cebuella) pygmsea, Gray,
P. Z. S. 1866.

Hah. Brazil.

15. MICO.

Ears large, exposed, naked externally, and internally without any
pencil of hairs. Tail black, not annulated. Lower cutting-teeth
elongate, slender, cylindrical, as long as the canines.

Mico (part.), Lessmi. Jacclius, § Mice, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866.

Mico melanurus. B. M.

Fur ashy brown ; head and limbs dark brown ; front of body
paler ; front of thighs and band across loins whitish ; tail black.

Jacclius melanurus, Geoff". J. leucomeros, Gray, Ann. 4* Mag. N. H.
1846 ! J. (Mico) melanurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866 ! Hapale melaniura,
Wayner, Schreh. v. p. 15.

Albino. Body, head, and limbs white ; tail black. B. II.

Mico, Buffon, H. N. Siuiia argentata, Linn. Jacchus argentatus,
Geoff. Fair Monkey, PeM««/i<. Gehvi?, cwoms,, Bluinv. Osieogr.

Ilab. Brazil ; Bolivia, Bridges.

* * Lower cutting-teeth short, truncated ; lower canities conical, exserted.

16. LEONTOPITHECUS.
Head covered with elongate hairs, those round the face bent back-

17. OEDIPUS. 65

ward. Face rather naked. Ears bald, partly hidden. Tail not ringed.
Lower cutting-teeth short, truncated. Canines conical.

Leontopithecus, Lesson.

1. Leontopithecus Rosalia. The MariTcina. B. M.

Golden yellow more or less red.
Marikina, Buffon, H. N. xv. 108, t. 16. Simia Rosalia, Limi. Midas
Rosalia, Geoff.
Var. Head, feet, hands, and end of tail blackish.
Hah. Brazil.

2. Leontopithecus chrysomelas. B. M.

Black ; cii'cumference of face, forearms, hands, and base of tail
fulvous.

Midas chrj'somelas, Kuhl. Hapale chrysomelas, Pr. Max. Abhild-
p. 11, t.

Hah. Brazil.

Very like a melanism of L. Rosalia ; but the hands and feet, which
are sometimes blackish in that species, are yellow — that is to say, not
changed.

17. (EDIPUS.

Face and sides of the head rather naked. Crown with a patch of
hair, which is often elongated. Tail not ringed. Hair of neck
elongated. Lower cutting-teeth short, truncated. • Canines conical,
(lidipus. Lesson.

a. Hair on crown forming a large erect crest. No. 1.
h. Hair on crown short, bent back. No. 2.

* Hair on crown elongated, erect, forming a large tuft.

1. CEdipus titi. The Pinche. B. M.

Grey brown ; outside of limbs, and base of tail, washed with rufous ;
tuft on crown, throat, chest, belly, fore limbs, and front edge of hind
limbs Avhito ; end of tail black.

Pinclic, Buffon, H. N. xii. 1. 17. Simia CEdipus, Linn. Midas (Edi-
pus, Geoff. CEdipus titi, Lessoti,

Hah. Brazil.

•* Hair on crotcn short, forming a narrow oblong patch. Ilapanella.

2. (Edipus Geoflfroyi. B. II.

Grej brown ; hair soft, blackish at the base ; nape, back of the

66 CEBID^^:.

neck, and base of tail chcstnnt ; crest, throat, chest, fore legs, and
front of hind legs white ; end of tail hlack.

Midas CEdipus, vai-., Spi'x, Bras, t 23, 1823. Ilapale (Tcoffroyi,
Puchcran, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 336. Midas Geofli'oyi, /. Geoff. Cat,
p. G3.

Hah. Panama, Saluiii.

18. MIDAS.

Face and forehead hairy. The hair of the head like that of the
body. The ears large, naked, withont any tuft. The lower ciitting-
teeth short, truncated ; canines conical. Tail black, not ringed.
Midas, Geoff.

a. Lower lip white. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

b. Nose black, whiskers white. No. 4.

c. Nose black ; face brownish, with some grey hairs. No. 5.
(K Nose and lips black. No. 6.

* Lower lip white. Mj'stax.

1. Midas mystax. B. M.

Black ; back and thigh brownish-washed ; beneath dull black ;
nose and upper and lower lip with a broad tuft of long white hairs.

Midas mystax, Sj^ix, Bras. p. 29, t. 32 ; Geoff. Cat. p. 64.
Hah. Peru ; Upper Amazons.

See Midas piJeatus, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 63 ; Arch, du Mus. v. t. 31.
Brown, reddish-washed ; limbs and tail black ; crown bright
red ; nose and lips white. Hah. Brazil.

2. Midas labiatus. The Eed-heUied Midas. B, M.

Black ; the hinder part of the back washed with grey ; hinder
part of the chest, belly and inside of the limbs, and underside of the
base of the tail rufous ; tip of nose and edges of the upper and lower
lip white.

Midas labiatus, Geoff.

Hah. Brazil : north side of the Amazons, Bates.

3. Midas rufiventer. The Cmvned Midas. B. M.

Black ; hinder part of the back washed with ashy grey ; the chest,
belly, inside of the limbs, and the underside of the base of the tail
bright dark rufous ; tip of the nose and the edges of the upper and
lower lip white ; crown of the head with a rufous spot, and the nape
grey.

Midas rufiventer, Grai/, Ami. ^- Maq. N. H. xii. p. 398 ! Gray, P. Z. S,
1866 ; Zool. Sulph. t. ! M. elegantulus, SUtck, Proc. Acad. N. S.
Philad. 1861, p. 463.

Hah. Brazil. ,.- ,

18. mihas. q7

jVosc hlnck; whukcrx irhih; broad.

4. Midas leucogenys. Whlte-cheel-ed Mulcts. B. M.

f.ilT^' ,' ^'''t; ''"i^ "'''""^'^ "^' ^'^'^ ^'™^«' ^^'^'-'^^ed with reddish prey ;
lace black, with a large trunigular white spot under each cheek.
M. leucogenys, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1866!
JI((?j. Brazil.

See 2Lnu,nroU!s, Spix, Bras. t. 21; but it is difficult to determine
It the nose is white or black in the figures. In the descrip-
tion the lips are said to be white.

*** Nose black ; face hroivnish, ivlth some grey hairs.

5. Midas flavifrons. The Broivn-headed Midas. B. M.

Black; hinder part of back rather mottled with white: head
pale brown, black-varied.

^^'Amfntcd^l:Q'ir-^-^''*- P"-*^^'^^^' Castehmu, 3Iamm. E.vped.

Male. Outside of Umbs bright-rufous-washed ; underside of body
and mside of hmbs red brown.

Female Outside of Umbs and underpart of body blackish
Hab. Brazil, Bates.

See also —

a. Midas rufoniger, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 64, 1848 ; Castelnau, Expe'd.

Amer Sud, t. 5. f. 3. Back, loins, thighs and legs bright-
red chestnut. Hab. Brazil. Mus. Pa^g^

b. Midas DevilUi, Is. Geoff Cat. p. 64 ; Castelnau, Exped. Amer

bu( , t 6. 1. 2. Loins, thighs, and legs bright-red chestnut ;
baelc black annulated with grey ; head, neck, and front part
ot thc^back and fore limbs, and four hands and tail black
Hab. Peru. at t) •

Mus. Paris.

c. Midas niep-ifrons, I. Geoff Cat. p. 64. Forehead and circumfe-

rence of face black ; crown of the head, the throat, neck
and front limbs brown, finely punctated with red (hairs an-
nuJated at the tips with these colours). Back black- and
yeUow-nngcd ; croup and hinder limbs red-punctated • lower
part of body and insides of limbs reddish brown'; hands and
tail black.

d. Midas IlUcjeri, Pucheran, Mag. Zool. 1845, p. 336. Head black ■

back and loins black- and fulvous-banded ; the rest of the
body red ; tail and liands black. HaJ>. Columbia ?

e. Midas fu,^riroll is, Spix. Bras. t. 1. M. ]Veddellii, Deville Bev

/ool. 1849, p. 55 ; Ls. Geoff Cat. p. 65. Loins, thighs, and

f2 ^

60 LEMURIDJE.

legs bright-red chestnut ; circumference of face and forehead
white. Hah. Bolivia.

**** Kose and lips black. Tamarin.
6. Midas ursulus. T7ie Tamarin, B. M.

Black ; hinder part of the back rather mottled with greyish white.
Var. 1. Hands black. B. M.

Tamarin negre, Buffon, Supp. vii. t. 32. Midas ursulus, Geoff. Jac-
chus tamarin, Gray !

Var. 2. Hands yellow or orange. B, M.

Tamarin, Bufon, H. N. xv. p. 92, t. 13. Simla Midas, Linn. Midas
rufimanus, Geoff. S. Lacepedii, Fischer, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1806,
p. 23. M. Lacepedii, Slack, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phil. 1861, p. 461.

Hah. Brazil.

19. SENIOCEBUS.

Head naked in front; hinder part of head covered with short
hairs. Ears bald, exposed. Tail not ringed. Lower cutting-teeth
short, truncated. Canines conical.

CEdipus, part.. Lesson.

Seniocebus bicolor. B. M.

Grey, brown -punctulated ; back of head, neck, chest, and fore legs
white ; tail black above, brownish beneath and at the tip.

Toung. Face rather hairy ; forehead naked.

Midas bicolor, <S);?'r, Bras. p. 31, t. 24. f. 1. ffidipus titi, junior,
Lesson. Hapale bicolor, Wagner ; Schreb. v. t. 12.

Hah. Brazil.

Fam. IV. LEMURID^.

Cutting-teeth ^ or ^, dissimilar ; upper small, separate in pairs,
vertical ; lower larger, contiguous, shelving forward ; the two outer
larger, opposed to the space between the upper cutting-teeth and
the canines (they are probablj' the lower canines). The fingers and
toes free, well developed ; the first toe shorter. Claw of the second
toe subulate ; of the first elongate, curved ; the others flat. Hab.
Old continent : Africa, Madagascar, or India. Nocturnal ; sleeping
in the day, rolled into a ball, with the tail between the hind legs
and convolute round the body.

Lemuridffi, Graij, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 131.

LEMUltlD^li. 69

Synopsis of Tbibes and Genera.
Section A. Legs elongate. Tail limg (except in ludris).

A. Teeth 3G ; lower cutting-teeth 6 ; grinders f • f.

Tribe I. Lemubina. The ears moderate, hairy, more or less hid m the
fur. Feet shorter than the tarsus.

* Head elongate ; muzzle elongate,

1. Varecia. The head surrounded by a ruff. Ears tufted.

2. Lemub. Head without any ruff. Wrist with a narrow bald line and

pad above.

3. Pbosimia. Head without any ruff. Ears externally hairy. Wrist

hairy.

** Head roundish ; mtizzle short.

4. Hapalemub. Upper cutting-teeth on the inside of canines.

5. CHEiBOGALEtrs. Upper cutting-teeth in a regular arched series.

Tribe H. Galagonina. The ears elongate, bald, contractile on the hinder
edge, folding back on the head. Feet short and broad, about two-
thirds the length of the shank or shin.

* Head elongate ; face produced.

6. Otoqale. Tail bushy. Upper cutting-teeth nearly in the same line.

** Head roundish ; face short.

7. Galaoo. Tail bushy with long hairs. Upper cuttiug-teeth equal,

slender.

8. Lepilemub. Tail with close-set short hair. Upper cutting-teeth

in an arched series, two middle larger.

B. Teeth 34 ; lower cutting-teeth 4 ; grhulers ^'\. Feet short, broad.

Tribe HI. MiCBOEHYNCinNA. Head round ; face fiat. Ears small,
hidden.

9. MiCBOBHYNCHUS.

Tribe IV. Indrisina. Head elongate ; face rather produced. Ears pro-
minetit, hairy.

10. Pbopithecus. Tail elongate.

1 1. Indbis. Tail none.

Section B. Arms and legs e<jual. Tail none. Feet short.

Tribe V. LoRisiNA. The hands normal; fingers free, itule.v clawed.

12. Nycticedus. Limbs short.

13. LoBis. Limbs elongate, slender.

Tribe VI. PebodictiCINA. Hands broad, .ihort ; inde.v finger abortire,
clawless.

14. Peeodicticus. Hands and feet large. Nape spinous.
lo. Arctocebus. Iliuids and feet small. Nape imarmed.

70 LEMUEIDiE.

Soction A. The legs much longer than the arins. Fingers free, tcell de-
veloped. Tail elongate, hairg, except in ludris.

Tribe I. LEMURINA.

Head elongate : face more or less produced. Ears moderate,
haii'j' externally, more or less hid in the fur. Feet shorter than the
tarsus. Upper cutting-teeth subequal, on the side of the more or less
prominent intermaxillary bone. Tail elongate, haii'j. The great toe
short, broad. The length of the feet is shown in the skeleton by
the tarsal bones being shorter, or not longer, than the metatarsal
ones ; they are shorter than the shank or tibia, being generally about
two-thirds the length of that part of the leg.

Lemmina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 133.

A. Head elongate ; muzzle elongate. Ears e.iposed.

1. VARECIA.

The cheek and chin surrounded by a fringe of long hair. The ears
pencilled at the end. The wrist hairy. The skull elongate. Face
tapering, broad behind, and sheh-ing on the sides of the nose ; su-
perciliary ridges prominent, much higher than the forehead.
Varecia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 135.

1. Varecia varia. TJie Muffed Maucaco. B. M.

Fur black-and-white varied, rarely all black or all white.

Ruffed Maucaco, Penn. Sgn. p. 118. Lemur melanoleucus, Gray.
L. macaco, Ginelin ; Linn. -S". N. ; Geoff. Ann. 3Ius. xix. p. 215 ;
F. Cur. Mumm. Lith. t. L. mocaco, Geoff. Vari, Ptffon, H. JV.
xiii. t. 27(5'; ^'^chreb. t. 40 B ; Audeb. Makis, t. (jl. f. 5. Pro-
simia macaco, Grat/ ; Lesson, Spec. i. p. 233. Varecia varia, Gray,
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 136 !

Var. 1. Side of the nose, mouth, ears, back of neck, back, and
sides white ; forehead, belly, outer side of limbs, and taU black. —
Baffon, H. N. t. xiii. t. 29.

Var. 2. Black ; colour on the cheek and neck, the limbs, and an
indistinct band round the body white.

Le Vari a ceiutiue, Geoff. Per. Fncy. t. ; Audeb. Makis, t. 17. f. G ;
F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Prosiniia subcincta, A. Smith.

Var. 3. Grey white ; muzzle, top of the head, shoulders, arms,
inner side of thighs, tail, and four hands deep black or brown. —
Audeb. t. 16. f. 5.

Var. 4. A\Tiite.

Var. 5. White, with a brown spot on the forehead, a larger one
on each side.

Var. G. Black. B. M.

1, VAKECIA,

71

The Black Macaco, Edw. Glean, v. t. 217. Lemur niger, Geoff. Ann.
Mus. xix. p. 159. L. macaco, Linn, Varecia nigra, Gray, P. Z. S.

ISO;?, p. lac !
Hab. Madagascar.

Skull with the face much lengthened, tapering. The nose high,
shelving on the side to the central ridges. The grinders large ; the
upper cutting-teeth one before the other, on the side of the project-
ing intermaxillary. The interorbital space very narrow and de-
pressed. Length of skull 3" 9'", breadth at zygomatic arch 2".

Fig. 1.

Varecia vuria.

2. Varecia rubra. The Med Mancaco. B.M.

Fur rod ; wrist or ankks more or less white.

Lemur ruber, Geoff. 1812. Prosimia rubra, A. Smith. V. errthro-
mela. Lesson. N'arecia rubra, Gray, P. Z. 8. 18();3, p. loG !

Hah. Madagascar.

Skidl wider, orbit more diverging, and ihe side of the nose liigher
and Halter thau iu V. laria.

72

LEMUKIDiE.

3. Varecia leucomystax.

Grey; patch on lower part of back and fringe round the face
white.

Lemur leucomystax, Bartlctt, P. Z. S. 18G2, p. 347, pi. 41. Varecia
leucomystax, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 130 !

Hab. Madagascar. Li\'ing in the Zoological Gardens.

2. LEMUE.

Face without any ruff. Ears hairy externally. The hand with a
bald line up the inside of the wrist, ending in a bald spot above.
The tail ringed. A dark gland on the middle of the rump. Upper
cutting-teeth subcqual, rather shelving. SkuU with the forehead
convex ; face rather compressed, round above.

Lemur, Litm. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 136. Procebus, Stwr. Pro-
simia, part., Brisson.

Lemur catta. The Ring-tailecl Lemur.

B.M.

Ashy ; sides of back brownish ; chest and beUy, sides of face, ears,
and frontal spot white ; orbit and end of muzzle blackish ; limbs
greyer.

Ring-tailed Maucaco, Penn. Syn. Lemur catta, Linn. S. N. i. p. 45 ;
Geoff". Ann. du Mus. xix.t. 62 ; Gray ! Maucaco, Edtv. Birds, iv,
1. 197; Schreb.t.41; Shaw, Mus. Lever. 1. 11. Moc^qo, Biiffun, H.
N. xiii. t. 22 ; Mem. Mus. t. ; Andeb. 3Iakis, t. 14. f. 4 ; F. Cuv.
Marnm. Lith. t. Prosimia catta, Lesson, Sp. M. p. 223. Procebus
cinerea, Brisson, p. 157.

Uah. Madagascar.

Skull quite adult, length 3" 2'", breadth 1" 10'"; the interorbital
space flattened, narrow ; forehead convex.

Fig. 2.

Lemur catta. (Huxley.)

3. PRosraiA. 73

3. PROSIMIA.

Tho head -without any ruff or fringe. The ears hairy externally,
naked at the tip, more or less exposed. Tho wrist haiiy. The skull
elongate ; the face produced, rather compressed on the sides, rounded
above ; forehead flat.

Prosunia, Brisson ; Graxj, P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 137.

o. Temple, cheek, forehead, and cro-nm white. No. 1.

b. Temple, under the ear, and throat white. No. 2.

c. Temple coloured hke tho back. Nos. 3, 4.

d. Temple rufous, the hair elongate beneath. Nos. 5, 6.

e. Temple and cheek rufous. Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10.

Prosimia rirfifrons is easily known by the two small white stripes
across each side of the rump ; P. alhifrons by the white back of the
head; P. melanocephala by the black head and yellowish fur ; P.
xanthomystax by the indistinct broad black stripe down the back ;
P. albhmma by the black dorsal streak and crescent at the base of
the tail and white feet ; P. coronata and P. collaris by the rufous
band across the forehead.

* Tem2)le, cheek, forehead, and crown white.
1. Prosimia alhifrons. The White-fronted Maucaco. B. M.

Grey brown, hairs minutely punctulated ; face and end of the tail
black; hinder part of the head, including the forehead, cheeks,
temples, and base of ears, pure white ; chest, belly, and inside of the
limbs whitish grey.

Lemur albifrons, Geoff. ; Audeb. Makis, t. 3 ; Bennett, Zool. Gardens,
1. p. 299_, fig. ; Hoeven, Nat. Tijdsch. xi. t. 1. f. 2 (a skull). L.
Frederici, Schinz, p. 112. Prosimia albifrons, Gray ! Lesson.
Hah. Madagascar. Living in the Zoological Gardens.

* * Temple, under the ear, and throat white.

2. Prosimia nigrifrons. B. M

Blackish or grey, greyer on the sides beneath ; base of the ears
reddish white ; cheek, throat, and chest white ; nose grey ; orbits,
forehead, cheeks, and end of the tail black or blackish.

Lemur nigrifrons, Geoff. ; Bennett, Zool. Gard. i. p. 301, fig. ; Petiver,
Gaz. t. 17. f. 8. Prosimia ocularis, Lesson. P. nigrifrons, Gray !

Hob. Madagascar.

* • • Temple coloured like the back.

3. Prosimia melanocephala. B. M.

Fur yellowish brown, washed with black ; chin and beneath pale
rufous : head black above : cheeks, under the ears, with a convex
puff of hair of the same colour us the back ; tail brown, blacker at
the end ; hands and foot dark redilish brown.

74 LEMTJRID^.

Prosiinia melanocephala, Gray, P. Z. .8. 1803, p. 137, t. 18 !

Young of same specimen (perhaps a hybrid with some other
yellow-puffed species). Head rather paler ; spot on side of the neck
rather yellower and more silky and puff-like. B. IT.

Hub. Madagascar.

4. Prosimia mongoz. The Woolli/ Maucaco, B. M.

Fur reddish grey ; throat, chest, and beneath reddish grey ; the
crown of the head black ; face, chin, streak up the forehead and
across the crown of the head black ; cheeks and sides of the forehead
iron-grey.

Lemur mongoz, Linn. Mongous, Buffon, H. N. xiii. p. 298, t. 26.
Lemur albifrons of Menageries. Woolly Maucaco, Penn. Prosimia
(Mico) mongoz, Lesson ; Gray ! Mongoz, £dtv. Glean, i. t. 216.

Hab. Madagascar.

The specimens of this species vary in the breadth of the band or
streak on the head ; but it is always known by the black nose and the
iron-grey spot on each side of the forehead. Skull elongate, length
3" 6'", breadth 2" ; canines very large ; interorbital space broad,
convex ; forehead flat ; orbits produced on the sides.

**** Temple rufous, the hair elongated (forming a hind of whisker)
beneath.

5. Prosiinia rufifrons.

Fur grey, with two small white cross streaks on each side of the
rump ; throat and beneath rufous ; nose and line up the middle of
the forehead black ; sides of nose, cheeks, and large spot on each side
of the forehead white ; tail blackish, rather rufous at the base.

Lemm" mougoz, Schreh. Sdugeth. i. t. 39 a (moderate). Lemur rufi-
froDS, liennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p._ 106 ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1845 ; Zool
Typica, t. (bad). Prosimia rulifi'ous, Lesson; Gray !

Hah. Madagascar. B. M.

Both Schreber's and Fraser's figures leave out the peculiar stripes
on the side of the rump.

Lemur rufus (Geoff.), Mali roux (Audeb. Makis, t. 2), seems
to resemble tliis species ; but we have it not : it may be
only a varietJ^

Lemur rujiventcr (I. Geoff. Cat. Mamm. p. 71) and Lemur Jlaviventer
(I. Geoft\ Cat. Mamm. p. 72) are probably allied species.

6. Prosiinia xanthomystax. B. M.

Fur grey brown, with a broad, black, indistinct dorsal streak ;
chin, chest, and beneath pale rufous ; head and back of neck black ;
a large puffy spot on each side of the throat under the ear bright

'■i. PKOSIMTA. 75

rufous ; a large s])ot on each side of the forehead over the eyes grey ;
tail brown, blackisli-washed.

Lenuir xanthomystax, Grai/, B. M. Prosimia xanthomystax, Grini,
P. Z -S'. 180;J, p. 138,t. 17.

Hah. Madagascar.

This may be easily kno-rni from P. momjoz (with which it agrees
by having the grey spot on the forehead) by the dorsal streak and
the red \mS on the temples.

***** Temples and cheeks and sotneti/ncs the sides of the neck rufous.

7. Prosimia coronata. B. M.

Fur pale grey ; beneath reddish white ; face white ; temples,
cheeks, and forehead rufous ; spot on the crown of the head black ;
tail blackish, rufous at the base.

Lemur coronatus, Grai/, Ann. ^- May. N. H. 1842, x. p. 257 ; Voy.
Sidphur, t. 4. Prosimia coronata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 138.

Var. "White. Malci albinos, Chenu, Ency. H, N. Quadr. p. 263, fig,

Ilab. Madagascar.

Lemur chrysampyx (Scheurmann, Acad. Brux. xxii. 1848), ac-
cording to M. I. Geoffroy, differs from the foregoing species
in the absence of the black spot on the crown, and the white
colour of the lower and outer parts.

8. Prosimia albimana. The White-handed Maucaco. B. M.

Fur dark iron-grey, with a black streak on the hinder part of the
back, and a black broad crescent at the base of the tail ; nose, outer
base of the cars, hands, chin, chest, and beneatli wliite ; temples
and sides of the throat rufous ; spot on forehead and underpart of
orbit blackish.

Lemur mongoz, Audeb. Makis, 1. 1. L. albimanus, Geuff. Prosimia
albimaua, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 139 ; Lesson.

//rti. Madagascar,

See Lesson's Propithecus Brissonianus, from L. mongoz, var. c,
Gmclin, said to be brown above, dirtj' white beneath, with a
white nose and hands.

9. Prosimia anjuanensis. Tlie Grey-frontal Maucaco. B. M.

Fur reddish iron-grey ; chin and beni'ath paler ; nose, head, nape,
front of the body, and shoulders blackish grey ; temples and outer
base of the ears black ; a large roundisli spot on the side of the
neck, under the ears, rufous ; tail blaekish-washed.

Lemur aiijuaueusis, Gcojf. Ann. Mks. p. xix. ll>l. Simla sciurus, &c.
Pe<,G«5. xiv. t.8. Prosuuiafusca, Z^/'wsort. 1*. bugi,Z«««cM,Sp, Mamiu,

76 LEMUKIDiE.

p. 227. Le mongous, Lemur iiigrifrons, var., F. Ciw. Mamm. Lithog.
t. L. albifrous, Guerin, Icon. t. 2. f. 3. P. aiij iianensis, Gray !

Hah. Madagascar.

Easily known from P. collaris by the small size of the rufous spot
on the side of the neck, and the black nose and head.

Considered by M. Cuvicr the female of L. albifrons ; but Mr.
Macleay (Linn, Trans, xiii. p. 624) says that both sexes of this
species have a white forehead.

10. Prosimia collaris. B. M.

Fur dark or pale iron-grey ; nose, outer base of the ears, chin,
throat, and beneath white ; orbits, temples, sides of the face, chin,
and sides of the throat rufous ; tail iron-grey, rufous at the base.

Lemur collai-is, Geoff. Prosimia collaiis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 139 !

Bab. Madagascar. B. M.

This species differs from P. alhimana in the rufous spot on the
side of the face being more extended, and the hands and feet are
dark iron-grey. There is no dorsal stripe or crescent at the base
of the tail.

See Lemur rtifus, Audeb. Maids, t. 12. f. 2 ; Schreb. t. 39. f. 1.
Prosimia rufa, Lesson, Spec. Mamm. p. 228. Golden orange
above, yellowish white^boneath ; cheeks and forehead white,
with a black band extending to the occiput ; muzzle black ;
tail rufous, with a black tip.

Lemur rubriventer, 7s. Geoff. Cotnpt. Rend. xxxi. p. 876.
L. tiaviveuter, Is. Geoff. Compt. Hend. xxxi. p. 876.

B. Head roundish ; muzzle short.
4. HAPALEMUR, I. Geoff.

Cutting teeth ?-^, the upper ones behind the other on each side,
crowded on the inside of the canine. Ears short and hairy. Tail
elongate, hairy. Hinder limbs much longer than the front ones.
Hapalolemur, Giebel, 1859. Hapalemui-, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 141.

Hapalemur griseus. B. M.

Dark iron-grey, with a yellowish tinge ; hairs black, with a sub-
apical reddish band ; underside rather paler.

Lemur giiseus, Geoff. 1796. Maki giis, Bnffoti, Siqyp. vii. t. 24.
Clieirogaleus griseus, Van der Iloeven, Tijdsch. 1844, xi. t. 1. f. 1
(skull). Hapalemur griseus, I. Geoff. Cat. 3Ieth. p. 75.

Hah. Madagascar. Shot in the woods.

The upper cutting-teeth are placed one before the other, and
ci'owded so as to be ou the inner side of the canine.

5. CnEIUOGALEUS.

77

Hapalemur olivaceus, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 75. Hah. Madagascar.
Fig. 3.

Hapalemur griseus. (Mivart.)

5. CHEIROGALEUS, Geoff.

Head very short, muzzle tapering. Ears small, hidden, bald on
the edge. Cutting-teeth ^, the middle larger, in an arched series
on sides of intermaxillaries ; the first false grinder in the upper jaw
large, conical, erect, like a small canine, and in the lower jaw also
rather large. Legs rather elongate, more equal than in the true
Lemurs. The feet are short and broad, about two-thirds of the
length of the shank.

Myspithecus, Fr. Cuv. 1833. Myoxicebus ct Cebugale, Lesson, 1840.
Cheirogaleus, Geoff. ; Wagner, 1840 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 142.

M. Isidore Geoffrey, in his account of the genus Hapahmur,
states that in Cheirogaleus " the cutting-teeth are in straight cross
lines, and the ears are membranaceous." If this is correct, the species
here described arc not CJieirof/aJei.

1. Cheirogaleus Milii.

" Grey brown ; palpebra?, sides of mouth, and whiskers black ;

throat, chest, and belly white ; cars moderate, scarcely cxserted,

edge smooth, crest hairy ; head globose ; muzzle broad, depressed."

Maki nnin, F. Cuv. Mamm. 1821. Cheirogaleus Milii, Geoff. 1828,

P. Z. S. 1803, p. 142.

Hah. Madagascar.

78 LEMURID.T,.

2. Cheirogaleus typicus. B. M.

Reddish brown ; checks, throat, and beneath white ; orbits black-
ish ; tail cjlindi'ical ; fur on outside of ears blackish.

Cheirogaleus typicus, A. Smith, S. African Juurnal, ii. ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. JB. M. p. 17 ; P. Z. 8. 18G3, p. 142.
Hah. Madagascar.

Length of foot 2"; length of head about 2", and width about 1|",
as well as it can be measured on a stuffed sj^ecimen.

3. Cheirogaleus Smithii. B. M.

Palo bay ; chin and beneath jiale yellow ; outside of ears pale
brown ; orbits blackish ; streak on nose and between the orbits
white ; the hairs are slate-coloiu- at the base.

Cheirogaleus Smithii, Gray, Ann. ^ Slay. N. II. 1842, x. p. 257 ; Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 16 ; P. Z. S. 1863, p. 143. Microcebus pusillus,
Watcrlwuse, Cat. 3Ius. Z. S. ed. 2. p. 12. no. 80. Le Hat de Mada-
gascar, Buffon, Supp. iii. t. 20 ?

Hah. Madagascar.

Length of hind foot 1" 2'".

This specimen is about one-fourth the size of O. typicus. It
may be the young of it ; but the teeth, so far as one can see in a
stuffed specimen, appear to be perfect.

There is a specimen in spirits in the British Museum, from the
Zoological Society, that was named Microcebus jnisilhis by Mr.
Waterhouse in the second edition of the Catalogue of the Museum
of that Society, which agrees with this animal in almost all particu-
lars ; but the ears appear larger and bald, and the fur of the under
part of the body whiter — perhaps both particulars arising from its
having been preserved in spirits. The length of the feet and the
teeth agree ; but the feet and, especially, the hands are white and
hairy, while in the dry specimen they are brown and nearly -ndthout
hair.

It is sad to observe the persistence with which an error may be
endowed. Vigors and Horsfield, in the ' Zoological Journal ' in
1828, described an American Douroucouli as a Lemur, under the
name of Cheiroi/aleus Commersoml, believing that it came from Ma-
dagascar. This error was soon corrected ; but Lesson retains it
among the Lemuridae, and renamed it Glicehus rufus ; Schinz, in
his ' Systematic Catalogue,' published in 1844, still retains it, and
calls it Scartes r-ufus (vol. i. p. 102) ; andGiebel, ' Die Siiugethiere,'
published in 1859, p. 1018, still regards it as a Cheirogaleus.

Le Rat de Madagascar (BufFon, Supp. iii. t. 20) well represents
this animal ; but it has been considered the type of the genus
Microcebus, which is described as ha^'ing a long slender foot.

The foUomng generic and specific names have been applied to this
animal : —

Microcebus, Geoff. 1828. jMyseelnis, Lesson, 1840. Mvocebus, Schinz,
1844.

C). OTOOALE. 79

Microcolius rufus, Geoff. Gmr.s Mamin. 1825; /<. Geoff. Cat. 80.
\Amm- piisillus, Geoff. BM. Phil. i. p. 80, 1795. {{alago luadagaa-
carieusis, (uojf. Tub. d. (Jiiddr. 1812.

Buffon's figure of le Rat dr. Madugascar, wliicli is the type of
Lemur j)usilltis, rei)Tijiivntii the tiiiimai as having a short hind foot,
and in that particular hotter represents my Cheu-ogaleus minor than
any animal that M. I. Geoflfroy would place -nath the Galaijina, or
M. Dahlhom -witli the Macrotarsir. I have never seen a Ltmur yvith
small cars and a long foot ; so that I suppose a true Microcdnis has
not occurred to me ; hut I doubt much if iJuffon's figure represents
the genus.

Tribe II. GALAGONINA.

The cars elongate, bald, thin, very contractile on the hinder edge;
folding back on the head. Feet broad, short, about two-thirds the
length of the shank or shin.

A. Head elonycdc ; face produced. Eyes moderate.

G. OTOGALE.

The ears very long, membranaceous, the hinder edge contractile,
so as to fold up the conch like the long-eared Bats. Cutting-teeth
^ ; upper slender, equal, nearly in the same line ; lower close
together, and projecting horizontally forwards. 8kull rather elon-
gate, broad. Anterior false grinder elongate, erect, conical, com-
pressed, with a slight notch at each side near its base ; the lower
canine large, conical, bent up ; grinders large, broad. Feet broad,
short, only two-thirds the length of the shank. The toes broad,
with distinct roundish disks. The thumb very broad. The eyes
veiy large ; the iris very contractile, leaving a very small, erect,
oval or lanceolate pupil. Tail very long, with spreading hairs,
tapering at the end.

Otogale, Gray, P. Z. iS. 1863, p. 139. Callotus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 145 (from life).

* iSkull and face elongate. Otogale.

1. Otogale Garnettii. The Blade Galago. B. M.

Pale brown, yellowish be luatli, with a white narrow band on each
side of the loins ; tail half the length of the body, perhaps in-
jured.

Otolionus Garnettii, Oyilhy, P. Z. S. 1838, p. G. Otogale Ganiettii,
Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p.' 140, f. (skull). O. crassicaudata, var. a,
Lesson.

Ilah. Port Natal.

Skidl, length 2" 11'", breadth 1" lOf".

80

Otogale Garnettii.

2. Otogale crassicaudata. B. M.

Fur dark brown ; tail very long and thick.
Otolicnus crassicaudatiis, Peters, Mossamh. t. 2, t. 4. f. 1-5 ; Schrank,
Cat. Banes B. M. Galago crassicaudatus, Geoff. 1812 ; Blainv.
Osteog. i. 1. f. 1. 0. galago, Illiger. Otogale crassicaudata, Gi-ay,
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 140 ! Lemiu- crassicaudatus, Blainv.
Hah. East and West Africa ; Mozambique, Sundevall.
Skull, length 2" 7'", breadth 1" 8'".

3. Otogale Monteiri.

B.M.

Uniform pale grey ; sides of the nose rather dark ; hair of the
body soft, dark slate-colour, with long, white, rather crisp tips.

Callotus Monteiri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145 ! Otogale crassicau-
data, var.Kirkii, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 456 ! Galago Monteiri,
Bartlett, MS. !
Hah. Western Africa: Angola.

SkuU very similar to the preceding. The teeth slightly different.
See also Sdater, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 711, 712. The difference in
the colour I do not think can depend on the season. 0. Monteiri
was grey at aU times.

Fig. 5.

Galayo Monteiri. (Mivart.)

81

Galaf/o Montcin. (Mivart. )
Head short, broad ; face short, conical ; ci/es Umjc. Euoticus.

4. Otogale pallida. B. M.

Fur pale grey M-hitish beneath, with a roundish white spot on the
su e over the axiUa, and the groin ; tail very long, cylindri Jal neaHv
half as long again as the body and head. ' ^

Otogale pallida, Gray, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 140, t. 19.
J'ar. Tip of tail white.

Otolicnus apicalis I)u ChaiUu, Travels, p. 471 ; Boston Joum. 18G1,
P;'-/'; 'i" '^^'^'■o'^^li''^ ^■lf?antulus, Leeontc, I'roc. Acad. X S.
Philad Ibu/ ; Slack, Proc. Ac. Xat. Sci. Philad. 18U1, p. loS.

Uah. Fernando Po, Capt. Burton.

Feet 2" 0'". SknU, length 2", breadth 1" 4'"; orbits pro-
mment and produced on the sides; wider than the zygomatic

This species, which has the teeth exactly like the other Oto-aljr
by he shortness of its head and tlie large ^ize of tlie eves and'rhit
ot the skull forms a passage to the (iahigoids.

82 LEMITRTDiE.

Fio-. 7.

Otofialc pallida.

B. Head roundish ; face short. Eyes jvr;/ larrie.
7. GALAGO.

Ears large, pellucid, membranaceous, hinder edge contractile.
Cutting-teeth ~ ; the upper equal, slender, the lower shelving up-
ward. The upper canines erect ; the lower ones decumbent,
shelving forward and upward. The fii'st false grinder short,
broad, three-lobed, like the others, and not prominent and erect
like the canines. Feet elongate, slender, nearly as long as the
shank or shin ; tarsal bone longer than the metatarsal.

Cheirosciurus, Chiv. Sf Geoff. 1795. Galago et Galagoides, A. Smith.
Scartes, Swainson. Galago, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145.

Mr. Ogilby says that the index finger is partly opposable to the other
fingers and forms a group with the thumb {Proc. Zool. Sac.) ; but
this does not agree with our observations or with the construction of
the fingers of specimens in siiirits.

* Tail thick, with spreading hairs ; fingers and toes very slender, elonyate ;
the tipper cutting-teeth placed in an arched line, one before the other.

1. Galago Allenii. B. M.

Fur dark, blackish brown ; forehead, rump, and base of tail grey :
arms and legs reddish-washed ; nose-streak and underside of body
whitish ; tail black ; fingers and toes very slender, free ; ears mo-
derate. Length of hind foot 2" 10'". Skull (imperfect), length aboiit
2" 2'", breadth 1"5"'.

Galago Allenii, Waterhoiisc, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 87. Otolicnus Allenii,
Van der Hoeven. Galago acaciarum, var., Lesson.

Var. gahonensis. Skull small, 2", width 1" 4|"'. B. M.

Galago otolicnus gabonensis, Mivart, P. Z. S. 18(i4, p. 647.

Hah. West Africa : Gaboon ; Fernando Po.

There is a considerable difFercncc in the two skulls of this species
•which we have, thougli the skins resemble each other very closely,
so much so that it would not be easy to distinguish them as varieties.

83

The one from Feniiuulo Po is lMrji,'er, ;iiul the upper cutting-teeth
form an arched series, and the grinders are verj' large and broad.
The one from the Gaboon is rather smaller in .size, the upper cutting-
teeth are in nearly the same straight transverse line, and the grinders
are scarcely three-fourths of the general width of those of the other
skull : both skulls seem to have their perfect and permanent teeth.
Probably this may arise from the sex of the specimen ; but the sexes
are not marked, and there is no external character to distijiguish
them. In a third and yoimger specimen the upper cutting-teeth
are subequal, and ]ilaced one above the other ; so that this seems to
be the normal position of the teeth.

Fig. 8.

(iidiKjo AUvnii. (Mivart

Tail clnmtc, hair of lower part adpressed, of end sprcfidiiig ; the Jtm/era
and toes broader, shorter ; upper eidtinf/-teeth ver;/ slender, in a straii/ht
eross line. ( )tolicnus.

Fio-. 9.

(lidiujii iiudiuli.

2. Galago inaholi.

RM.

Brownish grey ; nose-streak, face, throat, and beneath whitish ;
ears large ; tail elongate, rather longer than head and body, subcla-
vate, rather browner than the back.

Length of foot 2" ;3"'. Skull, length 1" 6'", breadth 1" 0'".

Galago maholi, A. Smith, Illiist. S. Afriean Z. t. Octolicnus galago,
lVa(/ner, Sani/rfh. Sajipl. i. 202? (}. senogaleusis, var., I. Geoff.
Cat. p. 81. Octolicmis galago, vai\ australis, Wagner. ? Little

Maucaco, Lemur , Brown. UluM. Zool. t. 44, 1776. L. mu-

rinus, Shaw, Zool. p. 10(), t. 37 (upper fig.). Srartes :, Swainson,

Class. Mamm. p. -•552, 1838.

Var. Smaller ; orbits darker. B. iL

Hah. South Africa.

Brown's figure seems to represent this species ; but the hind foot

(i 2

84

LEMUHID^.

is too short — haTing about the same proportion, compared with the
shank-bono, as in LepUemur ; therefore I have only referred it to this
species \xi{\\ doubt. In Brown's figures the long claw is represented
as being on the groat toe, instead of the first toe.

The fine male specimen which served as the type of Sir Andrew
Smith's figure has the orbits of the same colour as the rest of the
face ; in two other rather smaller specimens in the Museum the orbits
are darker, in one nearly black.

There are two skulls of tliis species in the Museum Collection
both from South Africa. They vary very slightly in the size of the
teeth, especially in the breadth or squareness of the grinders. The
upper cutting-teeth are cylindrical, elongate, of the same size, and
placed in a nearly straight cross line ; the first upper false grinder
is broad and lobed, like the second one.

3. Galago senegalensis. B. M.

Ears oblong, rounded at the end ; fur grey ; nose-streak, chin,
and beneath white ; tail and feet blackish brown; taU rather longer
than the body and head ; orbits blackish.
Length of hind foot 2" 3'", of head 1" 7'".
Octolicnus galago, IlUyer. Galago senegalensis, Geajf. 1796; I. Geoff.
Cat. 81. G. Geoffroyii, Fischer. G. acaciarum, Lesson. Lemur
galago, Schreb. Siiw/eth. t. 38 B. Lemur calago, Shmv, Zool. p. 108.
L. minutus, Cuv. tub. JElem. p. 101. Galagoides senegalensis, A.
Smith.
Hah. "West Africa : Senegal ; Gambia.
Fin-. 10.

Gahif/o semiarie/ms.

4. Galago sennariensis. B. M.

Bluish grey; face and feet blacker; orbits black; throat and
undcrpart of body and inside of limbs white ; tail very long, one-
half as long again as the body and head, blackish ; ears very large,
rounded ; fingers and toes slender.

Length of hind foot 2". Skull, length 1" G'" (about the back
being imperfect), width 1" 2'".

Otolicnus teng, Hebeml. MS. Smidev. K. V. Acad. Hand. 1842,
p. 202. Galaiiosenegcilends, liiipp. Satif/efh.t. 8. Galago (senega-
lensis) sennariensis, Kofzschi/, MS.-. Gra;/, P.Z.S. 1803, p. 147 !

Hah. Sennaar, R'lippcll ; Kordofan, livppell.

/. r.ALAGO. 85

p JwiTh'/'°"* "'^^'■^'''''' ''' ^-"T Slender, longer and more
produced, the upper o,,nder,s are broader and squarcr, and the
hinder one is more triangular than in G. maholi

There are three .specimens of this species in the Museum, unfor-
tunate y not in a good condition ; but they all decidedly differ from
nn'dT l' .^'P^^^'^^^J' f t'le length of the toes, and in the fingers
but ^T f, .^7f,™°^-^ ^^1^"^1«^; Tliese three species are very simflar,
but I think they may easily be distinguished by the length and
colour of the tail O. mahoU and G. sene<,ahn,is have the tail
not more than one-fifth as long again as the body and head. In G
rit the tail IS rather dark, but grey ; in G. sen^alensh it is much

Sor't^™f> r^'^' ^7r'\ ^"^ ^- -^^""--"^^^ the tail is much
onger than the body and head, and black. There seems also to be
some difference, although difficult to describe, in the proportion of
the ears and the head. '■

Fig. 11.

•obd^jdo^^

xs.

XJ.

Galago ncniiariensis. (Ilitxloy.)

riie following species have not come under my observation :

1. Galar/o coyisjncHlatus, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 81. Ears acute, tri-

angular, acute at the tip ; fur above Mack-brown, beneath
grey ; tail elongate. Jfal.. Port Natal ; South Africa ;
Guinea.

2. OtoUcyuis j)eli Temni. Esquiss. Zool. p. 42: ilus. Leyden.

3. OtoJiciiKs sfueffalcnsis, Teters, Mossamb. ii. t. 4. f. 1 1-13. //«/,.

Mozambique.

Ob LEMURlD.l';.

*** Tail slender, cylindricul ; ears snialler. Ilemigalago.
Hemigalago, Dahlbom, 1857.
" A new genus, intermediate between Gidago uud Microcebus,
I. Geoff."

5. Galago Demidoffii. B. M.

Brown ; side of face dark ; nose-streak white, nairow ; chin,
throat, and below reddish grey ; tail one-half as long again as the body
and head, darker at the hinder half; skull, length 1" 5", width
1U|"'; length of hind foot 1" S'".

Galago Demidoffii, Fisclier, Mem. Ac. Mosc. i. t. 24. f. 1, 1806. Hemi-
galago Demidoffii, Dahlhoiu, Stud. p. 2;^0, 1. 10. Galago seuegaleusis,
L. Fraser. G. muriinis, Murraij, Edmh. Phil. Journ. n. s. x. t. 11.
Galagoides Demidoffii, A. Smith.

Hah. "West Africa : Gaboon.

There are several specimens of this animal in the Museum Col-
lection. The skin of the adult measui-es about 5 inches long, from
the tip of the nose to the base of the tail ; the tail is Ik inches long ;
the hind foot and shin are about 1 inch 8 lines long. There are
some smaller specimens in spirits, which appear to* be younger,
which have the hind foot only from 1 inch 4 lines to 1 inch G lines
long.

I am induced to suppose that Mr. Murray's Galago murinus from
Old Calabar is the young of this species, as the hind foot is figiired
about Ih inch long.

The skidl without a lower jaw, which in the Museum Catalogue
of Bones is put wnCicr Microcebus myo.vinus('p. 33),e%idently belongs to
this species.

Fio-. 12.

GaUujo iJeinidoJ/ii.

8. LEPILEMUR ? I. Geoff. 1851.

Cutting-teeth ~, the two front upper longer. Ears elongate,
membranaceous, bald, and exposed. Foot broad, shorter than the
shank. Tail cylindrical, covered with close-set short hair.

Lepilemur, r/ro/^f. ,• Ora;,, P. Z. S. 1S6.3, p. 143. Microcebus, Water-
house : Peters : Minn t.

8. LKPILEMUK.

87

Fi-. 1:3.

Lepile7nur murinus. (Mivart.)

* B;ick uuit'orm. Species 1.
** Back with black streak, forked on forehead. Species '2.

* Back uniform.

1. Lepilemur murinus. B. M.

Back pale reddish grey, uuderpart of the fur deep black ; broad
streak up the nose between the orbits, the checks, and the underside
whitish ; in front of the orbits on the side of the nose brown ; tail
rather l)rownor, slender, rather longer than the head and body ; ears
ratlier largo, rounded at the end, pale, covered with short scattered
hairs on the outside.

Lemur miiriiuis. Miller, Cim. Phi/s. p. 2o, t. 13. Microcebus miuinus,
Waterhoim', Cat. J/«s. Zoo!. Soc. p. 12. no. 90 (male). Galago
minor, Orai/, Ann. ^- Mni/. X. II. 1842, x. p. 2.57. ? Little Macaco,
Pvnn. Quad. Tiepilenna- murinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 143.

Ilah. Madagascar : from Zoological Society.

ililler's figures very well represent tliis animal, but the tail is
more bushy and browner than in our specimens ; the feet are of the
proper size and form. The skuU of the adidt male has a rather
longer nose than those of the ty])ical Galago ; and the orljitsare very
largo, but scarcely so large as some of the species of that genus. Tt
is 1" 2|"' long, and 9^, lines broad. The two front upper cutting-
teeth are large and bitid, the inner ones small and eylinchical. The
upper canines are erect ; the lower ones are decumlient. Tlie first
and second upper false grinders are slightly conical and compressed.

Lepilemur nmrinus.

8ec

a. Microcehus myoxmus, Peters, Mossamb. Siiugeth. i. p. 1-4, t. 4.

Lepilemur mijoxinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 144. The
figure of Dr. Peters agrees pretty well ^^■\i\\ the Museum
specimen of L. murinus ; but tlie whole colour of the fur is
rather darker, and the ears are larger. The figure of the
skull also agrees well with that of L. murinus. Tliis is not a
Microcehus as now restricted ; the feet are too short and
broad for that genus. In the figure the feet are short, two-
thirds of the length of the tibia. Hub. Eastern Madagascar.
Skull, length 1""4"' (according to the figure), breadth 10|"'.
It is very like Cheirocjaletis Smindi, but the ears are too large.
The ears are very apt to be unnaturally stretched in the stufl:-
ing, or the converse and allowed to shrink in the drying.

b. Otolcmur iiyisi/mhanus, Coquerel, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859,

p. 459, t. "is! f. 1 (skuU). Prom Zanzibar Island. Coquerel
" believes it to be Cheiroc/ctleus galago."

c. Lepilemur musteJinus, I. Geoff. Cat. Mamm. ; Archives du

Mus. t. Rufous ; throat white ; forehead and cheeks grey ;
lower part of body yellowish ; the tail, hands, and lower pai't
of the legs yellowish grey ; outer side of the last third of the
tail brown ; tail two-thirds the length of the body ; ears
large, rounded, membranaceous, dark. Length of head and
body 14", of tail 10". i:/rt6. Madagascar, 1842. The descrip-
tion of this animal agrees in most particulars with Lepile-
mur, but it is said to have no upper cutting-teeth. May not
this be a peculiarity of the single specimen on which the
species is founded ?

* * Back icitli a black streak, forked on the occijMt.

2. Lepilemur furcifer. B.M.

Grey ; baclc ^\^tll a streak, forked on the occijjut and extended
to the eyes ; end of the tail black.

Lenuir furcifer, Bhiiuv. Odcof/r. p. 35, t. 7, 1839. C'heirogaleus fur-
cifer, Is. Geoff. Cheirogale, Chemi, Enci/cl. Quadrum. p. 2G9,
f. 218 ? Lep'ilemm- furcifer, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 145. Micro-
cehus furcifer, Mivurt, P. Z. S. 1804, pp. 621 (fig.), 642.

JJab. Madagascar.

9. MicuoRnYNcnus.

89

Dr. Dahlbom observes that this species would l)c a Lepilemur if
it were without upper cutting-teeth; but as oMr Lepihmures have these
teetli, 1 think it had better be placed in this genus.

Tail elongate ; lace rather compressed ; orbit large, like Otof/ah ;
the cutting-teeth produced horizontally in front, the lower much the
longest ; the first upper false grinder elongate like a canine. —
Blainv. Osteocf. i. t. 7. f.

Fig. 15.

Li'pilt'inur furcifer. (Mivart. )

Tribe III. MICRORHYNCHINA.

Head short, subglobose. Face short, ta2)ering. Eyes hirge.
Ears small, hairy, hidden.

9. MICRORHYNCHUS.

Tail elongate, cylindrical, hairy. Ears hidden under the fur.
Thunil) and index finger without the second phalange. Xostrils se-
parated by a narrow septum. Hind foot sliort and broad. Claws
elongate, convex, acute ; claw of fii'st toe elongate, cylindrical.

Microrhynchus, Jourdan, 18-'54; Grai/, P. Z. S. 180:5, p. 141. Ava-
his, /. (ieoff. 188i"). Indris, A. Smith, 18.'{4. Semnocebus, /><•.<.<(>;/,
1840. Licbunotus, 7///</<'»- ; Wat/Ur. \\ahi,Jour(l. llabrocebus,
Tf'di/iirr.

90 LEMFRIP-E.

Microrhynchus laniger. The Avahi. B. M.

Erown, varied : nimji, spot over groin, and beneath whitish, with
a narrow white hiiiate band on the forehead.

Lifhanotus lauiger, Illuivr. Lemur lauiger, Gmeliii. Malii abourres,
Sonncrat, t. 89 ; cop. Buffon, Siipp. \'n\. t. 35. Lemur lanatiis,
Schreb. Imlris longicaudatus, Geoff'. Ann. Mus. xix. p. 158. L.
bruimeus, Link, Unftr. p. 65. Semnoeebus Avalii, Len.son ; Hoe-
ven, Nat. Tijds. xi. t. 3, and t. 2. f. 0, skull. Avahi, Joiirdan, In-
st if ide, 18.U, p. 23L

Hub. Madagascar.

Length of foot aboirt 2i inches.

Tribe IV. INDRISINA.

Head elongate. Face well developed. Eyes moderate. The hind
foot short, broad. Great toe very long, slender.

Liclianotina, part., Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Indrinina, Gruif, P. Z. 'b'.
1803.

10. PROPITHECUS.

Ears short, smooth inside, and visible in the fur, Nostrils sepa-
rated by a moderate septum. Tail elongate. The two middle
upper cutting-teeth very lai'ge, oblii]ue, sharp-edged. Great toe
long, hairy.

Propithecus, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 20. Macromerus, A. Smith,
1834. Ilabrocebus, TFac/ner, 1840.

Cutting-teeth ~ ; upper chisel-shaped, expanded at the end, two
middle larger ; lower elongate, subulate, decumbent. Canines J- ;
upper canines broad, lower elongate, decumbent. Fur formed of
long, straight, silky hairs. Head, nose, and top of the back black.
Forehead, ears, thorax, and tail yellowish white. Shoulders, sides,
and beneath white. Lips with black hairs. Between the eyes and
over the claws are some yellowish hairs.

Propithecus diadema. The Propitheqae. B. M.

Grey ; limbs yellowish ; hand and top of the head black ;
shoulders and part of back blackish ; circumference of face white.

I'ropitliecus diadema, Bennett,, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 20. INIacromerus
typicus, A. Stnith, South African Journal. Lemur diadema, Blainr.
6*<. t. 8. f. 3 ; t. 11. f. 2.

Eab. Madagascar.

11. INDRIS.

Upper cutting-teeth large, strong, compressed, one before the
other in an arched line. Ears cxserted, hairy. Nostrils separated
by a very narrow septum. Body thick. Feet short; tarsus shorter

n. INDRIS.

91

than the metatarsus. Tail rudimentary, very short. The great toe
very long, slender, and covered with hair.

Liehauotus, ///(V/er, 1811. Pitheleniur, Lesson, 1840. Indris, Lucep.;
Geaff. ludri, Cuvier. Stolicnus, Flem.

Indris brevicaudatus. Blach Luh-i.

B.M.

Blackish ; ears short, rounded ; muzzle, abdomen, and inside of
limbs greyish ; loins white.

Indris brevicaudatus, Geoff. Ann. 3Ins. xix. p. lo7. Lcnnir indri.
Gmel. i. p. 42. Liclianotus niger, Grai/. L. indri, Il/i(/ci: ludi-i
maucaco, Penn. Qniid. i. p. 228. ludri uiger, Audeh. Indris, t. 7.
f. 1. Indri, ISomiend, Voy. Lid. ii. t. 688 ; ScJireb. t. 38, c. Pithe-
leniur iudi"i, Lesson, Sjjec. Matnm. i. p. 208.

Var. white, called Slmpoune.

Inch-is albus, Vinson, C'ompt. Rend. Iv. p. 829.

Hah. Madagascar.

Fitr. 16.

Indris hreviedudatus. ( 1 1 iixlrv. )

The claws, like those of most of the Lemurkhv, when perfect,
are keeled, and end in an acute tip."

SlcuU. Length 3" 10'", breadth 2" 3".

The four lower cutting-teeth of the Indris occupy about the same
space as the six in the other genera, the central ones being broader,
while in the other genera the two central pairs are very much com-
pressed and slender ; and the upper cutting-teeth are stronger and
broader ; indeed the general character of the skull is to be stronger,
though the teeth are fewer. In other respects there is very little
difFcreuce in the denlition.

92

LEMUEIDJ::.

Section B. Fore mid hind legs eqxal. Tail none. Feet short.

Tribe V. LORISINA.

The fore and hind legs nearly equal in length. Feet short, broad.
Great toe very broad. Tail none. Index finger short.

Loridina, Grai/, Ann. Phil. 1823. Lorisina, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1803,
p. 149.

Fig. 17.

Lnris.

Nijcticelms.

Perodicticus. (Mivart.

12. NYCTICEBUS.

Head subglobose. Body and limbs stout and strong.

Bradicebus, G-Vrt^. Bradyeebus, -B/rt/wr. ; Lesson. Nycticebus, Ciivier,
1795 ; Geoff. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 149 ; Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 643. Stenops, Illiger. Bradylemur, Plainv. Cucang, Cuvier.
TardigTadus, Bodd.

1. Nycticebus tardigradus. The Slow Lemur. B. M.

Yellowish ashy, with a brown dorsal streak ; forehead brown, nar-
row whitish streak between the eyes ; cutting-teeth 4 above.

Lemur tardigTadus, Ruffes, Linn. Trans, viii. p. 247 ; Bennett, Gard.
Zool. Soc. p. 139, fig. Steuops tardigradus, Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr
\\\i. p. 345, t. 6. f. 3, 4, 8. Lenuu- tardigTadus, Linn. S. N. Tar-
digradus cucang, Bodd. Nycticebus Jteiigalensis, Geoff. ; Vos-
maer, t. ; Biffon, H. N. 8upp. vii. t. 30 ; Audeb. Loris, t. 1 ; Mamni.
Lith. t. ; Kniffht, Mus. A. N. f. 202.

Hab. Borneo and Sumatra.

2. Nycticebus javanicus. B. M.

Yellowish, with a broad dorsal streak ; nose, interorbital region,
and forehead white ; upper cutting-teeth 2.

Nvcticebus javanicus, Geoff. 1812; Ann. Mus. xix. p. 164; V. d.
'Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr. viii. p. 345, t. 0. f. 1, 2, 3, t. 7. f. 5-7.

Ilab. Java.

See Nycticehvs ceijlomcus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xix. p. 164; Seba,
i. t. 47. f. 1. Lemur tardigradus, var. c, Lesson, Spec.
Mamm. i. p. 242. Blackish brown ; back black, tinted with
yellow ashy on the belly. HaJi. Ceylon. May be only a variety
of the former.

14. PEROMCTICUS. 93

13. LORIS.

Tail none. Cutting-teeth ^, upper small, nearly equal. Nose

elonfi;ate, verj' acute. Body slender. Limbs very long. Thigh

elongate, nearly half as long as the body. Tarsus moderate. Eyes
large, close together.

rrosiniia, Cur. ,$■ Geoff. 1798. Loris, Geoff. 170G; Grai/, P. Z. S.
18().'5, p. 150. Stcnops, part., Illii/er. Arachnocebus, Lesson,
1840.

Loris gracilis. B. M.

Fur of back rufous, sooty-grey varied ; cheeks and beneath ashy
white ; spot between the eyes and in front of the ears white.

Loris gracilis, Geoff. ; Audeh. M. f. 2 ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. 7. f. 5. Lemur
tardigradus, Li)tn. Mus. A. ; Schreb. t. 38. L. lori, Zimm. L. cey-
lonicus, Fischer, 3I(ikis, t. 7, 8, 9 & 18. Loris, Bvffon, H. N. xiii.
t. 80, 32 ; Slum; Zool. i. t. 31 ; Seha, i. t. 35. f. 1, 2 ; Hoeven, Tijds.
i. t. f. 4, skull ; KnirjU, M. A. N. f. 203, 204. Stenops gi-ncilis,
Voigt. Arachnocebus, Lesson.

Hah. Ceylon ; India : Pondicheriy.

Tribe VI. PERODICTICINA.

The fore and hind legs nearly equal in length. Face short, broad.
The hand broad. The index linger abortive, clawless. Eyes
moderate.

14. PERODICTICUS, Bennett.

Tail shorter than the body. The hands and feet large. Fingers
and toes free at the ends ; the index finger rudimentary, but dis-
tinct. Lower cutting-teeth large, prominent, and projecting. The
apices of the vertebra; of the back, neck, and withers projecting
beyond the skin, like prickles.

Perodicticus, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 109. Grag, P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 150. Potto, Lesson.

Perodicticus potto. B. M.

Very slow ; slee])s by day, rolled in a ball, with the head between
the fore legs and folded into the chest, holcUng on by the fore and
hind legs to the edge of the cage. Lively by night. Hand with
only a very short rudimentary index, the ring finger rather the
longest ; foot similar, but with a regular index, armed with a
long, arched, broad nail; nails thin, oblong, transverse, rounded at the
end like the human ; nose deei)ly nicked in the centre, with rather
elongate semilunar nostrils on each side, rather higher than the tip
of the nose, naked, flesli-coloured ; upper part of nose rather naked;
eyes large, very convex, pu])il obbnig, rather oblique ; the four ver-
tebra) between the fronts of the bladebones produced beyond the skiji.

94

LEJIUKID.E.

forming- serrated crests covered with a blackish skin. Blackish brown ;
fnr yellowish, blackish-washed on the surface ; chin, throat, and be-
neath yellowish brown ; hair very close, woolly, yellowish, with
longer black-tiiiped and rigid hairs ; 2:)enis retractile into a sheath,
with roundish opening ; scrotum large. — Warricl; p. 46, t. 8.
f. 28.

Perodicticus Geolfroyi, Bcniwtt, P. Z. S. 18.30, p. 109 ; Minray, Proc.
Pull. Plnjs. Soc. Edinh. 18G0, p. 191, tigs, of hands and feet. Potto
Bosmani, Lesson. Lemur potto, Gmcl. S. N. p. 42. Galago
guiueensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 104. Potto, Bosman. Nycticebus
potto, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xvii. p. 114; xix. p. 1 lo.

Hab. Sierra Leone, West Africa.
Skull and skeleton in British Museum.

Fiff. 18.

.X2
Pcrotlicficus pofto. ( Huxley. )

15. ARCTOCEBUS.

Tail very short. Hands and feet small, with the lower phalanges
(not including the thumb) united in the skin, the two upper joints
free ; the index finger abortive, reduced to a tubercle. Lower cut-
ting-teeth small, hyaline, hidden by the lips

Arctocebus, Grai/, P. Z. S. 18(53, p. 150 ; IIii,rk'!/, P. Z. S.
p. 335.

1864,

15. AlU'TOCEBTTS.
I'io-. 10.

95

Arctocebus calabarensis. (Huxley.)
Arctocebus calabarensis.

Pevodicticus calabarensis, Smith, I'rve. Hay. I'Jii/g. Soc. Ediiib. 18(10,
p. 172, f. 1,2 (hands), f. 3, 4 (head). Arctocebus calabarensis.
Gray, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 150 ; Ifu.iley, P. Z. S. 18G4, pp. 321, 335.
ffah. West Africa : Old Calabar.

Fio-. 20.

Arctocebus caUibaroisis. (Huxley.)
A. left hand : B and C, left foot.

96 nAUBENTOxnD.T:.

Fam. V. TARSIIDtE.

Cutting-teeth -|, erect, cylinch-ical, conical ; the two upper front
elongate, acute ; the lower ascending obliquely, crowded between
the canines. Grinders -f . |. The fingers and toes free, well de-
veloped. The first and second hind toes shorter, each with an
elongate curved claw. Head short. Eyes and orbits very large.
Limbs free, elongate. Foot very long, as long as the shin. Tail
elongate, slender covered with short hairs ; the tip with a pencil of
longer hairs.

Tarsina, Grcnj, Ann. Phil. 1828. Tarsidie, Graj/, RZ. S. 1863, p. 150.

TARSIUS.

Tiivs'ms, Storr, 1780; Daub. 1792. Macrotarsiis, Ciiv. Si- Geoff. Tar-
sier, Lacep. Prosimia, 8hnw. CephalopLacus, Swahison, 1835.
Hypsicebus, Lesson, 1840. Rubienus, Gray, 1821.

Tarsius spectrum. The Tarsier. B.M.

Tarsias spectrum, Geoff.; Dahlhom, Studier. t. 11 (skeleton). T.
I'allasii, Geoff. T. Daubentonii, Atideh. ; Geoff. T. fuseomanus,
Fischer. T. bancanus, Horsf. Java. t. Cephalophacus bancamis,
Swainson, Lard. Encijc. Hypsicebus bancanus, Lesson, Spec. Mamm.
Lemur tarsius, Erxl. L. spectrum, Pallas. Didelphis macrotarsus,
Gmelin. Tarsier, Buffon, H. N. xiii. Macrotarsus Buffonii, Link,
Beytr. p. 66. Woolly Jerboa, Penn. p. 298.

Hah. Borneo ; Celebes.

** Teeth of only two hinds. Canines notie.

Fam. VI. DAUBENTONIIDJE.

Cutting-teeth ^, compressed, very large, with a space between
them and the grinders. Canines none. Grinders ^ . i. Limbs
free. The fingers and toes well developed. The fingers veiy long
and slender. The great toe broad. The index finger with a sharp
curved claw. Claw of thumb flat. Face short. Tail elongate,
hairy.

Cheiromyidfe, Bonap. ; J. Geoff. Cat. Cbeirom^-ina, Gray, Ann.
Phil. 1829. Glirisimiffi, Dahfbom. Daubentoniadae, Gray, P. Z. S.
1863, p. 151.

DAUBENTONIA.

Daubentoiiia, Gerff. Decad. Philos. iv. p. 193, 179r>: Dahlhom, 1851;
Gray, P. Z. S. 18(i.'?, p. 151. Aye- Aye, Lacep. 1799. Cheiromys,
CMwer, 1800. Chiromys, 7^?^)'. P/W. 1811. Mystipithecus, 5/ajwi'.

galeopithecid-t:.

97

Cuvier refused to use the name proposed by Geoffrey, because it
was given in honour of a person ; but as this rule has not been
generally observed, the objection ceases to be operative.

Daubentonia madagascariensis. The Aye-Aye. B. M.

Daubeiitonia madapascarieiisis, Geoff. ; Dahlhom, Studier, p. 2-36,
t. 12. Aye- Aye, Sonneral, Voij. Lid. ii. p. 138, t. 76, 1782. Sciu-
rus madan-ascariensis, Gmelin. Clieiromys madagascariensis, Geoff.
1803 ; Given, Tram. Zool. Soc. 18G3.

Hah. Madagascar.

Suborder III. DERMOPTERA.

Limbs enclosed in an expansion of the skin. Fingers and toes
short, webbed, with opposable thumbs ; claws very sharp.

Fam. VII. GALEOPITHECIDiE.

Cutting-teeth | ; the upper middle small ; side one compressed ;
lower shcl\-ing, pectinate. Canines -f • -f ; like the molars. Grinders
■|.-|. Head elongate. Ears small, rounded. Limbs short, subequal.
Neck, limbs, and tail united by a hairy expansion, serving as a para-
chute. Toes and fingers short, compressed. Palm short. Teats
placed in pairs in a large gland.

Galeopithecidfie, Gray, Ann. Thil. 1825; P. Z. S. 186:5, p. 151.

Synopsis of Gexeba.

1. Galeopithecus. Tail and arms moderate.

2. Galeolemub. Tail and arms elongate.

1. GALEOPITHECUS.

Tail moderate, of 16 or 17 vertebrie. Arms moderate.
Galeopithecus, PaUa!<, p. 17 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1863. Cbiromys, Illic/er.

• Nose of ahull elongate, as long as broad. Grinders small. Fal.se grinders
elongate, narrow. Gonyx of Imcer Jaw swolien. Galeopithecus.

1. Galeopithecus volans. The Cohtrjo. B. M.

The second and third upper grinders low, broader than liigh. with
the front and hinder edge serrated ; the first moderate, four-lobed.
The first lower five-lo])ed ; the second compressed, serrated. Skull
elongate ; temporal ridges separate behind.

Lemur volans, Linn. Galeopithecus volans, Shaw, Zool. t. 38. G.
varicgatus, Geoff. G. rufus, Geoff. ? G. ternateusis, Geoff, (t.
Temminckii, IVaierh. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 120. G. undatus, A. Wag-
ner ; Schreh. Sditgeth. i. p. 326, t. 307 b. G. Temminckii, Waterh.
Trans. Zool. Soe.

Hah. Java ; Sumatra : Borneo ; Siam.

H

98 rTKROPID.E.

* * Nose of skull short, broader than lotiff. Grinders large. False grinders
thick. Gonyx of lower Jaw with an anite angle. Teeth overlapping,
Colugo.

2. Galeopithecus philippinensis. The Broad-headed Colugo. B. M.

The second and third upper grinders higher than broad, conical,
rather compressed, with a small dentation on each side ; the front
upper very small, nicked ; the third highest ; the first lower toothed;
the second conical.

Galeopithecus philippinensis, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 119 ; Trans.

Zool. Soc. ii.

Hah. Philippines.

Total length 20 inches ; skull 2 inches 7 lines ; five hinder grinders
10 lines long.

2. GALEOLEMUR.

Tail elongate, of 21 vertebrae. Arms elongate. — Temm.
Galeolemur, Lesson. Galeopithecus, Temm.

Galeolenmr macrurus.

Galeolemur macrurus, Lesson. Galeopitliecus macrurus, Temminck,
F. Japon. Mamm. p. 9.

Hah. Ceylon, Skeleton without head. Mus. Leyden.

Suborder IV. CHIROPTERA.

Limbs and the very elongated fingers of the hands enclosed in a
thin skin. Thumb and great toe free.

Fam. VIII. PTEROPIDtE.

Head conical. Ears simple, lateral ; tragus none. Nostrils
simple, rather produced. Index finger clawed (except Cephalotes).
Wings broad, long. Tail short or none. Interfemoral membrane
narrow, margining the legs. Thumb elongate, the lower joint short,
it and the base of the longer slender; upper joint enclosed in the
front membrane of the wing.

Skull elongate. Cutting-teeth | or rarely f ; the upper separated
from the canines by a space on each side for the reception of the
lower canines, and placed in the centre of the intercanine space ;
lower crowded between the canines, sometimes pressed out by them.
Canines elongate. True grinders ^. False grinders i or | ; the
hinder conical, oblique ; the front small, often deciduous ; some-
times the upper are wanting.

Hah. The Eastern Hemisphere and its ishmds.

These Bats are spread over the warmer parts of Africa and Asia,
and are found in many of the smaller islands of the Indian and

PTKRoriDj;. 9!'

Pacific Oceans. There is a general similarity in the colouring; and
specimens found in the same locality or island often vary consider-
ably from one another, even when examination of the skull and teeth
shows that thej- are one species. On the other hand, specimens from
very different locaUties often resemble one another so much in their
external colouring that it is difficult to distinguish them in any descrip-
tion that can be given ; but when the skull and teeth are examined,
they prove to be veiy distinct species. Under these circumstances
the locality is an important character in determining the species.
This observation is applicable to other families of Bats ; indeed the
species of these animals are so imperfectly known, and the material
in the Museums is so imperfect, that the best one can attempt to do
is to get what is contained in the Museum into groups, leaving suc-
ceeding naturalists to determine if they are species or varieties.

Many of the characters given by Temmiuck and others as cha-
racteristic of the species depend on the art or want of talent of the
preserver.

Synopsis of Teibes and Gteneua.

Section A. Tcvth 34. True f/riitders | , hinder small. Fahe grinders f ;
front minute, often deciduous.

Tribe I. Ptehopina. Cutting-teeth | ; lower in a regular scries. Tail
none. Gland of penis bong.

1. Spectrum. Head round ; face narrow. Ears small, hidden. Wings

from the sides of the hairy back.

2. Pteropus. Head elongate ; face broad. Ears exposed. Wings from

the sides of the back. Back hairy.

3. Eunycteris. Head elongate ; face broad. Ears exposed. Wings

only attached to the vertebral line; the part over the back bald, or
nearly so.

Tribe II. Macroglossina. Cutting-teeth i ; luu-cr in a regular series.
Tail-end free. Gland of penis fleshy.

* Face verg long, slender. Cutting-teeth isolated, in an arched series.
Grinders compressed, small.

4. NoTOPTERis. Wings only attached to the vertebral line. Part over

the back bald. Head very long; face slender. Tail very long.
False grinders none.

5. Macroglossus. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Head very

long ; face very slender. Tail short. False grinders }, compressed.

** Face hroad. Cutting-teeth in a transverse series. Grinders thick.

6. Xantharpyia. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Head elon-

gate ; face tapering. Grinders far apart in front. Fur short, ad-
pressed.

7. Eleuthertra. Wings from the .sides of the haiiy back. Head

elongate ; face broad. Grinders close together. Fur soft, spreading.

Tribe III. Cephalotixa. Cutting-teeth H ; lower crowded before the
base of the canines. Tail-end free. Index finger not clawed.

S. Cephalotes. Face .short. Grinders cldsc : upptn- false giind^r
wanting. I'pper cutting-teetli broad.

11 'J

100 PTEROPID^.

Section B. Teeth 28. True (jritiders ^ . ^. False grinders ^ ; frmit minute,
often deciduous. Wings frmn the sides of the hairy back. Penis-
glandjieshy.

Tribe IV. Hahpyiana. Cutting-teeth f or f ; lower, when present,
crmvded before the canines. False grinders f . Head short, broad.
Wost)-ils tubular, diverging.

9. Harpyia. Tail short, end free.

Tribe V. Cynoptehina. Cutting-teeth \ ; lower in a regidar series.
False grinders f. Head broad, short, tapering. Nostrils rather pro-
minent. Shoulde-rgland irith coloured hairs.

10. Cynopterus. Tail short, end free.

11. Meg.s;ra. Tail none.

Tribe VI. Epojiophorina. Cutting-teeth | ; lower in regidar series.
Frmit upper false grinders ivanting. Head very long, sicollen in frmd.
Nostrils rather prominent. Shoxdd^-gland with white hairs.

12. Hypsignathus. Face swollen and truncated in front. Nose and

chin with a ileshy disk, with raised edges. Nostrils in the notch
in the upper margin of the disk.

13. Epomophorus. Face very hairy, rounded in front. Nose and chin
hairJ^ Skull elongate, nan-ow, zygomatic arch flattened. Upper
cutting-teeth close, rather crowded together in the centre of the
intercanine space ; grinders far apart.

14. Epomops. Face rounded in front. Nose and chin hairy. Skull
ovate, rather broad. Face moderate. Zygomatic arch cm-ved. Cut-
ting-teeth separate, far apart in the intercanine space ; grinders
close.

Section A. Teeth 34. True grinders f, hinder small. False grinders f ,
front tninute, often deciduous.

Tribe I. PTEROPINA.

Cutting- teeth A ; lower series regular. Wings from sides of back
(except in Eunyeteris). Tail none. Penis-gland bony.

1. SPECTRUM.

Head rounded ; face produced, slender, cj-lindrical. Ears small,
slender, nearly hidden by the fur. Wings from the sides of the hairy
back. Fur soft, abundant, erect. Back, base of the ■«'ings near the
back, shoulders, hinder side of the forearm, thighs and legs, and
interfemoral membrane covered with hair. Thumb, lower joint
short, enclosed in the front membrane ; upper joint not very long,
compressed, quite free. Tail none. Penis-gland bony. Interfe-
moral membrane very narrow, only distinct near the heel-bone.
Hab. Africa, Asiatic islands, and Japan.

1. Spectrum viilgare. B. M.

Ears small; fur soft, abimdant, spreading, blackish chestnut;
head pale yellow ; the upper nrm, sides of the shoulders, back, and

1. SPKCTRUJl. ]((]

the nmip bright golden yellow ; underside of thighs ami pubis
yellowish.

La Roussette, Brissm. La Rossette, Bvffon., II. N. x. t.l4. Vesper-
tilio vampyms, Schreh. not Linn. Pteropus vulgaris, Geuff. Ann.
Mm. XV. p. 92 ; Temm. Mon. i. p. 132 ; ii. p. 74, t. 38 (yoimg).

Hab. Isle of France ; Bourbon ; Madagascar ?

Var. mauvidanum . Head and back, thighs and upper arm above,
straw-colour ; back of the head and neck bright yellow red ; a broad
lozenge-shaped spot between the shoulders, extending a short dis-
tance down the back ; the throat, chest, and abdomen dark red
brown ; belly and underside of the upper arm yellow ; wings brown.
Ears small, narrow. Hah. Mauritius. B. M.

Temminck describes the nape as yellow ; in the Museum specimen
it is only rather yellower brown than the back, and darker than the
head.

2. Spectrum rubricolle. The Roussette. B. M.

Ears small, hidden ; wings far apart at base ; fur soft, abundant,
dark brown ; head rather grizzled ; belly with some white stifFer
hairs intermixed ; collar reddish ; forearm-bone 3| inches.

Roussette, Daub. Mem. Ac. Sc. 1759, p. 385. Rougette, Biiff<j)i, II.
N. X. t. 17. Pteropus rubricollis, Geoff'. Ann. Miis. x\. p. 93.
Tcnun. Man. i. p. 183, ii. p. 75 (not Siebokl). P. collai-is, Licht.
Doub. p. 2.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope ; Mauritius.

3. Spectrum dasymallum. The Solaosili. B. yi..

Ears small ; fur soft, erect, dense, woolly. Reddish brown,
slightly grizzled ; collar broad, pale yellow : head red brown ; fore-
arm bone 5\ inches, haii'y above two-thirds of its length. No upper
false grinder.

Pteropus dasymalliis, Temm. Mon, i. p. 180, t. 10, t. 15. f. 10, 11 ; ii.
p. 73. P. rubricollis, Siebold, Faun. Japon. (not Geoff.).

Hab. Japan, Verraux.

Skull 2k inches long, \\ wide: zygomatic arch tliin, high.
Grinders large ; hinder upper and lower small, oblong, equal-sized ;
lower false grinder cylindrical, upper wanting. Upper cutting-teeth
rather broad, equal. 8kull like the typical Fteropi in form.

4. Spectrum anetianum. B. M.

Fur very long, soft, abundant, dull red brown, varied with ycl-'
lowish or grey hairs ; hair black, with pale ends ; upper part of
neck bay ; a half collar on back of lower part of neck, and .shoulders,
pale yellow; head black, witli interspersed yellow hairs; chest and
underside black. Ears narrow ; forearms and legs hairy.

Female. Head and underside rather redder.

Ilnb. Xew Hebrides : Anoiteuui, Rairner.

Skull, length 2.|, ^Aidth l.| ; nose from orbit 9 lines ; the grinders

102 rTKKorin.K.

small ; upper subtrigonal ; lower smaller, circular ; lower false
grinder rather large, truncated, with an oblong crown; upper
wanting ; upper cutting-teeth rather wide. Face shorter and wider
than in P. nawnieiish, No. 14, from Nawai.

5. Spectrum leucopterum. E. M-

Fur very soft, uniform pale whitish brown ; underside duller ;
wings thin, vcrj- pale brown, whitish at the tips ; the back, shoulders,
and nearly the whole length of the forearm with close-pressed hairs ;
thighs and legs with woolly hair. Forearm 5| inches.
Pteropus leucopterus, Ternm. Esq. p. 50,

Hah. Philiiipines, Verreaux.

2. PTEROPUS.

Head elongate ; face produced, broad. Ears large, produced,
acute. Fur soft, of the back adpressed, of the underside more
spreading, fuller. Wings from the sides of the back. Back, shoul-
ders, part of the forearm, and the thighs hairy. Thumb, lower
joint short, the upper longer ; the lower joint and the base of the
upper are enclosed in the front membrane, the rest free. Tail none.
Interfemoral membrane moderate, margining the legs and thighs.
The gland of the penis armed with a broad bone.

Pteropus, sp., Brissan, Geoff., Graij, Peters. Acerodon, Jourdan,
Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 37G.

The wings are generally from the sides of the back; in some species
they are extended backwards so as to be attached to the sides of the
middle of the back ; but in some stuffed specimens the manner in
which they are attached is not easily determined, as the skin of the
back appears sometimes to be stretched in width. If one had
living specimens to examine and could observe their habits, I have
no doubt that those with the wings from near the centre of the Imck
would have some habit different from those that have them affixed
to the sides of the body ; but our system cannot go further than the
specimens at our command admit.

The species may be thus divided : —

I. The nape and the back of the neck yellow or red, forming a
bright tippet.

* Orbits paler. No. 1.

** Orbits like back. Size large. Nos. 2-7.
*** Orbits like back. Size small. Nos. 8-21.

II. Nape like back ; shoulders with a tuft on each. No. 22.

III. The nape and back of the neck like the rest of the body, or
only whiter.

* Face uniform. Nos. 23-27.

** Face with brown streaks. No. 28.
*** Face with white streaks. No. 29.

2. riEROPrs. 103

1. The nape and back of the neck yelloio or red, fonniny a hriyht tippet.
* Orbits paler , forming rings round the eye.

1. Pteropus conspicillatus. The Spectacled Kalong. B. M.

Black ; orbits brown ; nape and back of neck red yellow ; hairy part
of back rather narrow ; upper arms and thighs rather hairy ; rest of
limbs bald ; forearm-bone 6| inches.

Pteropus conspicillatus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 109 ! Mamni. Austr.
iii. t. 29 !

Hah. East coast of Australia : Fitzroy Island. (Malay Islands,
Temm.')

Var. Underside silvered, with the white tips to the hairs ; face
browner. Hah. 'Ea^st coasi oi Aw&tvaWa,, Capt. Stanley. B. M.

Skull large (end imperfect), about 2| inches in length, 1 inch
7 lines wide ; hinder grinders small, roundish, lower smallest ; false
grinders circular, upper wanting ; upper cutting-teeth subequal.

** Orbits like back. Large-sized Bats.

2. Pteropus Edwardsii. The African Kalong. B. M.

Fur soft, nearly uniform ; back and legs black ; head, neck, and
upper part of back orange ; face and throat blackish ; underside red-
dish yellow ; sides of body and vent blackish -varied ; back, thighs,
and lower half of forearms hairy, wings very hairy beneath, near
elbow.

Great Madagascar Bat, Edw. Bird.s, iv. t. 180. Pteropus Edwardsii,
part., Geoff. Ann. Mtts. xv. p. 92; Temm. Monoy. ii. p. 61 ; Peters,
Mossamb. i. p. 23.

Hah. Africa : Shoa ; Mohilla Islands ; Comoro group. Kirk ; Jo-
hanna Island, Livingstone.

The skuU elongate ; the false grinders in the upper jaw very small,
lower larger ; the front grinder in each jaw very high, conical ; the
canines very long, slender.

M. Tcmrainck says that the specimens from Calcutta, Pondicherry,
and Ceylon do not differ from those from Madagascar (Mon. ii. p. 62) ;
but I believe that they are distinct species.

3. Pteropus medius. The Wurhagool. B. M.

Blackish brown ; nape and back of neck yellow ; head, throat,
chest, and abdomen darker, red or blackish brown.

Pteropus Edwardsii, part., Geoff. Ann. Mm. xv. p. 92 ; Te7nm. Monog.
ii. p. 61. P. medius, Temm. Monog. i. p. 176. P. leucocephalus,
Hodqs. Joiirn. Ax. Soc. Bern/, iv. p. 700 ! P. edulis, W. Elliot.
P. Edwardsii, WatcrhouKe, P. Z. S. 1843, p. ()7 ! Kehmrt, Prod.
27 ! P. assamensis, M-CJeUand, P. Z. S. vii. p. 148 ! P. rubricollis,
McClelland.

104 ITKKOl'ID.K.

Hah. India : Assam. Minhot ; Nepal, lloihjsoa ; Madras, W.
EU'iot.

Varies greatlj' in the intensity of the colouring. Skull 2 inches
] 1 lines long, 1 inch 7 lines wide. The teeth as in P. Kelaurtli,
but the group of cutting-teeth is much narrower, and the space oc-
cupied by the grinders is rather shorter.

4. Pteropus Kelaartii. Tlie Ceijhn Kaloag. B. M.

Brown ; nape and back of neck yellow ; the upper cutting-teeth
large, broad.

Hab. Ceylon (in the plains), Capt. J. Stevens.

The space occupied by the cutting-teeth is considerably (that is to
say, about one-fourth) wider than in the skiill of Bats from conti-
nental India. Externally the two Bats are much alike. SkuU 3
inches 2 lines long, and 2 inches 8 lines wide. Grinders large ; false
grinders of lower jaw large, of upper rudimentary or wanting ; upper
hinder grinder circular, lower oblong, larger.

See also

a. Pteropus Dussumieri, Is. Geoff. Voy. Belangcr, p. 9S ; Temm.

Monog. ii. p. 76. Brown mixed with white ; face, throat,
neck, and beneath brown ; nape and sides of neck fulvous.
Hab. India. Mus. Paris.

b. Pteropus eJitlis, Peron and Lcsueur; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xv.

p. 92; Tcmm. Mon. i. p. 172, t. 15. f. 1-6, ii. t. 35. f. 1. ;
Vespertilio vampijrus, Linn. ; V. calceno, Herm. Obs. ; Ptero-
pus javanicus, Horsf. Java, t. Black ; cro^vn, occiput, and
nape fidvous-brown. Hab. Java ; Sumatra ; Bauda.

5. Pteropus funereus. The Red-tuiped Kahnj. B. M.

Dull black ; nape and the front of the shoulders dull red brown ;
beUy Avith interspersed white hairs ; arm- and leg-bones nearly
naked ; ears acute.

Pteropus funereus, Temm. Moiiof/. ii. p. 63, t. 35. f. 4 ; Gould, 3Iamm.
Atist. ill. t. 30. P. edulis junior, To7)ics, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 337.

Hab. Australia : Port Essington, Gilbert ; N. E. Australia, Elsey.
Celebes, from the Leyden Museum ; Goda Island, Hewitt's group,
Mayner.

Skull very like that of P. medius, but narrower ; the upper cutting-
teeth moderate ; length 2" 5'', breadth 1" 2'".

(). Pteropus poliocephalus. 27ie Greij-headed Kalony. B. M.

Fur of back close-pressed, grej'ish black ; nape, neck, and sides of
the body reddish yeUow ; head, chest, and middle of the belly
greyish-brown-grizzled ; wings from sides of back, far apart ; lower
part of forearms slightly haiiy.

2. PTEROPUS. J()5

gimvrc'u^''^^'''^''''' "^'^'' ^^^'^^^^^' ^^^^'^J Cape Upstart, Mac
Var Head and ueck of male reddish black ; chest and beUy paler,
or dark red brown ; female, head greyish black. Eab. North Au-
stralia, Llsey, 1856.

See al&oPteropus sccqmlatus, Peters, Ann. & Mag. N F 1863 xi
p. 231 ; Gould, Introd. Mamm. Aust. p. 47. Two humeral
spots of golden-yellow hair, and on the underside of the
wing-membranes an abundance of woolly hair of the same
colour. i^«6. Cape York, Pe<m. Size oi F. medim.

7. Pteropus jubatus. The Maned Kalong. B. M.

Blackish brown ; back slightly grizzled beneath with many inter-
spersed white hairs ; CTown of the head, occiput, and nape pale
brown (or reddish : sides of neck red; face, the upper part of the
shoulders, and back black; length of forearm-bone 7^ inches.

Pteropusjubatus,^.r/,. Zo<,/.^/te,t. 16; Blainv. Osteog. Cheirop.t.

1, 2 (skeleton); Waerh. P Z. S. 1843, p. 67; Temm. Monog. ii.

P- ,7- . ^- PP-rhoceplialus, Me>/en, X. A. N. Cur. xvi. p. 604, t 45,

q78 P Ar m'!™''??' J'^"^-^J«n; F. Cuv. Ann. Sci. Xut. xii. p
3/8. P. Macklotu, Mus. Zool. Soc. ^

Hah. Philippines, Cuming. Stuffed adult, and an adult and a
young specmien in spirit, from Mr. Cuming.

Skull brain-case swoUen hke that of P. medms, and with the
space of the upper cutting-teeth rather narrow. Length nearly •>
inches (end imperfect), width r'8'"; hinder grinders smaU, sub-
equal ; orbits nearly complete.

*** Orbits like back. Smaller Bats.

8. Pteropus mysolensis. The 21ysol Kahng. B. M.
_ Black ; fur of back short, close, of underside long, crisp, and with
interspersed long white hairs ; back of crown, nape, sides of neck
and front of shoulders bright red yellow ; head black ; wings black'
from the sides of the back, wide apart at the base. '

Hob. Island of Mysol, Wallace ; Tcrnate, Wallace.

Yar. ceramensis. Head black to behind the ear ; the nape and
back of neck pale yellow, with only darker tips to the hairs. Eab.
Ceram, Wallace. Like P. l-ennulrenius; but the wings are wide
apart on the back, and the nape is orange to the shoulders.

9. Pteropus ornatus. B. M.

Fur very soft, abundant, long : back and legs to base of toes co-
vered with long hairs ; shoulders and forearms with shorter adpressed

1(M> rrKKoriDJi;.

hairs ; fur dark reddish bro^\^l, with a few pale hairs intermixed ;
nape and back of neck pale yellow, redder on the sides ; face,
including orbits, pale grey brown ; arm-bone o inches.

" Pteropus rubricollis, Lciths, Joiirn. Mem. Soc. Imp. Cherh. Ver-
reaiuv."

Hob. New Caledoni:i (said to be half-grown).
The face is very long ; the wings are attached far back towards
the middle of the back, being about | of an inch apart on the back.

10. Pteropus Floresii. B. M.

Head, nape, and shoulders pale yellowish grey ; sides of neck
darker yellow ; chin, cheeks, and underside of body blackish brown
from the dark colour of the lower 2)art of the hairs ; back with short,
soft, close-pressed pale-brown bail's ; head large ; nose thick ; fore-
arm 5^ inches ; lower false grinders large, truncated, circular ; upper
wanting.

Hdh. Flores, Wallace.

Something like F. f/riseus, but head much larger and thicker.

11. Pteropus loochoensis. B. M.

Black, ^vith a few interspersed white hairs ; nape and back, and
the sides of the neck, reddish yellow, paler near the shouldei's ; head
and throat blackish brown ; face and cro^vn brownish-washed ; fore-
arms and legs bald ; hairy part of back narrow.

Ilab. Loochoo, Warwick.

Var. Black, with more white hairs ; nape and neck dirty white ;
head browner ; underpart of the head and temples blackish ; hairy
part of back narrow. Hah. Loochoo, Wanvicl:

The yellow -naped variety is very like P. keraudrenius, but the
skull is very diiferent.

>Slall. Lentjth 2 inches 4 lines, width 1 inch 5 lines. The hinder
grinders oblong ; the upper rather the larger. Lower false grinders
moderate ,[circular; upper rudimentary, conical. Cutting-teeth rather
broad.

12. Pteropus argentatus. The Silver Kalong. B. M.

Black brown ; back minutely grizzled ; underside with some
longer silver-tipped hairs ; head slightly yellow-washed, especially
on temples and orbits ; sides of the forehead, nape, and back of the
neck bright golden yellow ; forearm-bone 4| inches.

Pteropus argentatus. Gray, List Mnmm. B. M. p. 194 ; Zool. Sulphur,
p. 30, not Ann. Nat. Hist.

Hab. Ambovna ? Island of Gobie ; New Guinea.

2. PTEROPUS. 107

13. Pteropus caniceps. B. M.

Fur of back blackish grey from the abundance of grey inter-
spersed hairs, especially on the hinder parts ; head gi'ey,.with a few
interspersed black hairs ; broad collar roiind neck, and over sides of
the chest and shoulders, reddish grey ; middle of throat and below
silver grey ; thighs and forearms with a few silvery hairs on the
lower half.

Huh. Batchian, Wallace.

Like P. hijpomeJas, but back black.

14. Pteropus nawaiensis. B. M.

Fur of back soft, adpressed, blackish grey ; head, nape, and upper
part of shoulders yellow-white, the middle part rather redder, form-
ing a badly-defined half collar ; cheeks dark grey ; chin, throat,
chest, and underpart of the body blackish ; crown with interspersed
longer, slender, yellow and greyish hairs ; thighs and legs hairy.

Hab. Fiji Islands : Nauai, Rayner.

Var. Male, underparts pale reddish brown. Hah. Viti Islands :
Ovalau, Rayner.

Skull. — Length 2 inches 4 lines ; nose from orbit 10| lines,
slender ; orbits incomplete ; upper hinder grinder oblong ; lower
smaller, circular ; lower false grinder moderate, upper wanting.

15. Pteropus flavicollis. B. M.

Brownish black ; head and throat blackish ; crown, nape, and
sides of throat yellow ; upper and forearm and legs naked above ; fur
soft, moderately long ; wings attached far back, near the middle of
the back ; face moderate.

Hab. Fiji Islands : Moala and Totoya ; Ovalau, Rayner.

16. Pteropus Geddiei. B.M,

Fur black ; head to the ears black ; nape reddish yellow ; throat
black.

Pteropus Geddiei, Macgillivray , MS. B. M.

Hab, New Hebrides : Aneiteum, Macgillivray.

See also

a. Pteropus Jceraudren, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. i. p. 51, t. 3,

1824 ; P. l-erandretiius, Temm. Mon. i. p. 186, t. 15. f. 7,
p. 777 ; P. mariamis, Desm. ilamm. p. 347. Hab. Ladrones :
Island of Guan. The figure is vciy like the preceding; but
there are several species so coloured.

b. Pteropus tonganus, Quoy it Gaimard, Astrol, p. 74, t. 8, 1833.

From Tonga.

c. Pteropus vanicorensis, Quoy & Gaimard (Voy. Astrol. p. 74

108 rxEROPiD.T-;.

t. !)) Blainv. (Osteogr. dhcirop. t. (!, wkviU), fromVanikoro, ap-
pears to be the same as the hitter variety. Quoj- figures a
variety all pale reddish brown, from Tonga. Temminck,
Mon. ii. p. 797. says that tlie skull of /'. vdnikotrnsis is three
lines and a half shorter tliaii that of 7'. h;rnii<lvenuis. If this is
tlic case in these two, probably similar differences will be found
in tlie skulls of the specimens from the other islands; but this
must be left for future study.
d, Pteropus insula ris, Voy. Pole Sud.

17. Pteropus affinis. P.M.

Fur of the hack soft, adpressed, black, slightly washed with
grey from the interspersed silvery grey hairs ; head, neck, front
of shoulders, and chest rufous ; nose, cheek, and chin blackish ;
crown slightly greyed with silver hairs ; chest and beneath black
grey, with alnnidance of elongated silvery-grey long hairs ; thighs
and legs hairy above.

Hah. Jilolo, Wallace.

18. Pteropus tricolor. B. M.

Fur of back black ; head pale-brownish white ; cheeks blackish
grey ; neck, front of shoulders, and chest fulvous ; middle of the
chest and belly paler fulvous ; sides of the body and underside of legs
black brown ; chin blackish-washed.

Hah. Ternate, Wallace.

19. Pteropus Rayneri. B. M.

Fur of the back short, adpressed, brownish black ; head, neck,
upper part of shoulders, and chest red bay : throat darker ; nose and
forehead blackish silver grey ; cheeks blacker ; middle of the chest
and belly black ; sides and vent broA^m.

Male. Hump and thighs above reddish brown ; head greyer.

Female. Rump and thighs above yellow ; head blacker.

Yoiimj. All the colours duller ; back brown and russet brown.

Hah. Solomon Islands : San C'hiistoval ; Guadalcanar, Rayner.

20. Pteropus Elseyi. B. M.

Fur short, close, uniform reddish brown ; head paler, duller ;
neck, upper part of shoulders, and chest bright pale red bay ; under-
side reddish bay ; sides of the body and near shoulders pale yellowish.

Yoiinr/. Back black, grey-washed ; belly black ; crown and neck
bay ; head blackish grey.

Hah. Xorth-east coast of AustraUa ; Clarcmont Island, J. Maopl-
llvray, 18G0 ; North Australia, Dr. J. E. Ehe,/.

109

21. Pteropus vitiensis. B. M.

Fur of back blackish brown, reddish-washed, especially on the
sides; crown, nape, and shoulders yellow, redder in the middle portion,
forming a broad undefined collar ; throat, chest, and underside dark
brown, reddish-washed and pale-grizzled; face and cheeks blackish,
grey-grizzled ; underside of head blacker.

Hab. Viti Islands : island of Ovalau, Eayner.

See also

a. Pteropus clirysoproctus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 67, t. 25. f. 2

(head), t. 36. f. 7, 8 (skull). Fur of back silky, of underside
long and rough ; head, neck, chest, and shoulders bright
golden red ; back to the loins blackish chestnut ; loins, rump,
and thighs dark chestnut ; orbits and chin chestnut-brown ;
arm-bone 6 inches. Hah. Amboina, MacHot. Mus. Leyden.

b. P. Alecton, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 78 ; Esq. Zool. Guinea, p. 58.

P. aterrimus, Temm. Consp. deel i. p. 333. [Black ; nape
dull bay. ^a6. Minado; Bewdan (not Java) ; Celebes.

c. P. Pluto, Temm. Esq. p. 58. Fur of underside long, rigid, curled,

of upper surface smooth and shorter, black, with some scattered
yeUow hairs ; nape dark reddish brown ; membrane black ;
forearm 8 inches. Hab. Island of Bali and Lombock.

d. P. vociferus, Peale, U. S. Explor. Exped. p. 19, t. 1, 1848.

Dark brown ; head, neck, and belly brownish red ; middle of
wing grey ; nose elongate, slender. Hab. Mangsi Island.
6. P. samoetisis, Peale, U. S. Explor. Exped. p. 20, t. 2. Bay
brown ; nape red ; head short and strong, fulvous ; forehead
grey ; forearm 5f inches. Hab. Samoi.

II, Nape like back, shoulders with a spot on each side.

22. Pteropus Liviagstonii. B. M,

Uniform deep black above and below, with a few longer white
hairs interspersed, especially on the underside, and most abundant
on the rump, with a small roundish tuft of yellow hairs on the back
over each shoulder ; wings black ; back, shoulders from the base of
the forearm, and the legs hairy.

Pteropus Li\ingstonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866.

Hab. Africa : Johanna Island.

See Pteropus molossinus, Temm. Esq. p. 62, note. Fur soft,
cottony ; head short ; nose blunt ; ears narrow, short ; tuft
of unctuous hair on each side of the neck ; hind legs quite
naked ; membrane rudimentary ; breast black brown, yel-
lowish-washed ; back yellowish brown ; wings black. Ifab.
? Mus. Leyden.

110 I'l'KUdl'lll-K.

III. Fur iicarli/ Kitifonn in roli»ir ; lutpv like hud;.
* Fdce iniiform.

23. Pselaphon ursinus. The Hairy-footed Kalong. B. M.

Fur soft, rather adpressed, blackish brown; below with inter-
spersed white hairs, rather redder ; face black ; feet hairy.

Pteropus pselaphon, Zay. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 457; Richards. Beechey's
Voy. ii. t. 2 ; Tcmm. Monog. ii. t. 37, t. 36. f. 9, 10, 11. P. ursiniis,
KittUtz.

Hah. Island of Bonin (Loo Choo), Lay. lu a bad state.

Bone at end of penis small ; wings, with the base of the toes, co-
vered with hairs ; back, shoulders, lower half of arms, thighs,
legs, and feet hairy. Skull typical ; orbits incomplete ; the group of
upper cutting-teeth rather narrow : length 2 inches 8 lines, width
\k inch: hinder upper grinders oblong, moderate ; lower smaller ;
false grinder in lower jaw moderate, wanting above.

24. Pteropus Macklotii. B. M.

Fur short, close, uniform pale bay, with a more or less distinct
broad yellow half collar ; chest, and upper base of wing. pale.
Pteropus Macklotii, Temm. Man. ii. t. 3.5. f. 5, t. .'>(i. f. 4-G.

Hah. Timor, fro)n Miis. Lryden.

Var. hatchiana. Back and beneath reddish, with a few inter-
spersed whitish hairs ; penis-bone large, broad. Hah. Batchian,
Wallace.

Var. ? Greyer ; a male. Hah. Sonda Islands : Lombock, Wal-
lace.

25. Pteropus hypomelas. B. M.

Fur brownish white ; head pale brown ; shoulders and broad
collar round neck of longer spreading hairs dai'k red brown ; under-
side of bodj- pale yellow brown, paler behind ; cheeks and u])])er
part of throat dusky ; hairy part of back narrow behind ; upper and
forearm and the legs bald ; forearm fi| inches.

Pteropus argentatus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 107, not Zool. Sitlphiir.
P. hypomelas, Temm. Esq. p. 01.

Ilah. A ru Island, Wallace {Temnio, Temm.).

26. Pteropus griseus. B. M.

Fur rather short, close, nearly uniform pale wliitish brown ; hairy
part of back narrow ; lower part of arm with sparse, close-jjressed
hairs.

MaJe. Back redder brown ; tliroat with a pale fulvous half colhir.

Female. All over uniform jialc whitish brown, ratlier darker
beneath ; forearm ;{| inches.

2. PTEKOPUS. Ill

Pteropus griseus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xv. p. 94, t. 6 ; Temm. Man. i.
p. 187, t. 11 ; ii. p. 81, t. 35. f. 6, t. 36. f. 12, 15.

Hab. Timor, 3Ius. Leyden.

Skull, length 1 inch 11 lines, width 13 lines ; face rather attenu-
ated. The ujiper false grinder rudimentary, acute ; lower moderate,
truncate, cylindrical. Hinder grinders small, truncated ; the upper
subtrigonal, largest ; the lower subcircular.

See also Temm. Mon. t. 36. f. IG, 17.

27. Pteropus chinensis. B. M.

Fur uniform pale brownish white, of the neck and shoulders rather
spreading, of the back short, rather close-pressed ; cheek, throat, and
underside of body rather darker ; of rump, vent, and thighs rather
redder ; the lower half of forearm with long close-pressed hairs ;
wings pale brown, outer upper edge and tip whitish ; head large ;
nose rather elongate.

Hab. China, Fortune.

Like P. lei(Copterixs, but fur very different and face broader.

** Face with hroicn streaks.

28. Pteropus personatus. B. M.

Fur rather short, close, uniform pale whitish brown ; chest and
middle of back darker ; face white, with a dark-brown streak from
nose to eye, extending up the forehead to meet a collar round the
upper part of the throat ; back, shouldei's, lower part of upper arm,
thighs, and legs hairy ; forearm-bone 3J inches.

Pteropus personatus, Temm. Mon. i. p. 189 ; ii. p. 82 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1866, fig.

Hab. Ternate, Wallace.

Skull 1 inch 10 lines long, 1 inch 1 line broad at the zygomatic
arch ; the lower surface much arched. The hinder upper grinders
very small, deciduous ; the two hinder lower small ; the last very
small, cylindrical. The front false grinder near the canines, with a
space between it and the first grinder ; the lower moderate, the
upper very smaU.

•** Face with white streaks.

29. Pteropus Wallace!. The Black-faced Kalong. B. M.

Fur very soft, reddish grey brown ; hair of the back ashy black,
of the belly ashy, with red tips ; the nape and side of the shoulders
greyer ; a broad band along the upper lip, a spot on check at angle
of mouth, a streak up the centre of the nose (which are each edged
with darker brown), the back, the chin, and a lanceolate spot over

112

PTEROPIDiE.

each eye white ; the hair on the upper side of the upper arm
greyish white ; ears prominent, bald, with two impressed longitudinal
grooves.

Pteropus Wallacei, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G6, fig. of head.

Hah. Macassar, Wallace, 1857.

A small species ; but the sjjecimen is very young.

Fis-. 21.

A, P. Wallacei. B, P. pcrsonatns.

3. EUNYCTERIS.

Wings attached to the middle of the back, bald behind, except a
narrow streak down the middle of the back, which is covered with
soft adpressed hairs, falling off in the older animals. Shoulders, arms,
and legs and toes bald. Index finger clawed. Thumb, lower
joint short, enclosed; i;pper joint very long, free. Interfemoral hairy
above, narrow. Tail none. Cutting-teeth ^, in a regular series.
Grinders ■!• False grinders ^ : lower distinct.

3. EUNYCTEEIS. 113

Temminck observes, " P. pallklus, P. phaiops, and P. g'riseus are
remarkable in tbe genus for tbc small extent of tbe adhesion of the
wings to the back, which does not exceed the width of 3 or 4 lines.
This allies them to CejiJuthfes, but in that genus the wings are only
attached to the back b)' a rudimentary membrane." Alon. ii. p. 77.

Eunycteris phaiops. TJie Phaiops. B. M.

Black ; head and neck bright dark-red bay ; cheeks, chest, and
underside reddish black. Cutting-teeth distinct, not crowded. A male.

Pteropus phaiops, Temm. Mon. i. p. 178 ; ii. t. 35. f. 3, t. 36. f. 123

(skull).

ffab. Hatubello Island, Wallace ; Java, Bowring.

Var. (female). Smaller than male ; throat and chest much darker
rod bro\vn ; chest and belly brighter, paler, like nape ; underside of
upper arms blackish. B. M.

Hah. Goram, Wallace.

Var. (female). Larger than male ; throat and chest dark red brown
like former ; chest and beUy pale reddish yellow, paler in the middle
of the abdomen ; underside of upper arm blackish. B. il.

Hah. Bouru, Wallace (with young suckling) ; Ceram, Verreau.v
(female). Also found, according to Temminck, in Macassar, Celebes,
and Amboina.

Slidl. Hinder grinder oblong, small ; the loMer false grinder as
large as hinder grinder, upper wanting ; in other respects like tyjncal
Pteropi. Length about 3^ inches, width '2\ inches.

Temminck describes the loAver cutting-teeth as crowded between
the canines in the adult. In all the Museum specimens they arc
regular.

See Pteropus pallklus, Temm. Mon. i. p. 184, t. 15. f. 8, 9 ; ii.
p. 77, skidl. Fur very short, brown, with intermixed ash-
grey and white hairs ; ears small, rounded at the end.
There are no small anterior false grinders in tbe ujipcr jaw ;
arm-bone 4i inches ; nape, shoulders, smd collar bright red ;
wings pale. " Hah. Banda. Very common in Sumatra and
Molucca, Temm. Mus. Leyden and Paris.

Tribe II. MACROGLOSSINA.

Cutting-teeth A, lower in a regular series between the canines.
Tail-end free. Gland of penis fleshy.

114 pteeopid.:e.

A . Face very long, slender. Cuttinff-teeth isolated, in an arched series.

Grinders much compressed.

a. Wimfs from middle of the hack. Tail elongate.

4. NOTOPTERIS.

Head elongate. Muzzle produced, siibcylindrical. Noso simple.
MufHe narrow, bald between the nostrils, ^^ath a deep central notch.
Ears small, lateral. Body covered with short crisp hair. Wings
broad, short, arising from the middle of the back. Side edge arched,
in towards the middle of the back. Middle of the back bald ;
shoulders and rump hairy. Thumb elongate ; lower joint half the
length of the upper, and enclosed in a narrow membrane. Index
finger of three bony joints ; the last joint sliort, clawed. Interfe-
moral membrane deeply cut out, margining the hind legs to the heel,
hairy above and on the underside near the body, bald at other part.
Tail elongate, slender, tapering, many-jointed, arising from, and
with the base attached to, the undei'side of the narrow interfemoral
membrane, as long as the hind legs.

Notopteris, Gray, R Z. S. 1859, p. 36, t. 67.

Notopteris Macdonaldii. B. M.

Dusky brown, rather paler beneath.

Notopteris Macdonaldii, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 38, pi. G7 ; Ann. ^-
Mag. N. H. 1859, iv. p. 309.

Ilah. Feejeo Islands (Viti).

Skull elongate ; the upper ciitting- teeth small, far apart ; inter-
maxillary bones arched, produced on each side ; the lower larger,
near the base of the canines ; canines long, compressed, trihe-
di'al ; grinders small, much compressed, elongate, narrow, form-
ing a continued series, the hinder one in each jaw oblong, of the same
shape but rather smaller than the penultimate ; false grinders \ ;
the lower jaw very slender, wide behind, the branches regularly
diverging. Skull somewhat like that of Macroglossns (see Blainv.
Os. Choir, t. 6) ; but it has an additional compressed false grinder in
each jaw.

b. Wings from sides. Tail very short,
5. MACROGLOSSUS.

Head elongate. Muzzle slender, conical. Tongue exsertile, smooth,
elongate. Ears conical, prominent. Wings from the sides of the
back, attached on the back of the feet to the base of the toes. Lower
joints of the thumb elongate, enclosed in a broad membrane ; upper
longer. Tail scarcely visible, very short. Back, upperside of arms
and legs, and interfemoral membrane hairy.

Macroglossus, F. Cuv. Macroglossa, Lesson ; Fischer.

Skull elongate ; face much elongated, very slender ; lower jaw-
bone weak. Grinders ^, small, compressed. Cutting-teeth *.
False grinders |, comjiressed. Canines slender.

I

6. XANTHARPTIA. 115

Macroglossus minimua. The Kiodote. B. M.

Macroglo33U3 minimus, Gray, Mag. Z. 8f B. ; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 98,
Pteropus minimus, Geoff. Ann. Mm. xv. p. 535. P. rostratus,
Horsf. Z. Java, t. ; Temm. Monog. i. p. 191, 1. 15. f. 25, 30, t. 16.
f. 1, 2. Macroglossa Kiodotes, Lesson. M. Ilorsfieldii, Lesson.
Kiodote, Mamm. Lifh. i.

Hah. Java, Hardwicke.

Vet)'. Smaller, darker. Hah. Mysol Island, Wallace ; Philippine
Islands, Cuming.

Temminck observes that " the specimens from the different islands
vary in the shade of colour, and in the length and slenderness of the
face of the skull." — Temm. Mon. ii. p. 97.

n. Face broad, moderate. Cuttimj-teeth in a continued transverse series.
Grinders oblong, thick.

6. XANTHAEPYIA.

Tail short, on the underside of the short interfemoral membrane,
free at the end. Face elongate, rather slender. Lower jaw slender.
Grinders rather far apart in front. Ears elongate. Fur short,
closely adpressed. Neck of male with a gland and radiating hairs
on each side. Wings from the sides of the back. Back of limbs
hairy. Wings to the base of the toes. The great blood-vessel from
the armpit and the groin simple, until it nearly reaches the margin
of the wing. Thumb elongate ; lower joint moderate, enclosed ;
upper joint much longer, free. Index finger clawed. Interfemoral
membrane with a band on each side from the tail to the heel. Cut-
ting-teeth ^. Canine elongate. True grinders ^, hinder small ;
false grinders f , rather far aj)art.

Xantharpyia, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1843 ; Voy. Stdph. 1854.
Cynonycteris (part.), Peters, Mossamb. ; Wagner, Pachysoma
(part.), Tomes. ? Pterocyon, Peters, Monats. Preuss. Akad. Berlin,
1865, p. 256.

• Head very slender, elongate. Fur very sparse and short, especially on the
back. Arm-bone nearly bald. Senonycteria.

1. Xantharpyia seminuda. B. M.

Fur of back chestnut-brown ; head, nock, shouldere, and upper
part of chest white ; chest and belly paler brown. Fur of back soft,
of underpart very thin ; upper joint of thumb rather longer tlian the
lower. Arm-bone 3| inches.

Pteropus seminudus, KeUiart, MS. B. M. ! P. Leschenaiiltii, Kelaart,
Prod. Ceylon, p. 27 (not Geoffroy).

Eab. Ceylon, (in spirit) Thwaitm.

See Pteropus Leschenaultii, Dcsm. Tomm. Mon. ii. p. 86. Grey

I 2

116 PTEROPID^.

brown ; beneath fulvous ashy ; wings with scries of white
spots ; face very short. Hab. Pondichcrry ; Calcutta, lloux.
Perhaps adult of former. Mus. Paris.

** Head clonr/ate, atiennated. Fur close-pressed, soft. Arm-hone very
hairy. JVeck of male with gland ami half-coUar of long unctnoas hairs.
Xantharp3da.

2. Xantharpyia straminea. P. M.

Pale brown, yellower on the loins ; head darker ; throat of the
male with a broad reddish-yellow half-collar.

Pteropus stramineus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xv. p. 95 ; Temm. Mon. i.
p. 196, t. 15. f. 12, 13 (skull), ii. p. 84; Simdevall, Stock. Vet. Acad.
Hand. 1842, p. 206. Xantharpyia straminea. Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. Pachysoma stramineuna, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 44, 55 ;
ih. 1861, t. 1.1.6? ? Pterocyon paleaceum, Peters, Monats. Akad.
Berl. 1865.

Ilah. Africa : Egypt ; Senegal, Mus. Lojden ; Scnnaar, Botfa ;
Guinea, Pet. ; Gambia, Rendall; Sierra Leone, Strachan (in spirit).

Skull (length above 2 inches) imperfect; hinder grinder roundish,
the upper rather the largest ; false grinders conical, aciite, upper
small, near the canines. The scrotum very large, naked, wrinkled
and rough, as large as two hazel nuts.

Geoffroy and Temminck described the species from some specimens
which were said to have been brought by Peron from Timor ; but
M. Temminck, though in his first volume he declared the Timor
habitat " certain," in the second volume considers that he and
Geoffroy were misled, and that Sennaar and Senegal are the proper
habitats ; but Dr. Peters seems to believe that there is a Timor and
an African species.

See Pteropus stramineus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 45 ; Temm.
Monog. i. t. 15. f. 13 (skull) ; Blainv. Osteogr. Cheirop. t. 6
(skuU from Timor); Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, t. 1. f. 6.

Hab. Timor, Peron.

Dr. Peters says this is different fi'oni the P. stramineus, Temm.
Monog. ii. from Africa.

Temminck's description of the specimen in Paris, said to be
brought by Peron from Timor, agrees with the African specimens of
this animal. M. Temminck gives Timor as the "patrie certaine," in
vol. i. p. 195 ; but in vol. ii. p. 84 he says he was misled, and that
it inhabits Sennaar and Senegal.

7. ELEUTHERURA.

Tail short, on underside of short interfemoral membrane, free at
the end. Pace moderate, broad. Lower jaw strong. Grinders close
together. Ears elongate. Neck of the male with a gland covered
with radiating liairs on each side. Cutting-teeth ■^. Canines elon-

7. ELKUTHEllUKA. 117

gate. Grinders | ; false grinders |, the front upper small, conical,
lower larger. Wings from the sides of the back. Eack to the origin
of the wings, the shoulders, back of the forearms and the thighs, and
the back of the legs hairy. Wings to the base of the toes. Thumb,
lower joint moderate, enclosed in the membrane ; upper joint much
larger, slender, free. Index finger clawed. Interfemoral mem-
brane with a more or less distinct band on each side from base of
tail to heel. The great blood-vessel from the armpit and groin
simple until it nearly reaches the margin of the wing.

Eleutherura, Gray, Voi/. Siilj^h. p. 29, 1854. Cynonycteris (part.),
Peters, Mossamb. ; Wagner. Pacbysoma, part., Tomes.

The fur at the back of the neck and withers converging and form-
ing an indistinct narrow crest. The toes strong, compressed. Heel-
bone short, strong.

1. Eleutherura segyptiaca. B. M.

Fur duU grey brown ; back rather narrow, slightly arched in on
the sides ; belly and hair on underside of ■wings ashy ; forearm-bone
3| inches.

Pteropus fegj^tiacus, Geoff. Ann. Mas. xv. p. 96. Pacbysoma Jeg}"?-
tiacum, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 56. Pteropus Geoffroyii, Temm.
Monoff. i. p. 197, t. 15. f. 14, 15 (skull), ii.p. 85, t. 36. f. 16. Xan-
thai-pyia a^gyptiaca, Gray, List 3Iamm. B. M.

Hah. North Africa : Egypt, Burton, Christie ; Abyssinia, Harris.
" West Africa, Senegal," Temm.

Length of skull 1| inch. The fourth or last upper grinder
square, moderate-sized ; last lower smaller, oblong ; the lower front
false grinder thick, strong ; upper cyHndiical. Penis-gland soft ;
scrotum large, bald, nigose.

2. Eleutherura unicolor. B. M.

Fur soft, uniform grey brown, rather paler below ; hair one-
coloured ; ears large ; wings pale, with white hairs near margin ;
forearm 3 inches 8 lines ; tail very short; false grinders in each jaw
well developed, lower largest.

Bab. West Africa : Gaboon, Verreaiuv.

See Pteropus mollipihstts, iVllen, Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 159. Head small; ears large ; tail very small, free ; fur
olive-brown, brighter on the back of the neck. Hab.
Western Africa (Gaboon), Du Chaillu. " The iutcrmaxillaiy
bone of the skull is not tlirown forwards and dowuAvards as
in other l^cropi, but is on the same level as the roof of the
mouth, the first upper premolar larger than the incisors, the
same tooth of lower of a good size and less tubercular than
in other species." — Allen. Perhaps male of preceding.

118 PTER01'ID,E.

3. Eleutherura collaris. B. M.

Dull brown ; head darker ; underside greyer, from the grey ends
of the hairs ; fur on under surface of wing brownish ; the lower
part of the upper thumb-joint enclosed in the membrane ; forearm-
bone 3A inches ; skuU, length 1 inch 7 lines ; the upper hinder
grinder square, rather small, lower oblong, narrow ; the front lower
false grinder thick, upper very small, slender ; the palate more
arched than in E. cvgyptiaai.

Pteropus Leachii, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 43.3 ; III. Z. S. Africa,
t. p. 48 ; Tennn. Monog. ii. p. 89. P. amplexicaudatus (part.),
Temm. 3fon. i. p. 160. Var. greyer, P. hottentotus, Temm. Mem.
ii. p. 87, t. 36. f. 16, 17 (skull). Eleutherm-a hottentota, Gray,
Zool. Sulph. p. 29. P. collaris, Licht. Dutibl. ; III. Abh. Berl Akad.
1815, p. 84. Cynonycteris collaris, Peters, Mossamh. p. 25.

Ilab. South Africa : Cape of Good Hope, Brandt ; Natal,
Verreaux.

4. Eleutherura marginata. B. M.

Didl brown, rather paler below ; the hairy part of the back
narrow, rather arched on the sides.

Vespertilio marginatus, Buchanan Hamilton. Pteropus titthsecheilus,
Temm. Monog. P. pyi-ivorus, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 46 (B. M.).
Cynopterus marginatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. C. horsfieldii,
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 58.

Hab. India, Buchanan Hamilton ; Nepal, Boys, Hodgsooi, StricJc-
land.

The grinders ^ : the hinder upper stout, about two-thirds the size of
the preceding one ; the hinder lower rather larger, oblong, longer. The
front lower false grinder larger, compressed, with a triangular crown ;
the upper very small, cylindrical. Lower grinders very close together,
forming a continued line.

This Bat differs from the Cynopten from India, with which it has
been usually confounded, in the wings being bald above, near the
back, and only hairy on the shoulders and lower half of the upper-
arm, and also in being larger ; the legs are bald.

5. Eleutherura fuliginosa. B. M.

Sooty brown ; the underside rather greyer, from the small grey
tips of the hairs ; sides of the throat with two large radiating patches;
hands dark-coloured to the base.

Hah. Siam : Loa Mountains, Mouhot.

(>. Eleutherura infumata. B. M.

Fur of back blackish brown, greyish -washed ; neck yellower ;
underside greyer; front of chest slightly washed with reddish
brown. Length of forearm -bone 3^ inches.

Hab. Florcs, Wallace.

8. CEPHALOTES. 1 1 9

7. Eleuthenira fusca. B. M.

Fur pale red brown ; crown of head rather dark, neck yellower,
chin and underside duller. Forearm-bone nearly 3 inches.
Hah. India ? Pavzudalci.
Much brighter and redder than the other species.

8. Eleutherura philippinensis. B. M.

Fur blackish brown ; the neck and chest paler, with a largo tuft
of bright-yeUow-brown hair on each side of the neck ; underside
rather greyer ; hairy part of the back narrow, not so wide as the
body ; shoulder and lower part of forearm hairy ; logs bald.

Hah. Philippine Islands : Manilla, Gould.

The hair on each side of the neck radiating and converging to
form a ridge on the centre of the back of the neck. Upper joint of
thumb nearly free.

See IHeroims ampleoncavdatus, Geoif. Ann. Mus. xv. p. 96 ; Temm.
Mon. i. p. 200, t. 13. p. 260, ii. t. 36. f. 18, 19. Paduj-
soma anqiJexicaudatum, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 56. Above
brown, beneath ashy ; tail very short ; arm-bone 3 inches.

Hah. Timor. Mus. Leyden.

Tribe III. CEPHALOTINA.

Cutting-teeth |, lower crowded before the canines. Tail-end free.
Wings from the vertebral line. Claw of index finger rudimentary.

8. CEPHALOTES.

Head short and broad. " Wings from the centre of the back,
bald over the back. Index finger without any well developed claw;
but the end of the bone is curved upwards and rather produced,
resembling a claw. Thumb, lower joint short, upper vciy long;
the lower one and the base of the upper one enclosed in the front
membrane of the wing. Interfemoral membrane with a muscular
band on each side of the tail to the heel. Tail short, enclosed at
tlie base, rudimentary, flattened, of 4 or 5 very short joints. Cut-
ting-teeth %, close together, the \ipper ones chisel-shaped, the lower
rather conical, entirely filling up the very narrow space between
the base of the large canines." — Oray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 38.
Grinders ^ ; no upper false grinders in front ; lower, small, deci-
duous.

Cophalotea, Gecif. ; F. Cur. ; Temm. Mon. ii. 10;J. Hypoderma,
/. Geoff.

Cephalotes Peronii. B. M.

lUaekish brown, head blatkor : underside rather paler, redtlish.

120 PTEROPID^.

Cephalotes Peronii, Geoff. Ann. du Mas. xv. p. 104, t. 7 ; Temm. Man.
ii. p. 100, t. 35. f. 7 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 38. Hypodemia
Pallasii, Is. Geciff. Bid. Clatss. H. Nat. xv. H. moluccensis, Quuy
Sf Gaim. Voij. Astrol. p. 180, t. 2. Anat. (Junior) Pteropus
paUiatus, &«^'. Ann. Mus. xv. p. 09.

Hah. Timor ; Amboyna. _ B. M.

Lip.s at the angle of the mouth wrinkled, with a series of short
beards on the inner edge. Skull broad, 2 inches 2 lines long,
1 inch b^ lines wide ; imder surface nearly flat. Grinders ^, the
upper hinder oblong, narrow behind ; the lower smaller, oblong. The
lower false grinders moderate, elongate ; the upper wanting in both
skulls. Lower canines very close. A second skull,length 1 inch lOlines,
width 1 inch 1| line; the hinder grinder oblong, lower rather the
smallest ; the first upper grinder near the canine ; the lower false
grinder crowded in between the base of 'the first g-rinder and the
canine ; the canine and the first and second grinders with a denticle
on the lower edge, more distinct in the teeth of the lower jaw.

Section B. Tfcth'29,. Tnie grinders = . |. The fake r/rinders i . i, front
small, often deciduoKS. Wings from the sides of the body. Penis-
gland fleshy. It is the small hinder ujjjier and lower true grinders of
the former section that are deficient.

Tribe IV. HARPYIANA.

Cutting-teeth | or ^ ; lower, when present, crowded before the
canines. Head short. Nostrils tubular, expanding.

9. HARPYIA.

Head short, broad, tapering. Nostrils elongate, tubular, diver-
ging. The back, shoulders, thighs, edge of the wings, near the side,
and the interfemoral membrane hairy. Fur very soft. TaO. short,
free at the end, on underside of the interfemoral membrane. Lower
joiut of the thumb elongate, and the base of the upper one enclosed
in the broad membrane. Wiags arising from the sides of the body,
and affixed nearly to the middle of the outer toe. Index finger
clawed. Cutting-teeth -|, upper small, close.

" IntermaxLUaries rudimentary, cartilaginous." — Temm. Man. ii.
p. 90.

Ilarpyia, Illiger ; Temm. Mon. ii. 08. Cephalotes, Geoff. Gelasi-
nus. Lesson. Uronvcteris, Griii/, Ann. ^- Mag. N. II. 1803, xi.
p. 380.

I

10. cyjfopXEKusi. 121

1. Harpyia cephalotes. B. M.

Groy, back with a black vertebral streak, beneath rather paler ;
arm-bone 2 inches lines.

Ilarp-yia Pallasii, Desm. ; Tenun. 3Ion. ii. p. 98, t. 39. Cephalotes
Pallasii, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xv. Vesp. cephalotes, Pallas, Spic. Zool.
iii. t. 1, 2. Cephalote, Biffon, Sujyp. iii. t. 22.

The skull oblong, short and broad, nose very short ; upper and
lower false grinders distinct, minute ; grinders close together.
Length 1 inch 3 lines, width 9 lines ; the upper cutting-teeth
large, occupyuig the whole space between the canines ; the lower
canines quite close together in front, without any cutting-teeth in
front.

Hah. Georgia Island, Cuming.

2. Harpyia albiventer.

Fur gi'ey ; bases of the hairs grey, with blackish tips ; underside
paler, grey brown ; arm-bone 2 inches.

Uronycteris albiventer, Graij, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 202 ; Ami. ^- Marj.
N. H. 1863, xi. p. 386.

Hah. Morty Island, Wallace.

Chiefly differs from H. cephalotes in the absence of the dorsal
streak and smaller size; may be only the young of former.

Tribe V. CYNOPTERINA.

Cutting-teeth |, lower in a regular series. False grinders |.|. Head
broad, short. Nostiils rather prominent. Grinders close together.

10. CYNOPTERIJS.

Head short, broad behind ; nose short, conical ; lips thick at the
sides ; wings fi'om sides of the back, attached to the bases of the toes ;
index finger clawed ; the back, shoulders, part of the ujipcrarm
above, edge of the ■wing near the back and the thighs, and part of the
intcrfcmoral membrane covered with hair : the large blood-vessel
from the armpit and the groin di\'ided and redi%"idcd before reaching
the edge of the -wing ; tail short, free at the end ; intcrt'omoral mem-
brane distinct, with a band on each side from base of tail to heel ;
thumb elongate, lower joint short, it and the base of the much
longer upper joint enclosed in the membrane.

CTOopterus, part., i^ Cuv. Pachysoma, part., Is. Geoff, not Fahricius.
Pachysoma, sp.. Tomes.

Found in clusters on the folded leaves of the plantain, the palmyra,
ic. Elliot.

122 riERoriD.i:.

* Asia. Hair of neck-collar slender, iveak.

1. Cynopterus marginatus. B. M.

Brown, often rufous-washed, greyer beneath. Male. Side of throat
with more or less intense-red radiating hairs.

rteropus marginatus, F. Cuvier ; Geoff. Ann. dti Mus. xv. p. 97, t. 8.

Hub, India and the Islands.

Var. EUiotii. Fur brown ; white margin of ear well marked ; arm-
bone 2 inches 9 lines ; skull,^ength 1 inch 3 lines, breadth 9 lines ;
upper cutting-teeth close together, the outer converging. B. M.

Cynopterus marginatus (c and d), Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 58,

Uab. India : Madras, Sir John Boileau (in spirit) ; Madras, Elliot,
stuffed (male and female).

Var. ceylonensis. Fur blackish brown, underside rather greyer ;
white margin of ear narrow, indistinct ; arm-bone 2 inches 4 lines.

Hah. Ceylon, Thiuaites (male and female in spirits). B. M.

Var. titthcecheilus. Fur dull brown, underside rather greyer ; hair
of side of throat and chest very short, with a slight rufous tinge ;
forearm-bone 2 inches and 7 lines. B. M.

" Pachvsoma titthreclieilus. Is. Geoff." Tenim. Mon. i. pp. 198,
261, 1. 15. f. 17, 24 ;_ ii. p. 192, t. 35. f. 8 ! (from Mus. Leyden). Cy-
nopterus titthsecheilus, Tenini., Horsf. MS.

Hah. Malacca, Griffith.

Var. hrevicaudatiim. Fur reddish brown ; crown of head and nape
rather darker, duller ; sides of the neck bright red ; abdomen pale
brown ; forearm-bone 2 inches 7 lines. B. M.

PachYSoma brevicaudatum. Is. Geoff. ; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 92, t. 36.
f. 20, 21 ! Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 537 ; 18G0, p. 56 ! Cynopterus
brevicaudatus, Gray, List Mamni. B. M. p. 39. Pteropus brevi-
caudatus, Fischer, Si/n. Cynopterus marginatus (b), Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 58 !

Hah. Sumatra, from Mus. Leyden ; Java ? skeleton, from Mus.
Leyden. Skull 1 inch 1 line long ; forearm-bone 2 inches 3 lines ;
upper cutting-teeth slender, rather far apart, long ; upper fi'ont false
grinders very small.

Sec also

a. Pachjsoma Diardii, Is. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. Nat. xiv. p. 705 ;

Temm. Mon. ii. p. 95, Sumatra.

b. P. Duvaucellii, Is. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. Nat. xiv. p. 705; Temm.

Mon. ii. p. 95, Sumatra. Sides of the neck not so much and
intensely red as in P. Horsfieldii. A skeleton in the British
Museum sent from the Leyden Museum as Cynopterus mar-
ginatus, Temm., has the skull 1 inch 5 lines, the forearm-bone
3 inches 1 line long, and the upper cutting-teeth close, the
outer rather converging. — Gerr. Cat. Bones B. M. p. 58.

11. MEG-KKA. 123

Var. Horsfieldii. Fur dark brown, paler on the sides of the throat
and back ; head darker ; abdomen grey white. Male. Neck and
sides of body very bright rufous. Female. Neck reddish ; sides
grey ; forearm-bone 2^ inches ? B. M.

Pteropus marginatus, Horsf. Zool. Java, i. I Cynopterus Horsfieldii
Gray, List. Mamm. B. M. p. 38 !

Hah. Java, Horsfield.

See Pteropus melanocephalus, Temm. Mon. i. p. 190, t. 12, t. IG.
f. 8, 4 ; ii. t. 35. f. 10, t. 36. f. 22, 23. Pachysoma melano-
cephalus, Is. Geoff. Hah. Java. Ashy brown ; beneath dull
white ; crown and nose black.

Var. hrachyotis. Fur dull brown ; throat and sides of neck red ;
arm-bone 2 inches 4 lines. B. M.

Pachysoma hrachyotis, MiiUer, Van cler Hpeven, Tijdschr. v. p. 146 ;
Ttmmi. Mon. ii. p. 362 !

Hah. Bonieo : in spii'it, from Mus. Leyden. I see no difference in
the length of the ears between this and the other species.

Var. philippensis. Fur pale reddish brown, paler beneath. B.M.
Pachysoma titthsecheilus, Waterhouse, Mus. Zool. Soc. !

Hah. Philippines, Cuming (male and female, in spirit).

Var. Cumingii. Fur blackish brown, rather greyer beneath ; the
margin of the ears narrow ; arm-bone 2 inches 6 lines ; iuterfcmoral
membrane hairy; tail slender, free. B. M.

Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Waterhouse, Mus. Zool. Soc. !

Hah. Philippines, Cuming (male and female, in spirit).

Var. nigrescens. Fur brown ; head rather dark ; nose, orbit, and
cheek blackish ; throat, sides of the neck, and beneath grey brown.

Hah, Morty Island, Wallace.

*• Africa. Hair of neck-eollar thick, harsh.

2. Cynopterus collaris. B. M.

Fur reddish brown, beneath rather duller ; throat witli a broad
collar of rigid unctuous red hairs ; hairy part of back rather narrow ;
shoulders and lower half of forearm hairy ; forearm-bone 2^ inches.
Young.

Xautharpyia collaris, Gray, List. Mamm. B. M. 1843.|

Hah. "West Africa, Currer (from Haslar Museum) ; Angola, Well-
inch (in spirits).

See also Ptenochinis, a subgenus of Cynopterus, Peters.

11. MEGJERA.

Tail none. Lower joint of the thumb vcrj- short. Back, shoulders,
forearms, thigh, base of intcrfcmoral membrane, and wings near the

124 I'iflROl'IU.'E.

body hairy. Nostrils simple, lateral. Wings from the sides, attached
nearly to the base of the second toes. Cutting-teeth (-i in plate) ^.
Megsera, Temm. Megperops, Peters, 1805 (mere nominal alteration).

Megsera ecaudata. The Mer/cera.

Ashj', back brown ; forearm 2 inches.

PacLysoma ecaudatiira, Temm. M<m. ii. p. 94. Megsera ecaudata,
Temm. Mon. ii. p. 359, t. 69. Pteropus ecaudatus, Wagner,
Schreh. v. p. 611.

Hah, Sumatra. Mus. Leyden.

Tribe VI. EPOMOPHORINA.

Cutting-teeth -^, lower in a regular series. False grinders ^.^,
far apart, upper front wanting. Teeth often in bad state. Head
very long, swoUen in front.

12. HYPSIGNATHUS.

Head very large, oblong, thick, swollen and truncated in front.
The front of the upper jaw with a broad, expanded, bald, soft disk
■with raised edges, notched on each side above and surrounding
the nostrils, which are separated by the narrow upper part of the
disk. The lower jaw rather swollen in front, and with a flattened
bald disk, -with a slight triangular notch in the middle of its upper
edge. Eyes large. Ears lateral, moderate. Thumb elongate, the
upper joint rather the longest. Wings from the sides of the back.
Index finger clawed. Wings and interfemoral membrane attached
to the foot as far as the base of the toes. Tail none. — Marray,
P. Z. /S'. 1862, t. 1.

Il}^siguathus, Allen', Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1861, p. 156. Sphy-
rocephalus, A. Murray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 8.

" SkuU very high. Nose broad at the summit. Nasal bones
much developed. Brain-cavity small. Lower jaw flattened and ir-
regular, depressed at the symphysis. Teeth 28. Grinders ^. False
grinders \. Cutting-teeth -i. The incisors small, regular, and se-
parate. Canines slender. First grinder poiuted. The lower incisors
close in front of the upper and hide them." — Allen.

Hypsignathus raonstrosus. B. M.

Hypsignatlius monstrosus, Allen, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, p. 156.
Sphvroceplialus labrosus, Gray, P. Z. 8. ; Murray, P. Z. S. 1862,
p. 8;t. 1.

Hub. West Africa : Gaboon, Allen ; Old Calabar, Murray.

13. EPOMornoKus. 125

13. EPOMOPHORUS.

Skull elongate, narrow. Face as long as the brain-case, zygomatic
arches flattened. The iipper cutting-teeth close, rather crowded to-
gether in the centre of the intercaniuc space. Head large. Muzzle
elongate, conical, acute, the lips much dilated behind at the angle of
the mouth. Tail rudimentary, only a tubercle. "Wings far back.
Neck with a tuft of hair on each side. Lower joint of the thumb
nearly half the length of the upper one, which is enclosed in a broad
membrane. Teeth 2S. Pack, shoulders, thighs, and lower part of
the upper surface of the arm hairy. Dorsal surface of wing near
back rather bald. Wing to the base of the toes. Grinders -i, far
apart, with a small false grinder in front below.

Epomophorus, Bennett., Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. .38 ; Tomes, P. Z. S.
1860, p. 42. Pachysoma, sp., Temm. Esq. p. 64, 1853.

The teeth are often very imperfect, the grinders sometimes entirely
wanting ; the cheek-pouches very large. Eating figs. — Br. Kirk.

Face very lonr/, much longer from the eyes to the nose than from the
eyes to the ears.

1. Epomophorus macrocephalus. B. M.

Brown. Male. Underside rufous, middle whiter ; throat rufous ;
large tuft on the shoulders, smaller one in front ; base of ears white.
Female. Greyer beneath.

Pteropus macrocephalus, Oyilhy, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 101 ; Peters, Mos-
samb. i. p. 30. P. eponiophonis, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 149.
P. megacepliahis, Siraiiisnn, Lardners Ency. p. 02. Epomophorus
whitei, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 38, t. 6. I'l macrocephalus.
Tomes, P. Z. S. IStiO, p. 43; 1861, p. 12, t. 1. f. 1, la, & 7. Piicby-
soma whitei, Temm. Esq. pp. 65 & 71, 1853. P. macrocephalum,
Temm. Esq. pp. 65 & 71, 1853.

Hah. West xMrica : Gambia, Rendall.

Malett, from Gambia and Zambesi, have a length, from eye to tip of
nose (in spirit), of 1^ inch ; and in i\\Q female the length from eye to
tip of nose is 1 inch. In both sexes the gland of shoulder very large,
deep, with thickened edges, covered with white hairs. In some fe-
males, from Angola and the Gambias, the length from eye to tip of
nose is 1 inch, and the gland of shoulder is scarcely marked.

Yar. nnr/olensis. Pale brown ; head ^vith a dark streak fi-om the
nostrils to the front of the lower edge of the eye, and a second rather
above and parallel with the upper lip ; chest and beneath whitish ;
epaulette pale brown ; forearm 3j inches. Female. B, M.

Hub. Angola, Monticro (in spirit).

Var. unicolor. Brown above and below ; epaulet wliitc, rather
smaU. B. M.

Hah. Banks of the Zambesi at Shupanga. Eating figs. Kirk.

126 PTEK0PID.5;.

See Epomopliorus comptus, Allen, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1861,
p. 158. Fur soft reddish fawn, becoming darker on the loins
and base of arms ; under surface with a largo ovoid patch of
dirty white, bounded laterally by longitudinal fawn-coloured
stripes ; face covered with short brown hairs ; smaU yellow
tuft at the base of the ears ; chin whitish ; epaulettes faintly
marked; lips moderate. Hah. West Africa: Gaboon, Du
ChaUlu. Intermediate in size between E. fjamhianus and
schooisis. Arm-bone 3 inches ; Skull smaller than that of
E. gamhianus, with only two incisors in the ujjper jaw, which
are in the centre of the intercanine space, and slightly sepa-
rated from each other.

2. Epomophorus gambianus. B. M.

Brown, middle of the underside whitish.

Esq. p. 69, 1853. Pteropus Wahlbergii, Sundevall, K. Vet. Akad.
Stock. 1846, p. 118.

Ilah. Gambia, Rendall ; Port Natal and Caffraria, Sundevall ;
? Angola, Monteiro (in spirit) ; Abyssinia, Verreaux.

See also

a. Pteropus Walilenhergii, Sundevall, V. Akad. Stock, 1846,

p. 118 ; Epomopho7'us crypturus, Peters, Mossamb. Mamm.
p. 26, t. 5 & 13. f. 1 (skuU) ; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 12.
Hah. Mossambique, Peters ; Sundevall ; Tomes.

b. Pteropus laUatus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 83, t. 9 ; Pachysoma la-

hiatum, Temm. Esq. p. 68, 1853 ; Epomopliorus labiatus,
Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 55 ; 1861, p. 13. Hab. Abyssinia,
Mus. Leyden. AlHed to P. macroceplmlus.

14. EPOMOPS.

Like Epomopliorm, but head ovate. Skull ovate, broad. Face
moderate, not nearly so long as the brain-case. Zygomatic arches
convex. Cutting-teeth separate, far apart in the intercanine space.
Grinders ^, close together.
Epomophorus, sp., Tomes.

Epomops Franqueti.

Brown, the middle of the belly white ; the epaulettes very large,
white (in spirit) ; ear-spot white.

Epomophorus Franqueti, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 54, t. 75 ; 1861,
t. 1. f. 3, skull.

Hah, "West Africa : Gaboon, Franquet.

APPENDIX. 127

Seo also

a. Pteropxis Ilaldemani, Halowell, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846,

x\'iii. p. 356. Dark brown, chest and sides brown, belly
white ; arm-bone 3 inches. Hah. West Africa.

b. Pteropus scJioensis, Riippell, Mus. Senck. 1842, p. 131 ; Epomo-

2^honis scJioensis, Totaes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 56 ; 1861, p. 12,
t. 1. f. 4 (skuU). Hub. Abyssinia. Riippell; Gaboon, Fran-
quet ; Gambia, Eendall. A small species. Length of arm-
bone 2 inches.

APPENDIX.

Page 7. Mimetes troglodytes. Add : —

d. Troqlodi/tes Aubn/i, Gratiolet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Xat.
1866,'ii. pp. 1,564.

Entirely black face, and a decided well-developed lobe on the
hinder part of the last lower molar. I do not see how this species
differs from the common Chimpanzee.

Trofjlodytes tschego, Dit Clmillu. Anthropopitliecus tscliego, Slack,
Froc.'Acud. K. Set. Philad. 1867, p. .34.

Prof. Eischoff, Sitzgsber. baycr. Ak. 1867, i. pp. 283-293, says that
this is not distinct from T. nirfo:

Page 7. GoriUa Savagei.

Anatomy : Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. v. p. 243, tab. 1-7 ; Turner, Proc.
lioyal Snc. Edinh. 1865, p. 341 ; Meyer, Fibift. Bericht d. Offen-
bach. Vercin. 18G4, pp. /jS-GS, pi.

Page 17. COLOBUS.

S3Tiopsis of species of this genns, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868,
p. 180.

Page 18. Add:— 4rt. ColobusKirkii. B.M.

Head with long divergent hairs, forming a kind of cap, bent back
over the forehead. The crown of tlic head, hack, and tail red-brown,
end of tail rather paler ; the nape, upper surface of hands and feet,
and outside of the upper- and forearm and of the thighs blackish ; the
forehead, cheeks, throat, side of the neck, chest, underside of the bodj-,
inner side of the limbs, and the hind legs and the hinder edge of the

128 APPENDIX.

arms and thighs greyish white ; a few bristly hairs on the eyebrows
black.

Colobus Kirkii, Graij, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 180 !
Hah. Zanzibar.

See Cohhus pallintus, Peters, Monataber. Ak. Wiss. BerUn, 1868,
p. 637 ; Gray, Ann. &' Mag. Nat. Hist. 1869, iii. p. 171.
Hah. Eastern Africa ; Mus. Berlin.

Page 19. Colobus cristatus. Add : — B.M.

Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 183, 1. 15, hinder figure.
Cohhus verus is, I believe, the same as cristatus; but the crest was
not observed by the describer.

Page 20. CERCOPITHECUS.
Synoptical list of species, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 182.

Page 23. Add :— 11**. Cercopithecus erythrogaster. B.M.

Fur blackish, minutely punctnlated with yellow ; croAvn yellowish ;
hand and wrist blackish ; outside of hind legs and thighs grey, punc-
tulated with blackish ; face, moustache, frontal and temporal band
black ; spot on cheek pale yellow ; whiskers, beard, throat, and side
of neck white ; front of thighs and under sui-face of the tail greyish
white ; chest and belly red-brown.

Cercopithecus er^-throijaster. Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 169, t. xvi. ;
3Iur{e, P. Z. .S'.l8G6,"p. 380.

Hah. West Africa.

Page 24. 15. Cercopithecus samango. Add B.M.

Page 27. Cercocebus albigena. Add B.M.

Page 30. Add: — .5rt. Macacus problematicus. B.M.
Forehead and crown with erect hair, rather directed forward in
front, with a whorl of radiating hair on the back of the forehead.
Fur thick, abundant, rather long, pale reddish brown ; of the chin,
throat, underside of the body, inner side of the limbs, greyish white.
Tail slender, covered with close-set hair, not so long as the body
(imperfect ?).

Assam Monkey, Bartlett, Land S,- Water, 1869 !
Hah. Assam, Barflett.

Page 31. Add: — 9f(. Macacuscyclopis! B.M.

Hah. Formosa.
Peculiar for the length of the fur, which is expanded on the base

129

of the tail and sides of the rami), '^'^il not so long as the body,
thick, broad at the base, thin in the middle, and rather clubbed at
the end. (See Catal. p. 31.)

9 b. Macacus Sancti-Johannis. B.M.

Fur dark olive, minutely punctulated with yellow ; head, shoulders,
and fore legs darker and blackish ; stronger hairs over eyebrows
black. Tail imperfect, probably shorter than the body.

Inuus Saucti-Jolianuis, Swin/ioe, P. Z. S. 1S(J0, p. 560 1

Hub. Hong-Kong ; island of North Lena.

Very like the preceding; perhaps only a younger specimen with
the tail in a bad state.

Page 32. Add : — 12. Macacus inornatus. B.M.

Hair of the crown reflexcd, dark greyish bi'own, brighter-washed ;
forehead and cheeks blacker ; hind part of the thighs greyish white ;
face and ears naked, black ; buttocks red ; tail very short, rudi-
mentary.

Macacus inornatus, Graij, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 202, t. xix. !

Hnb. Borneo.

The two specimens in the British Museum are evidently faded,
and probably prepared from specimens originaUj' preserved in
spirits.

The face of 31. arcfoides is red. I had proposed for this species the
subgeneric name G}jmnopy<ja, on account of the shortness of the tail
and the great extent and nakedness of the rump.

13. Macacus lasiotus. B.M.

Tail none ; ears ovate, prominent, exposed, covered with hair ; fur
yellowish olive, very minutely punctulated by the small subtorminal
yellow rings ; of the rump and outer side of the thighs reddish ;
of the face, cheeks, chest, front of the shoulders, and under part of
the body grey ; the skin of the hmder part of the body, near the
callosities, crimson ; the crown covered with short erect or reflexed
hairs, with a few blackish hairs projecting forwards over the eye-
brows ; the chest and imder part of the bod}' covered with abun-
dance of hail's ; skin of face whitish flesh-coloured, -with a small red
naked spot at the outer hinder angle of each eye; hand covered
with hair, blackish.

Macacus lasiotus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 61, pi. 6 !

H(th. China.

130 AVPExmx.

Page 32. See

Macacus fur, Slack, Proc. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867, p. 36, tab. 1.
Prom Lu§oii.

Page 35. See

c. Ci/nocephalus doguera, Slack, Proc. Soc. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867,
p. 35. From Abyssinia.

Page 41. ATELES.
Description of new species, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 732.

Page 45. Add :— 13. Ateles Bartlettii. P.M.

Fur abundant, long, and soft. Black ; the cheeks white ; a band
across the forehead over the orbit bright reddish yellow ; the chest,
beUy, inner side and front and back part of the limbs, and the side
and under surface of the tail yellow.

Ateles Bartlettii, Gh-ay, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 992, t. 47 !

Hab. Eastern Peru, near Xeberos.

Female or var. " The parts which are bright yellow in the male
which I described are, in this female, white or greyish white, the
confines of the two colours arc not so distinctly marked, and the spots
on the forehead and cheeks arc much smaller and much less dis-
tinct." — Graij, Ann. ^f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 428.

Hab. Caura Piver, on the Orinoco. P.M.

Page 46. CEBUS.
Synopsis of species. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 824.

Page 62. HAPALE and MIDAS.

Synopsis of S2)ecies, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 734.

Page 64. Add :— 14 a. MICOELLA.

Ears large, nakedish. Conch of ear large, covered externally and
internally with elongated hairs, which form a fringe on the circum-
ference, but not a pencil. Tail pale, not annulatcd. Lower cutting-
teeth elongate, cylindrical ; the two outer as long as the canines ;
the two middle rather shorter, equal.

This genus differs from Mko in the ears being large, roundisli,
flesh-coloured, covered inside and out with distinct rigid expanding
hairs which form a double fringe on the circumference. (See Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 256, tab. 24.)

APPENDIX. 131

1. Micoella sericeus. B.M.

Fur white, soft, silky ; legs, feet, and tail pale yellowish ; ears
large, rouudish, flesh-coloui'ed.

Mico sericeua, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 25G, t. 24. Hapale argentata,
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 262. Hapale chrysoleucos, i>clater, P. Z. iS.
18G9, p. 594 ?

Hab. Brazil, Natterer.

The specimen described and figured is in the British Museum ;
the outsides of the legs were never so dark as in Mr. Wolf's figure,
but now they are nearly as white as all the rest of the body. The
belly was always white.

2. Micoella chrysoleucos. B.M.

Fur yellowish white ; the fore and hind legs, the beUy and tail
pale chestnut brown in male.

Hapale clirysoleucos, JVagner, Wivymnnns Archiv, 1842, i. p. 357 ;
Siiuyvthiere, Suppl. p. 125; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 594 (pai't.).

Hab. Brazil, Natterer.

Page 68. Fam. LEMURIDyE,

belonging to Subsection a of Section A.

The arrangement of the smaller Lemuridae is very unsatisfactory.
We have received within the last few months several specimens; and
they may be thus arranged according to their skulls : —

I. Upper cuttiny-teeth 2. 2, close to the canine, and one placed behind the

other. Brain-case ovate. Nose rather elongate. Ilapalemurina.

IIapalemub. Nose and palate conical.

PnoLEMuii. Nose and palate broad and truncated in front.

II. Up}Kr cuttiny-tccth 2 . 2, in a curved line ; two middle more or less
larger than the others, erect, or ccmverginy toivards the central line.

* Brain-case ovate : nose rather produced; tail thick, clavaie.

t JEars short, covered tvithfur e.vternally. Lomurina.

N'AnECiA, Lemur, and Prosimia.

Cheirogaleus. Inner upper cutting-teeth moderate. Tail with woolly
haia". Cheiroyaleu.f typicus, Cat. p. 78.

tt Ear.^ moderate, membranaceous, and naked at the end. Mi-
crocebiua.

MiRZA. Upper cutting-teeth moderate, converging. Tail with straight
rigid hair:<. Mirza Cuqucrelii, p. lo(>.

132 APPENDIX.

Phaner. Inner upper cutting-teeth very large, projecting inwards and
forwards. Tail with diverging soft hair. Phaner furcifer, Cat. p. 135.

* * Brain-case subt/lobular ; nose short, conical ; orbits very large ; tail
slender, covered with short tvoolly hair. Murileniuriua.

t Ears very large, naked, plicate. Galagouiua, p. 79.

Otogale, Galago.

MtJRiiiEMUB. Inner upper cutting-teeth twice as large and long as the
outer. M. murinus, Oat. pp. 87, 135.

AzEMA. Upper cutting-teeth nearly equal, erect. Azetna Smithii, p. 134.
Cheirogaleus Smithii, Cat. p. 78.

III. Upper cutting-teeth none. Brain-case oval. Nose short and bruad.
Tail cylindrical, covered with tvoolly hair. Lepilemurina.

Lepilemur.

Page 70. LEMURINA.

See Mivart, Osteology, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, pp. 611-648; 1867,
p. 960.

Add before this tribe :-

6.6

A. Teeth 36 : lower cutting-teeth G ; grinders g-^..

Page 70. Varecia varia.
Varecia leucomystax, p. 72, is the 5 of this species.

See Schlegel, Nod. Tydschr. Dierk. iii. 1865, pp. 74-78 ; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1866, p. 1 ; PoUeu, Fauna Madagasc. p. 1,
tab. 1 ( d & ? ).

Page 73. PROSIMIA.

See monograph of this genus, Schlegel, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk. iii.
pp. 74-76. Abridged, Giiuthcr's Zool. Hecord, 1865, p. 23.

Page 76. Add : — 11. Prosimia flavifrons.

Fur soft, silky, bright pale red-brown ; hinder part of the back
rather darker. Nose and feet dark red-brown. Circumference of
the face, sides of the chin, the throat, and chest pale reddish yellow.
Iris of the eyes grey. Male.

Prosimia flavifrons, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 506, pi. 31.
ffab. Madagascar.

APPENDIX. 133

Page 76. Add :—

a. Lemur mayotcnsis, Sclilegcl ii PoUen, Fauna Madagasc. p 3
tab. 2. Hah. Madagascar.

Page 76. HAPALEMUR.
This genus can be divided into two sections :

I. Nose tapering, narrow in front; shill ,iose tapering, narrow in front ■

palate dilated behind ; series of grinders convert/ing in front Lower
jaiv broad and strong in front, with a long sijmphy'sis. JFIapalemur.

Hapalemur griseus.

Ilapalemurgriseus^ *'./«<«•, P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 161; Mivart, P. Z. S.
i»b4, p. bl.3, fig. skull (copied, Cat. Monkeijs 8rc. B.M. p. 77).

II. iVbw broad and truncated; skull, nose very broad, square, truncated in
front; palate scarceb, wider behind; series of grinders wide apart
and nearly parallel. Lower jaw iveak, and narrow in front, zvith a
short symphysis. Pholejiub.

Hapalemur simus. B.M.

Back iron-grey, with a rufous tinge; the hairs black, with a
subapical rufous band, and the lower part lead-coloured ; throat
whitish ; patch on nimp at base of tail yellomsh.

Ilapalemm- gTiseus, Schlcyel ^- Pollen, Fauna Madagasc. p. 6 t 3 &
t. 7. fig. 4 (skull without upper cutting-teeth). '

Hah. Madagascar.

This may be Hapalemur olivacea ; but that species is very imper-
fectly described, and it is said to have a different form of the hinder
part of the lower jaw ; but what the difference is is not mentioned
and I do not see any difference in the hinder part of the lower iaws
of the two species. The front of the jaw in //. ,iriseus is very much
more slender and weak than in H. .simus.

The colour of the fur is exactly similar to that of //. ip-isrus- only
there is a pale spot on the rump at the base of the tail, which may
be accidental, or caused by the manner in which it was confined in
its cage.

Pago 78. 2. Cheii-ogaleus typicus.

Skull :— Brain-case ovate, elongate, rather depressed : nose rather
elongate, conical ; orbits large ; palate rather broad in front, much
broader behind ; upper cutting-teeth 2 . 2, in an arched series
compressed, erect ; inner thicker, and quite as lonsr as the outer
ones, converging towards the central line. Tail of animd cylindrical
covered with soft woolly hair.

Skull in shape like Lej^ilemur Coquerelii and L. furdfer ; but the
latter differs in the very large size and the projecting central upner
cutting-teeth. <> <^ rr

134 APPENDIX.

Page 78. 3. Cheirogaleus Smithii. Change to

Azema Smithii, p. 132.

Skull: — brain-case globular ; nose conical; orbits very large; pa-
late very contracted in front, much vrider behind ; upper cutting-
teeth 2 . 2, in an arched series, nearly equal in height and size,
erect.

SkuU in shape very like Lepilemur mm-hius, but differs in the
inner upper cutting-teeth being scarcely larger and very slightly
bent, tending toward the central line ; and the tails of both animals
are slender and covered with short hairs.

Page 78. Add :—

a. Cheirogaleus samati, Grandidier. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868,
p. 50 : and Ann. Sc. Nat. 1867, vol. viii. p. 294. Hah. West
coast of Madagascar.

Page 82. Add :— See

a. Galago elegantuhis, Slack, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1867,
p. 37, which he considers to be distinct from Otogale crassi-
caudatus.

Page 86. LEPILEMUR.
Erase the character of this genus as not being the genus so
named by I. Geoifroy. The species are referred to other genera as
follows : —

8. LEPILEMUR.
Head round ; nose rather short, broad ; ears moderate, hair at
the base external. _Fur soft, woolly, with an obscure dorsal streak
forked on the forehead, uniform. Nose broad. Tail slender, with
short hairs (like those on the back) at the base ; rather thicker and
with long hairs at the end. Thigh elongate. Hind feet short. Skull: —
Nose broad, truncated in front. Palate broad, broad in front, scarcely
wider behind. Intermaxillary bone very narrow, with a sharp front
edge. Upper cutting-teeth none ; lower 6, projecting. The front
upper false grinder slightly higher than the second, with a slight
lobe at the base of its front edge.

Lepilemur, /. Geoffroy, not Gray, Cat. p. 86.

The absence of cutting- teeth is the peculiar characteristic of this
genus, and not an unusual peculiarity as I thought it might be (Cat.
p. 88). There are several specimens in the r)ritish Museum con-
firming this peculiarity.

APPEXDIX 135

1. Lepilemur mustelinus. E.M.

Dark grey, yellow-washed, with a black dorsal streak forked on
the nape ; throat and beneath whitish grey.

Lepilemur musteliuus, /. Geoffr. ; Gray, Cat. p. 88, c. ; Pollen. Fauna
Madayasc. p. 10, t. 4 & t. 7. fig. 3 (skull).

Ilah. Madagascar.

2. Lepilemur dorsalis. B.M.

Back grey, yellow-washed ; dorsal stripe uone.
Uah. Madagascar.

Two specimens in the British Museum. The skulls of the two
species are very similar. There are both sexes of the species in
the British Museum.

8 a. MURILEMUR.

Back imiform. Skull : — Face rather elongate, conical. Palate
contracted in front, dilated behind. Tooth-line diverging. First
false grinder conical, the same size as the second ; upper canine
teeth very compressed and sharp-edged behind ; inner upper
cutting-teeth very large, conical, acute, erect ; the outer ones veiy
small, cylindrical, much shorter than the inner, slender, erect.

The peculiar lanceolate form of the middle upper incisor teeth is
not represented in Mr. Mivart's figure of the skull of this animal.

Murilemur murinus. B.M.

Lepilemur murinus, Cat. p. 87, f. 13.

8 6. PHANER.

Head roundish ; nose rather conicid ; ears rather large, ovate,
liaiiy at the outer base. Fur soft, woolly, Avith a black streak
forked on the occiput. Tail thick, covered with long soft hair like
the back at the lower half, and with longer, slightly more rigid hair
at the end. Hind legs moderate. Skull : — Nose rather contracted,
conical. Palate narrow in front, rather wider behind. Inner
upper cutting-teeth very large, decumbent, and bent forward ; the
outer upper cutting-teeth erect, cylindrical, smaller. The first
upper false giiuder very large, compressed ; the front one in the
lower jaw very small and generally worn away by the friction of
the upper one on it.

Phaner furcifer. B.M

Lepilenmr furcifer, Cat. p. 88. Cheirogaleus furcifer, Schleyel^- Pol-
len, Fauna Madagascar, p. 8, t. 5 & t. 7. fig.l (skull).

8 c. MIRZA.
Face rounded ; nose broad, rather tapering ; cars moderate,
bald, ovate. Fur wooUy, uniform. Tail elongate, covered for more

L

136 APPENDIX.

than two thirds of its length with rather rigid straight hairs, thicker
and more diverging towards the end. Nose rather broad. Palate
broad, rather narrower and rounded in front. Upper cutting-teeth :
two middle compressed, moderate-sized, nearly erect, converging
towards the central line : outer less than half the size of the inner,
about two-thirds the length. The front upper false grinder not so
long as the second, with a very slight lobe on the hinder and front
edges of its base.

Mirza Coquerelii. B.M.

Fur soft and woolly, grey-brown, with very short bright golden

tips ; back dark ; throat and beneath grey-brown ; taU cylindrical ;

hair bright golden brown, with black tips, which are longer on the

hairs at the tip of the tail.

Microcebus Coquerelii, Schlegel ^- Pollen, Fauna Madagascar, p. 12,
t. 6 & t. 7. fig. 2 (skull). Cheirogaleus Coquerelii, Grandidier, Rev.
Zool. 18G7, p. 85.

Hah. Madagascar.

See

a. Lejjilemur ruficaudatus, Grandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1867,
p. 256.

Page 89. Tribe III. MICRORHYNCHINA.

Add before this tribe : —
B. Teeth 34 : lotver cutting-teeth 4 ; grinders |^. Feet short and broad.

Page 89. MICRORHYNCHUS. Add :—
Nose very short, broad, truncated. Palate broad, rounded in
front, and scarcely wider behind. Upper cutting-teeth 4, in an
arched series, erect ; the inner upper cutting-teeth very small, cylin-
drical ; the outer ones much larger and longer, nearly truncated.
Canines, i;pper thick. The first upper false grinder thick, with a
rounded upper edge, scarcely higher than the second.

Microrhynchus laniger. Add ; — B.M.

BlainviUe, Osteog. t. 8 ; MivaH, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 151.
Skull in British Museum.

Page 90. Add : — 2. Propithecus Verreauxii. B.M.

Wliite ; crown and nape brownish black ; face naked, black ;
chest, belly, and inner side of limbs, hands, and feet black, uakedish,
covered with white hairs.

Propithecus Verreauxii, Grandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1867, pp. 84
&313.
Hah. Madagascar.

APPENDIX. J37

3. Propithecus Damonis. B.M.

Fur white: face blackish; nose covered with a patch of short

white hairs ; chest, front and outside of fore limbs, and the front
and outside of the thighs rusty red.

^T^r"' °''"°"''' ^''^'"'- Propitliecus Coquereli, Mibie-Ed-

Hah. Madagascar.

These are so much alike that I should not be astonished if all the
three named species were mere varieties of colour of the same ani-
f^\ A if '''"^^ of Pro2j;^7;en,s dkulema and P. Damonis in
the ifritish Museum ; and they are very much alike.

Page 92. Add :— 3. Nycticebus cinereus. B.M.

Nycticebus cinereus, Milne-E(hvards, A,tn. Sc. Xat. 18G7 vii p ICl
and Aoin\ Arch. 3Ius. Btdl. iii. p. 0, pi. 3. ' '

From Siam and Cochin China ; in Brit. Mus. from Mus. Paris.

Page 97. Daubentonia madagascariensis. B.M.

Anatomy: Peters, Abhaml. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, pp. 79-100 pi ■
ditzsher. Ges. ntrf. Freunde Berlin, 1866, June 19. "

Lives on sugar-cane.— iB«r<?c«, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865.
xvi. p. 142.

v

Ift-